Lao Zi wrote a book of 5,000 words, Lao Zi, also known as Tao Te Ching, before Hangu Pass. Tao Te Ching, The Book of Changes and The Analects of Confucius are considered to be the three most influential masterpieces in China. Tao Te Ching is divided into two volumes, about 5,000 words.

Tao Te Ching was later named. At first, Lao Zi's book was called Lao Zi, but there was no such name as Tao Te Ching. Its completion date was controversial in the past, but it is still uncertain. However, according to the date of "Laozi" on Guodian bamboo slips unearthed in 1993, it was written at least in the middle and early Warring States period.

Laozi used Tao to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, thinking that "Tao gives birth to one, two, two, three and three things" and "Tao" is "the fate of a husband is natural", so "man should be in the earth, the earth should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural". "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, walking without danger" The book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "the right is strange, the good is evil" and "the disaster is a blessing, and the disaster is hidden". He also believes that everything in the world is the unity of "being" and "nothing", and "being and nothing" are the foundation, and "everything in the world is born of something and born of nothing". In addition, there are a lot of people-oriented ideas in the book: "Heaven has more than enough to make up for it, humanity is insufficient, and loss is not enough to support it"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "People are not afraid of death. Why are you afraid of death?" . His theory had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's philosophy.

Zhuangzi's articles are rich in imagination, changeable in style, full of romanticism, humorous and satirical in the form of fables, which have a great influence on the literary language of later generations. Zhuang Zhou, his disciples and later scholars wrote Zhuangzi (regarded as a southern classic by Taoism), which is one of the Taoist classics. There are 52 Zhuangzi articles recorded in the Records of Han Shu Literature and Art, and only 33 exist. Among them, there are seven chapters, which are generally designated as Zhuangzi; Foreign essays may be mixed with his disciples and later Taoist works.

Zhuangzi is of great philosophical and literary value. Famous articles include Happy Travel, The Theory of Everything, Health Master, etc. And "My Clever Understanding of Cattle" in "Master of Health" is especially popular in later generations.

Zhuangzi Neipian Yi You Xian

Zhuangzi, Homogeneity II.

Zhuangzi is the third master of health preservation.

Zhuangzi's inner chapter, the fourth in the world.

Zhuangzi's inner chapter, DeChongFu fifth.

Zhuangzi's inner chapter, Grand Master VI.

Zhuangzi's chapter should be the Seven Emperors.

Zhuangzi waipianmu No.8

Zhuangzi's Horseshoe Ninth

Zhuangzi Waipian Tenth

Re-discussion on Zhuangzi's foreign articles on the eleventh article

Zhuangzi wai pian Tian di 12

Zhuangzi Waipian Tiandao Thirteen

Zhuangzi Waipian Tian Yun XIV

"Zhuangzi" foreign article deliberately fifteen.

Zhuangzi Waipian Xiuxing XVI

Zhuangzi Waipian Qiushui Seventeen

Zhuangzi Waipian ZhileNo.18

Zhuangzi's Foreign Articles Sheng Da XIX

"Zhuangzi Waipian" Sam Twentieth

No.21Zhuangzi Waipian Tianzifang

Zhuangzi Waipian North Tour, article 22.

Zhuangzi Zapian Geng Sang Chu Er Shi San

Zhuangzi za pian Xu Wugui No.24

Zhuangzi Zapian Zeyang 25

Zhuangzi Zawen Waiwu 26

"Zhuangzi Fable Miscellaneous Notes" Volume 27

Zhuangzi Zapian Jean Wang 28

Zhuangzi's essays steal twenty-nine feet.

The 30th Sword in Zhuangzi Zapian

Zhuangzi Zapian Fisherman No.31

Zhuangzi za pian lie Yu kou No.32

Zhuangzi Zapian World No.33

The works about Mozi are Mozi. This book is a record of Mozi's words and deeds by his disciples and his re-disciples.

Mozi is divided into two parts: one part records Mozi's words and deeds, expounds Mozi's thoughts, and mainly reflects the early Mohist thoughts; On the other hand, Shang Jing, Xia Jing, Jing Shuo Shang, Jing Shuo Xia, Daqu and Xiaoqu, generally called Mo Bian or Mo Jing, embody Mohist epistemology and logical thought, and also contain many natural science contents, reflecting Mohist thought in the later period.

The compilation of Mozi's Mohist works was compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty and gradually lost after the Six Dynasties. At present, 53 books of Taoist Collection were originally written by Mo Zhai, but there are also works by Mozi disciples and later Mohists, which are the main historical materials for studying Mohists now. The book Mozi can be divided into five groups according to its content: Mozi's early seven works, from pro-Confucianism to three debates, the first three are mixed with Confucianism, which should be the traces of Mozi's early "learning from Confucianism and being taught by Confucius"; The last four chapters are mainly about Shang Xian, Shang Tong, Tian Zhi, frugality, non-happiness and other theories. Twenty-four articles from Shang Xian I to Fei Ruxia are a group, which systematically reflect ten propositions of Mozi: universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality, mourning, unhappiness, ambition, ghosts and fate. Five Chapters from Geng Xu to Gong Bo is a record of Mozi's words and deeds, similar in style to the Analects of Confucius, compiled by Mozi's disciples, and is the first-hand information to study Mozi's deeds. From the following to the last twenty articles (including nine lost articles), "Preparing the City Gate" is devoted to guarding the city skills and the city defense system, and its system is similar to that of Qin, which was written by the Mohist school of Qin during the Warring States Period. This is an important material for studying Mohist military art.

Mozi has a wide range of contents, including politics, military affairs, philosophy, ethics, logic, science and technology, etc. It is an important historical material for studying Mozi and his later studies. In the Western Jin Dynasty, both Lu Sheng and Le Yi commented on Mozi, but it has been lost. Nowadays, Sun Yirang's Mozi Idleness and The Scholars Integration are very popular.

The existing fifty-three articles of Mozi are gradually supplemented by Mozi and his disciples of various generations, and are the basic materials for studying Mozi and Mohism. Among them, Shang Jing, Xia Jing, On the Classics, On the Classics, Daqu and Xiaoqu are generally called Mo Jing or Mohan Debate, focusing on epistemology and logic. In the history of logic, they are called late Mohist logic or Mohist logic (one of the three major logic systems in the ancient world, the other two in ancient Greece), and they also contain many natural sciences, especially astronomy, geometric optics and statics.

Since the Qin Dynasty, Mozi's and his disciples' remarks have been scattered in various ancient books, such as New Preface, Autopsy, Yanzi Chunqiu, Han Feizi, Lu's Chunqiu, Huainanzi, Liezi, Warring States Policy, Old Events in Palace, Biography of Immortals and so on. Liu Xiang recorded Mozi as seventy-one articles in the Records of Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi in the Western Han Dynasty. There were only 60 articles in the Song Dynasty, and now there are only 53 articles, which have been lost 18. Among them, the second part of frugality, the first and second parts of frugality and burial, the second part of Ming Ghost, the second part of Feiyue and the first part of Feiru are all lost. Except for these eight parts, all the other ten articles are lost. Of these ten articles, only poetry is just.

The book Mozi was neither written by one person nor accomplished overnight. It is generally believed that Mozi was written by Mozi himself and his disciples to describe Mozi's remarks.

According to Liang Qichao's classification, Mozi's content can be divided into five categories.

The first category: pro-scholar, self-cultivation, positive dyeing, easy to develop, seven diseases, resignation from the country, and three debates.

This kind of miscellaneous has the words of famous scholars and mixed with the words of miscellaneous scholars. For example, ""in the article "Home"? Those who make mistakes must lose first, and those who make mistakes must lose first. "Ganjing is exhausted first, wood is cut first" and "Too prosperous to keep" all come from the language of Taoism. The word "cultivate one's morality" is a Confucian saying. The suspicion that "dyeing is weak, dyeing is yellow" in Dyeing By is due to the nature of famous artists. The word "easy to send" is suspected to be the words of legalists, which is purely false. The last four articles are Mohist theses, which may be Mohist theses.

The second category: Shang Xian, Shang Tong, full love, non-aggression, festival burial, celestial record, ghosts, unlucky, unlucky and funeral. This category represents the main political thought of Mohism. Except for the first book "Non-attack" and the second book "Non-Confucianism", all the articles have the word "Mozi Zi Yue", which is considered to be written by Mozi's disciples.

The third category: Jing, Jing Shuo, Daqu and Xiaoqu, consisting of six chapters. This kind of person treated by Mohism is called Mohist Debate, also called Mohist Scripture. These six articles are difficult to translate, with many old sayings and profound arguments. They are also mixed with simple materialism and idealism theories, natural science theories such as photomechanics and mathematics, social science, ethics, logic and so on. It is really difficult to understand. This category is the essence of Mozi. Liang Qichao believed that these six articles were written by Mo Zhai. And Sun Yirang thought it was written by post-Mohist scholars. One of the reasons that Sun Yirang relied on was that GongSunLong and Mozi lived in different times. GongSunLong was behind Mozi, and there could be no strong white stone theory.

The fourth category: Geng Xu, Gui Yi, Meng Gong, Lu Wen, Gong Bo, etc. These five articles were written by Mozi's disciples. It is also a record of Mozi's life, and its genre is close to The Analects.

The fifth category: guarding the city. They are eleven items: prepare the city gate, prepare the high surface, prepare the ladder, prepare the water, prepare the sudden, prepare the cave, prepare the moth ambush, meet the enemy hall, flag, order and miscellaneous guards. This can be said to be the art of war of Mohism. Mozi advocates not attacking, but focusing on defending, and all eleven are methods that focus on defending. Mohist art of war was developed by Mohist disciples. There are many ancient words in these eleven articles, and there are also many words in the ancient art of war, which are rarely translated.

The style of this book is unpretentious, but some of its contents have been discounted, so that few people care about it for two thousand years. Until modern times, some scholars read this ancient book carefully, only to find that Mohist school had discussed optics (light propagates along a straight line, and some imaging situations of plane mirror, concave mirror mirror and spherical mirror, especially the theory that light can form an inverted image through pinhole), mathematics (the definition of circle has been discussed scientifically), mechanics (the relationship between force and weight has been put forward) and other natural sciences as early as 2,000 years ago. It's a pity that this science, however, shocked the current academic circles and made modern people sit up and take notice of Mohism and even a hundred schools of thought.

Han Feizi is the work of Han Fei, a Korean legalist at the end of the Warring States Period.

Han Feizi focuses on promoting the rule of law theory of combining illegality, technology and power in South Korea. Han Fei's theory of combining "law", "skill" and "potential" reached the peak of the pre-Qin legalist theory, which provided a theoretical weapon for the Qin Dynasty to unify the six countries and also provided a theoretical basis for the later feudal autocratic system.

Han Fei's simple dialectical thought is also outstanding. He first put forward the theory of contradiction, using the fable story of spear and shield to illustrate the truth that "indestructible shield and indestructible spear cannot coexist" It is worth mentioning that the book Han Feizi records a large number of fables, among which the most famous ones are Contradictions, Waiting for the Rabbit, Medical Taboos, Cramming, and Old Horse Knowing the Way. These vivid fables contain profound philosophies, which give people wisdom and enlightenment with their perfect combination of ideology and artistry, and have high literary value. Han Fei's article is rigorous in reasoning, sharp in writing, thorough in discussion, well-founded and to the point. For example, in the article Zheng Wu, there are as many as 47 ways to analyze the demise of a country, which is really rare. The two articles "Difficult to Speak" and "Difficult to Speak" try to figure out the speaker's psychology and how to avoid congenial feelings and nuance.

Han Fei's main work, Han Feizi, is the work of pre-Qin legalists. This book consists of 55 articles with more than 100,000 words, most of which are Han Fei's own works. At that time, Confucianism and Mohism were regarded as prominent scholars in China's ideological circle, and advocated "the king's law first" and "retro". Han Feizi's point of view is to oppose retro and advocate adapting to the times. According to the situation at that time, Han Feizi advocated the rule of law and put forward four strategies: heavy reward, heavy punishment, heavy agriculture and heavy war. Han Feizi advocated divine right. Since the Qin Dynasty, the ideas of governing the country in China's feudal dynasties have been deeply influenced by Han Feizi's theory.

A chapter where everything is wrong.

Look at Qin first.

Save Korea second

It's hard to say the third one.

Aichen No.4

Fifth Avenue

Have a sixth degree

The second handle and the seventh handle

Raise to the eighth power.

Eight rape nine

Ten tenths.

Lonely and angry eleventh

It's hard to say it's the twelfth

He XIII

Rape and robbery of the 14th Minister

The fifteenth sign of death

Third, keep sixteenth.

Bene Shi Qi

Nanmian 18

Decorative evil 19

Jie Lao er Shi

Fishing 2 1

Said the 22nd was in the forest.

For example, number 23 under the forest.

Guanhang 24

Safety twenty-fifth

Keep the 26th road.

Article 27 employing people

28 th place

Generally article 29.

Internal storage theory, seventh operation, thirtieth

Hidden theory, the next six micro thirty-first

The theory of foreign reserves ranks 32 nd on the upper left.

The theory of foreign reserves is thirty-third in the lower left.

The theory of foreign reserves ranks 34th in the upper right.

The theory of foreign reserves ranks 35th in the lower right.

Difficulty 1 36

The thirty-seventh is the second most difficult.

Difficult 338

Difficult four thirty-ninth

Fortieth difficulty

Question and answer article 41

Wentian 42

Fixed article 43

Doubt 44

Cheat forty-five

Six to forty-six

Eight said forty-seventh

Eight classics 48

Wucheng district

Fairy science fiftieth

Zhongxiao No.51

People-centered fifty-two

Order no.53

Xindu 54 Hao

Divided into fifty-fifth parts

Self-victory is powerful. He who can overcome himself is a strong man.

Self-knowledge is self-knowledge. It is wise to be aware of your talents.

There is a saying in the world that everything contained in it is calculated (there must be certain principles in doing things, and there are gains and losses).

If you want to succeed, you must fail first. Sometimes things have to be done, but they tend to be destroyed first.

Words are not as expensive as words, and the law is not suitable. Apart from the monarch's orders, there is no second honourable speech, and the laws and regulations of the country cannot cater to both public and private parties at the same time.

Nalanxingde:

Nalan Xingde (1655- 1685): The eldest son of Pearl, a university student in Wuyingdian, whose original name was Cheng De, whose real name was Rong Ruo, was a Manchu from Lengjiashan, and was a famous poet in the early Qing Dynasty.

He wrote many works in his life: twenty volumes of Tong Tang Zhi Ji, four volumes of Miscellaneous Knowledge of Lushui Pavilion, and A Brief History of Linz; Set "Yi Ji Yan" 80 volumes, "Chen Liji" 38 volumes; The compilation and selection of books such as Early Collection of Modern Ci, Notes of Famous Poets, Selected Works of All Tang Poems are amazing.

There are many words about Nalan Xingde in the encyclopedia. Go and have a look.

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