1. Tomatoes originated in America and spread to Europe in16th century. They were originally used as ornamental plants and later as vegetables. It belongs to Solanaceae crops, belonging to the same family as eggplant, pepper and potato. Tomatoes like warmth and sunshine, but they are afraid of high temperature and heat. Under the condition of insufficient light, it is easy to grow white, get sick and have small fruit, and it is not easy to set fruit under the condition of low temperature and high temperature, and the growth is stagnant or even dead. The suitable temperature for tomato vegetative growth period is 20-25℃, and the flowering and fruiting period is slightly higher. The temperature difference between day and night is 5- 10℃, which is beneficial to growth and development. Well-drained sandy loam is suitable for tomatoes Too heavy soil viscosity or sandy soil is not conducive to high yield, and poor drainage is prone to various diseases. Tomatoes have weak drought tolerance, so it is best to choose fields with water irrigation when cultivating in summer. The elements absorbed by tomatoes from the soil are firstly potassium, secondly nitrogen and thirdly phosphorus. However, phosphorus has a special position in the growth process, which can promote the growth of roots and the normal development of flower organs and seeds. Second, regarding the sowing date and suitable planting range, don't think that tomatoes can only be planted in places above 600 meters. As long as the heart is not too big, tomatoes can be produced in areas below1200m in our county. The altitude is too high, the harvest period is too short, and the economic benefit is not high, which is not suitable for large-scale planting. According to the altitude from low to high, tomatoes in our county can be planted from early March to early May, but the area above 900 meters above sea level should be planted in early April, which will seriously affect the yield, and it is unrealistic to pursue benefits without yield. Sowing in the suburbs can also be done in June, 165438+ 10, and transplanting in the following spring. Thirdly, regarding the choice of varieties, tomato varieties can be said to be hundreds of thousands, both good and bad, and expensive. Excellent tomato varieties should have superior biological characteristics (good resistance, strong adaptability and high yield) and good commodity characteristics (hard fruit, shiny fruit surface, bright red color and high uniformity). Judging from the planting situation in recent two or three years, Bailey, Hongxi, Orlis, Stone, Naimonitan, Hero and Jinhuotou No.8 can all be planted, and each has its own advantages. In this year's trial planting varieties in our region, some varieties stand out, such as Matador, Kimberly, Li Xia, Jienong 10 1 etc., which may become important varieties for future development. Fourth, prepare for "no war without preparation" before planting. For several years, the United States has been preparing for the war in Iraq. Although not as good as it is, it will take at least two months to prepare. 1. Prepare investment funds (about RMB 0/600-2,000 per mu); The second is fertilizer preparation (farm manure 40~50 t 1 mu); 3. Cutting cuttings (2000 pieces/mu); Fourth, turning fields or planting green manure in winter. In addition, psychological quality education is also very important. Never plant with the dream of getting rich. The market is changeable and ruthless. Only those who are down-to-earth and dare to explore are suitable for planting tomatoes, and only these people can get the greatest benefit in the process of planting tomatoes. V. Cultivation techniques (1) Seedbed specifications of grafted seedlings: Tomato 1 mu is planted in the following seedbeds, and the planting area is different, please increase or decrease it in proportion. Rootstock is 0.9m wide, length12-14m, lateral branches are 0.6m wide, rootstock is 0.9m wide, length12-/4m, lateral branches are 0.6m wide and scions are 0.9m wide and 6-8m long.

Note: (1) Be sure to use paddy fields without vegetables; The length shall not be greater than15m; Sprinkle 30 kg of quicklime about 10 days before sowing. (2) Rootstock: It should have both compatibility and disease resistance. At present, the rootstocks with good performance are Ideality 106, Rootstock 1, Rootstock No.2 and so on. (3) Scion: an excellent tomato variety. 3-4 tons of decomposed pig manure, 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5-6 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to the seedbed. Sow 5- 10 days in advance, mix with topsoil, drench with water, and sow 5- 10 days later. (The seedbed area is different, please increase or decrease the amount of fertilizer in proportion. Sowing density and method: seed treatment: select seeds with full seeds and high germination rate, soak them for 4-5 hours in winter and spring, 2-3 hours in summer and autumn, and then soak them in disinfectant for 40-50 minutes for disinfection. After cleaning, accelerate germination at 25-30℃. Before sowing, make the seedbed again. The seedbed should be thin and flat. Grafted tomato seedlings should be 7- 10 days earlier than normal seedlings to facilitate timely sowing. (1) rootstock: nutrition cup seedling or seedbed cutting (seedbed width 1.2m). That is, when the seedlings grow to 2-3 true leaves after sowing, the seedlings should be transplanted in a nutrient cup or in a seedbed according to 15 × 10cm, so it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer and water management and cultivate healthy seedlings. (2) scion: According to different rootstocks and climatic conditions, scion seedlings should be planted 5-7 days later than rootstocks. If a batch of grafting is planned, scions should be sown at the same time as rootstocks. Density (specification): 1, rootstock-100- 120 plants/m2, that is, row spacing 12 cm, and plant spacing of 8 cm. 2. Scion-sow about 200 plants per square meter, that is, the row spacing is 8 cm and the plant spacing is 6-7 cm. They are all on call. After sowing, cover the seeds with soil ash, and the thickness shall not exceed 1cm. After the seeds are covered, disinfect them with bactericide. Finally, cover with plastic film. Due to weather changes and other reasons, when the growth rates of rootstocks and scions are quite different, measures such as adjusting water, temperature and fertilizer should be taken to promote the consistency of their growth rates, and at the same time, the harm of pests and diseases to seedlings should be prevented in time. Grafting: The grafting methods of tomato mainly include split grafting and splicing, and the production application is mainly split grafting. Grafting when the rootstock has 4.5-6 true leaves. Grafting should be carried out in sunny days with suitable temperature or in cloudy and windless underworld, not in dry heat, rainy days and windy days. Work in shade on sunny days, and don't plant trees when the dew is still wet. (1) Grafting tools: double-sided blades, grafting pods, trays for holding scions, gauze (cotton) cloth covering scions, bow ties, agricultural plastic films, sun screens, etc. (2) Grafting method: Cut off the rootstock at the position where 2-3 true leaves are left at the base (or at the position 12 cm off the ground), and cut off 1.5-2cm vertically in the center of the transverse stem. Then, keep the scion with 2-3 true leaves at the top, cut one knife diagonally in the opposite direction, and the incision is in a small "V" shape, and carefully insert the rootstock. Grafting personnel are strictly forbidden to smoke! Knives should be strictly disinfected. (3) Management of grafted seedlings: Cover the film and shading net with it and keep a certain humidity and temperature. When the temperature in the shed exceeds 30℃ and the relative humidity exceeds 90%, it should be ventilated in time, and the primary ventilation time should not be too long. With the increase of the next few days, the ventilation time will increase accordingly, and the light transmittance will increase after 3-5 days. After 5-7 days, depending on the weather and interface healing, the grafted pods can be removed to reduce the shading rate. When the plastic film and sunshade net are completely removed and the seedlings are not wilted, transplant them as soon as possible. Grafted pods can also be taken after planting. (2) Planting management 1, applying manure 1 per mu, 500-2,500 kg of base fertilizer, 0/0,500-200 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 0/0,000 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 200 kg of quicklime. 2. The total width of the whole compartment, compartment and ditch is 130- 150 cm, in which the width of the compartment surface is 80- 100 cm and the width of the ditch bottom is 20-30 cm. The depth of this ditch depends on the drainage. The planting density is determined according to the fertility of the land. Generally, 1400- 1700 plants are planted per mu. The method is to plant two rows in 1 box, with the planting point at the edge of the box 15-20 cm and the plant spacing at 50-60 cm. The marriage interface should be 10 cm away from the soil. 4. The variety with infinite growth of cut-off rattan has high seedling frame and large growth, and the cut-off requirement is thicker than that of ordinary varieties, and the length is more than 2m. After planting 10 days, the stems are inserted, one for each plant, and the stems are inserted about 10cm outside the plant. Every two poles are crossed and tied to the upper end, and then connected into a whole with wooden sticks to enhance the anti-dumping ability. 5. Trim the parallel bars. Excess lateral buds were erased at 3-5 cm. Don't germinate before the rain dries. From late August to early September (early August in areas above 800 meters above sea level), leave two leaves above the last ear for topping. 6. Fruit thinning In the case of insufficient fertilizer and water or too many fruits, fruit thinning must be carried out, leaving only 4-5 fruits per ear. 7. Fertilizer and water management Tomato needs a lot of fertilizer and water during its growth period, and it is necessary to seize the critical period of fertilization and irrigation. When the inflorescence blooms for the first time, the application of fertilizer and water, especially nitrogen fertilizer, should be properly controlled, and then topdressing and irrigation should be carried out in time during the rapid expansion period of each bunch of fruits. The harvest period is generally 5- 10 days, with topdressing 1 time until 20 days before the end of the harvest period. 8. Pest control The main diseases of tomato are damping off, late blight, leaf spot, sesame spot, gray mold, leaf mold, virus disease, bacterial wilt, canker and umbilical rot. The main pests are cotton bollworm, liriomyza sativae and cutworms. Damping-off, late blight, leaf spot, sesame leaf spot, gray mold and leaf mold are fungal diseases, bacterial wilt and canker are bacterial diseases, and there are six kinds of virus diseases, which are viral diseases. These diseases are pathogenic and contagious. Umbilical rot, fruit cracking, flower head fruit, deformed fruit, poor coloring and physiological leaf rolling are non-pathogenic diseases (also called physiological diseases), which are caused by lack of nutrition or poor environmental conditions and are not contagious. The prevention and control of tomato diseases and insect pests should adhere to the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive management". Due to the variety, limited time and limited space, the following only select a few representative pest control for a brief introduction. Tomato canker Tomato canker is a bacterial vascular disease, which can be infected from roots or aboveground parts, especially budding wounds. The main control measures are as follows: a) rotation with non-solanaceae crops for more than 3 years. B) grafting cultivation. Root irrigation should be carried out at sowing time and first fruit stage 1 time. C) Strengthen field management, avoid pruning when the rain is not dry, drain water in time after the rain, remove diseased plants in time and burn them. D) At the early stage of the disease, using Ronckia, Bactericide, Bistamine, Boyi, Coside 2000, agricultural streptomycin or Zhongshengmycin according to its instructions has certain effect on controlling the disease. Tomato virus disease a) comprehensive disease prevention by cultivation: this is the most effective method to prevent tomato virus disease at present. The main measures are to select cultivated land or regional rotation in 5-6 years, cultivate strong seedlings, apply more organic fertilizer, apply sufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as soon as possible after planting, apply zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer, push the fork by hand when making forks, reduce wounds, keep the fork exposed, prune tools for disinfection, and eliminate toxic pests such as aphids and whiteflies in time. B) At the initial stage of the disease, you can use Yeduxiao, virus amide, virus, virus A, virus bicycle, etc. According to their instructions. The pathogen of tomato late blight is mainly spread by airflow, rain and irrigation water. One is to form a central disease plant in the field, which will cause the disease epidemic in the whole field when it meets suitable conditions. The optimum temperature for pathogen development is 18 ~ 20℃, and the optimum relative humidity is above 95%. In rainy and moderate temperature weather, the disease may be prevalent in the morning and evening when the dew is heavy and foggy. Control methods: a) Solanaceae crops should be rotated for more than 3 years. B) Drainage shall be carried out in time in rainy season to reduce the humidity on site. C) Strengthen field inspection, find the central diseased plant, remove diseased leaves and fruits, and spray drugs all over the field. The available chemicals are Baxter, Plich, metalaxyl manganese zinc, metalaxyl copper, Shideli, Jin Lei, etc. The above drugs can be selected in turn according to the condition of the disease, every 4-7 days 1 time, especially one day 1 time, for 2-3 consecutive times. Symptoms of Umbilical Rot: Umbilical Rot can occur before tomatoes reach the thumb size and mature color, and the lesion only occurs at the navel at the top of the fruit, so it is called Umbilical Rot. Etiology: 1. The water supply is unbalanced. In drought, the navel of fruit is the easiest to lose water, causing tissue necrosis. When a large amount of water is supplied, the pedicle cells are broken and filled with water, and finally become discolored and necrotic due to excessive swelling and oppression. That is, too much water, too little water or too much water. 2. Calcium deficiency. Excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers will inhibit the absorption of calcium. When the calcium content in fruit is lower than 0.2%, it is easy to cause umbilical rot. 3. soil. The soil layer is shallow, and the diseases of sandy land and saline-alkali land are serious. Prevention and control methods: a) Irrigation to prevent the soil from being wet and dry alternately, especially not to make the soil excessively dry. B) Choose loam with rich organic matter and strong water retention to plant tomatoes. For calcium-deficient soil, 150-200 kg of quicklime and 100-200 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus are evenly scattered on the ground and turned into the plough layer. C) Avoid applying too much nitrogen, especially available nitrogen, and do not apply too much at one time. Pay attention to proper amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and apply more decomposed organic fertilizer. D) During the fruit-setting period or the onset of disease, root fertilization with 0.2% calcium nitrate or other calcium supplements, every 7 days 1 time, has a good control effect. In addition, you can also spray oral calcium tablets. Helicoverpa armigera, also known as stem borer, can harm several kinds of fruits (also known as fruit turning damage), causing a large number of tomato plants to drop flowers, fruits or rotten fruits. A) yellow board traps adults. B) Lighting the multifunctional insect trap lamp to kill the adults. C) Determining the spraying period: spraying can be started after tomatoes bear the first ear fruit. D) choose the right medicine. ① biopharmaceuticals: 200-300 times that of B. T emulsion. ② Chemicals: Kung Fu EC, beta-cypermethrin EC, chlorhexidine, Gong Li 1, Gong Li No.2, etc. Spray with water according to the instructions, every 5-7 days 1 time for standby. For older larvae, it is necessary to catch them manually. Generally, it is sprayed in the morning and evening when there is no dew, and the tender leaves and fruits at the top of tomato plants are the key spraying areas. In order to rotate the use of drugs, the spraying of contiguous tomatoes should achieve "five unifications", that is, unified medication time, unified medication varieties, unified application technology, unified investigation methods and unified application personnel. Pay attention to the safe interval of using pesticides.