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What kind of person was Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty? What contribution have you made
The contribution can be summarized as: one foundation, one essence, four essentials and four characteristics. The concrete analysis is as follows: (1) The foundation of learning: the Confucian justice system of Yang Gongxue in the Spring and Autumn Period; (2) Essence: the unified kingly politics (benevolent governance and rule by courtesy) "The way of the Spring and Autumn Period, ancient Wang Yifeng, the six laws of the world have been ... Wang has the name of reform, but there is no reality of diversion" ("Spring and Autumn Chu Zhuangwang" and "Zhong Shu's moral and political beauty" (Wang Zhongyan). (3) Four essentials: 1. Political ideal: a just world and beauty. "The monarch is upright, facing the court, being an official, being a citizen, being a citizen ... good weather, harmony of Yin and Yang, harmony of the people, ripe crops and flourishing, the world will be moist and rich, and the world will be brilliant. 2. Political philosophy: The theory of "the connection between heaven and man" combines the Confucian theory of destiny, the view of heaven and the thought of Yin and Yang and the five elements into a closely connected and mutually inductive unity, and establishes the theory of "the connection between heaven and man". Taking "heaven" as the highest philosophical category, endowing it with moral attributes, becoming a personality god with will and perception, can dominate the fate of the world. Debate on "Theocracy of Monarchy" and "Sacredness of Monarchy" The operation of celestial bodies is described as the expression of moral consciousness and purpose, and natural phenomena become God's conscious and purposeful activities. Debate on "Famine Condemnation" and "Sovereignty over Heaven" III. Political ethics: "Three cardinal guides and five permanent members" is based on the Confucian principles of political ethics. 4. Political countermeasures: Countermeasure 1 of "Three Strategies for Heaven and Man": Change with the weather. The Han Dynasty should carry out "transformation" after Qin Xing, inherit God's will as king, "teach morality without punishment", "abandon its past and worship its enlightenment" and cultivate "the way of the five permanent members." Five virtues cultivate spirits, so you are blessed by heaven and enjoy the spirit of ghosts and gods. Virtue is applied outside the party and extends to all students. "Countermeasure 2: Cultivate scholars and seek talents." Xingguo Zijian, set up enlightenment teachers to support the world "; Require officials to "pay tribute to sages" and "devote themselves to seeking sages." If you look for sages all over the world, the three kings will prosper, and the name of Yao and Shun can be reached. "(Biography of Han Shu Dong Zhongshu) Countermeasure 3: Respect Confucianism." Spring and Autumn Annals is a great unity, a classic of heaven and earth, and a universal significance in ancient and modern times. Today, teachers have different methods, people have different theories, a hundred schools of thought contend with different meanings, and it is impossible to unify ... Those who are not subjects of the six arts, Confucius' skills, are all extinct, and if they don't advance, they will retreat. "If evil is revealed, it will stop, then discipline will be unified, laws will be clear, and people will know what to do." (Biography of Han Shu Dong Zhongshu) (4) Four natures: erudition, keeping the humanistic spirit and the core of Confucianism, sticking to the foundation and not changing the style. Ethicization has formed the core values of the Confucian "five permanent members" and further strengthened the practicality, life and practicality of Confucianism. Deified, boldly absorbed the ideas of Yin-Yang, Five Elements and Religious Destiny, which had great influence in the times, and used them to our advantage, realized the combination of advantages and strength, and embodied its open academic mind. Authority, adapted to the needs of the era of "great unity" in the early Han Dynasty, achieved exclusive status and rose to official ideology. Promote the theoretical innovation of Confucianism and deepen political practice through the form of "four modernizations". Dong Zi's Historical Contribution to the Governance of Confucianism in Social Practice Dong Zhongshu successfully applied Confucianism to China's political practice for the first time, which promoted the establishment of the "unified" basic political pattern and the administrative system of rites and music in the Han Dynasty, and influenced the political civilization in China for nearly two thousand years. (1) provided a new theoretical basis for the new political and social order in the early Han Dynasty, successfully solved the problem of political legitimacy faced by the times, maintained the unity and stability of the feudal regime, and guaranteed the long-term stability of the country. Dong Zhongshu combined the metaphysical foundation of Yin-Yang and Five Elements with the Confucian destiny and heaven, and established the views of "divine right of kingship" and "divine right of kingship" with the theory of "induction between man and nature", which made a strong philosophical and theological argument for the legitimacy of kingship. At the same time, the relationship between monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife and the five virtues of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith" are combined with heaven and earth, yin and yang, and five elements, which find philosophical and theological basis for the "three cardinal guides and five permanent elements" between heaven and earth, make it mysterious and sacred, and enhance its authority and persuasiveness. By emphasizing the absolute authority of the subject over the subordinate, the "three cardinal guides" further strengthened the feudal monarchy, consolidated the feudal dynasty regime, promoted the long-term stability of the country, avoided the threat of war and the survival pain of the people brought about by the national division, and guaranteed the people's livelihood in a macro way. (2) It has played an active role in restraining royal power and bureaucratic privileges, safeguarding civil rights, easing social contradictions and maintaining social stability. Dong Zhongshu lived in an era when, on the one hand, the emperor was supreme and exercised his imperial power at will, on the other hand, bureaucrats, nobles and princes plundered and annexed land by virtue of feudal privileges, fighting in secret and competing for social resources, and class contradictions became increasingly fierce. In view of these situations, Dong Zhongshu's political Confucianism, on the one hand, emphasizes the sacredness of kingship; On the other hand, he used "catastrophe condemnation theory" and "kingship ruled by heaven" to restrict kingship, sanctified his political views with the providence of saints, and attacked and persuaded the ruthless kingship. The implementation of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith" in the five permanent members, the implementation of the policy of promoting learning and cultivating talents, the emergence of upright, benevolent and scholar-officials, and the measures put forward by Dong Zi under the framework of Confucian political governance, such as "restricting the people's land", abolishing the salt and iron official camp, preserving the people's power and ensuring the farming season, have restricted the feudal privileges of bureaucrats, nobles and princes to a certain extent and guaranteed the interests of the people (3) It provided a successful example for the unified construction of ancient political civilization in China, which influenced and benefited China and the Chinese nation for nearly two thousand years. Dong Zi's Confucian political management, based on "the connection between heaven and man" and "the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members" as the ethical basis, achieved great success in the early Han Dynasty and was soon welcomed by feudal rulers and the whole society. It has been nearly two years since the basic ideas and models were spread. What is the reason for it? It is wrapped in the form of Confucian classics, ethics, theology and authority, but its essence is the kingly politics of unity. King politics is an excellent political civilization and political wisdom that conforms to human nature (human and social laws) and heaven (natural laws and universal laws). It can last for nearly two thousand years and guarantee and promote China's brilliant economic and cultural achievements, which is enough to show her Excellence. The ancients in China were no more stupid than we are today. If it was not excellent, it would have been discarded. When the left prevailed in the past, Confucianism was criticized as an "accomplice" of autocracy, which was extremely irresponsible. The core idea of political Confucianism-kingship politics contains strong democracy and legitimacy.