In the long historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are obvious ways to belittle Cao because of the need of literature. However, among the three monarchs in Wei Shuwu, he is the highest. Chen Shou commented on Cao Cao: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and the heroes rose together. Yuan Shao looked at the four States and was strong. Mao strategized, castigated the magic of Shen and Shang, used the unique tactics of Han and Bai, and granted official materials, each for his own devices, melodramatic, and forgot the old evils. In the end, he was able to conquer the imperial court machine and become a flood maker, but it was only slightly better. I can be described as an extraordinary person and a peerless hero. " Cao Cao is talented and versatile, and his tactics and tactics are flexible and changeable in the military. He made great contributions to the unification of northern China, the recovery of economic production and the maintenance of social order in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In terms of internal affairs, Cao Cao established a system of reclaiming farmland and ordered soldiers who didn't need to fight to go to the fields to farm, thus alleviating the food problem during the war in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao Cao, (155 ~ 220) was an outstanding politician, strategist and writer in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The word Meng De. Peiguoqiao County (now Bo County, Anhui Province). Father Cao Song and eunuch Cao Teng adopted a son. Although the official is high, he is still despised by the gentry. At the age of 20, Wei Lang, a captain of Xiang Yiqi, took part in suppressing the Yellow Scarf Uprising Army in Yingchuan, and was appointed as a captain of Canon Army and one of the eight captains of Xiyuan. In the sixth year of Zhong Ping (189), due to Dong Zhuo's autocratic power, he fled Luoyang and went to Chenliu (now southeast of Kaifeng, Henan Province), where he assembled 5,000 troops and fought against Dong Zhuo with the Dongguan County Army headed by Yuan Shao. At that time, the army was afraid of Zhuo, so it dared not move forward. They only fought, Dong Zhuo fled to the west, and Yuan Shao was the prefect of the East County. In the third year of Chuping (192), Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Uprising Army invaded Yanzhou, killing Liu Dai, the secretariat of the state. The state officials supported Cao Cao to lead Yanzhou animal husbandry, led the troops to defeat more than 300,000 Yellow Scarf Army, and took its elite as his subordinate, and was named "Qingzhou soldier". In the war of annexation in the following years, he showed his outstanding talents: defeating Yuan Shu, breaking through Tao Qian, pacifying Zhang Miao and destroying Lu Bu, and gradually growing into a force against Yuan Shao. In the battle of Guandu in the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao's 100,000-strong army, pursued the victory, and successively captured the four states of Hebei, Qinghai, Youyou and Hezhou owned by Yuan Shao. In the twelfth year, based on Liucheng in western Liaoning (now southwest of Chaoyang, Liaoning), the ethnic minority Wu Huan, who took in Yuan Shao's second son, was eliminated and the north was basically unified.
According to Mao and Xun, in the first year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao welcomed Xian Di from Luoyang to Xu County (now Henan) within his sphere of influence and moved the capital to Xu. Since then, he has been "serving the emperor to make him not a minister", taking the initiative in politics and enhancing his appeal.
He accepted Zhao Wuji's suggestion, called people to reclaim wasteland, and made a promise, which won him millions of dollars. Later, it was extended to many counties. Historically, the granaries of millet were all full. From the material supply to ensure the victory of the war (see Cao Wei's "Reclamation").
He is well versed in the Art of War and was the first person to annotate this book. Sun Tzu's Art of War has hundreds of words. He is good at using ancient military theory, strategy and tactics, "surprise, defeat the enemy and change like a god."
He ordered many times to seek talents, demanding "meritocracy". Unlike the Eastern Han Dynasty, which attached importance to virtue and family status, as long as he had outstanding talent and the ability to govern the country and use troops, even if he was of humble origin, ignorant of Confucian classics, heartless and unfilial, and had a dirty reputation, he considered reusing it, and even pulled it out as a general and shepherd. Powerful families led many defectors and tried their best to win over and worship official positions. Therefore, he did not completely deny the standard of virtue, and attached great importance to the struggle for celebrities. If his subordinates are not wholeheartedly loyal to him, once they are found, they will be dismissed immediately without any pity. "People who are loyal and effective in the world are willing to use them", and talents come forth in large numbers.
Cao Cao's "skill of recruiting talents and accepting scholars" was greatly influenced by the pre-Qin legalist thought, and those who did not work as officials did not reward those who did not fight. Emphasize that "chaos should be punished first." Under the guidance of this thought, he brutally suppressed the peasant resistance. At the same time, the illegal activities of powerful families are often severely cracked down. After Jizhou was pacified, it immediately ordered to increase the punishment for the merger of powerful countries.
In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao became prime minister and led the army south. Jingzhou Liu Biao died of illness and Zi Cong surrendered. Cao Cao marched into Jiangling, went down the Yangtze River, and fought with Sun Quan and Liu Bei at Chibi. At that time, the conditions for the reunification of North and South were far from mature. The northern army made a long journey and was not acclimatized. Many diseases of soldiers; Jingzhou army surrendered with trepidation and refused to go to war. Coupled with Cao Cao's pride and underestimation, he was defeated by allied fire (see Battle of Red Cliffs). From then on, it turned to consolidate the northern rule, suppress the resistance of the court dissidents including Queen Fu, and continue to eliminate the residual separatist forces in the north. In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, Ma Chao and Han Sui in Guanlong area were razed; Four years later, Zhang Lu, who conquered Hanzhong, made full preparations for the generation of Han. During this period, he attacked Sun Quan and Liu Bei several times, but all failed.
In the eighteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao sealed and built it, all in Ye. Wei owns the land of ten counties in Jizhou, with hundreds of officials below the prime minister. Three years later, Cao Cao joined Wang Wei, wearing the emperor's flag and crown. He was called a police officer. He was nominally a minister of the Han Dynasty, but actually an emperor. His son Cao Pi worshipped Wei Wudi instead of the Han Dynasty.
Cao Cao's poetry attainments are extremely high, and his works such as Lu Luxing, Good Li Xing, Walking Out of Xiamen and so on are all solemn and stirring. The phrase "an old horse crouches, with a thousand miles of ambition, a martyr goes forward in his twilight years" has been passed down through the ages. With his encouragement, a group of outstanding scholars gathered around, and the famous Jian 'an literature appeared. There are different opinions about Cao Cao in history. The 1950s and 1960s. Historians have discussed the merits and demerits of Cao Cao and whether he should reverse his conviction, mainly focusing on: the merits and demerits of Cao Cao's suppression of the Yellow turban insurrectionary; Unify the evaluation of the north; What social class does he represent? Some people think that Cao Cao's image has been distorted by later scholars, and his historical achievements far exceed his mistakes, so it should be reversed. In recent years, with the deepening of research, historians tend to think that Cao Cao is an outstanding figure with many contributions in history.
Bibliography of Cao Cao, Sanlian Bookstore, Beijing, 1960.
Sun Quan (182-252) was born in Fuchun County, Wu Jun (now Fuyang, Zhejiang), Zhongmou and Wu Dadi. He was born in the fifth year of Guanghe (AD 182) and died in the second year of Taiyuan (AD 252). Sun Jian, the second son, followed his eldest brother Sun Ce to pacify Jiangdong in his childhood, and Sun Ce died young in 200. Before he died, he said to Sun Quan, "Ask Zhang Zhao for internal affairs and Zhou Yu for diplomacy." Sun Quan succeeded to the throne as the Lord of Jiangdong. In 208, Sun Quan made a Western Expedition, recovered Gan Ning and destroyed Huang Zu. In the same year, Cao Cao went south and Liu Bei was defeated. After Cao Cao occupied Jingxiang, he wrote to Sun Quan to win Soochow. Soochow is divided into two factions: the main war faction headed by Huang Gai and the main peace faction headed by Zhang Zhao. Zhang Zhao was very convincing at that time, but Sun Quan was interested in a war. At this time, Lu Su brought Zhuge Liang from Jiangxia, indicating Liu Bei's determination to unite with Wu against Cao. Zhou Yu's timely return shows all kinds of disadvantages of Cao Cao and indicates that the war is expected to win. Sun Quan decided decisively to take Zhou Yu as the commander in chief and send troops to Sanjiangkou to fight Cao Cao. This is the famous Battle of Red Cliffs in history. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan took refuge in Liu Bei and married his sister Sun Shangxiang to Liu Bei. Later, he lent Jingzhou to Liu Bei from Lu Su's plan. After Liu Bei succeeded in taking Sichuan, Sun Quan asked Liu Bei to return to Jingzhou, but Liu Bei refused. After one-on-one talks, Lu Su took back the three counties. After Sun Quan hit Hefei, he was defeated by Zhang Liao. In 2 17, Wei and Wu fought in ruxu, and neither side could win. For example, after the empty mouth war, Sun Quan befriended Cao Cao, and signed the Wei-Wu secret alliance to * * * cut Guan Yu.
In 2 19, Guan Yu attacked Fancheng, and Sun Quan appointed Lv Meng to take Jingzhou. Lv Meng crossed the river in white to take Jingzhou and captured Guan Yu alive in Maicheng. After Guan Yu was taken to Jianye, Sun Quan killed Guan Yu and gave his head to Cao Cao. In 220, Cao Pi replaced Han. Sun Quan was called a vassal of Wei State, and Cao Pi gave Sun Quan nine gifts. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and immediately set out to attack Dongwu, calling it revenge for Guan Yu, which was actually the battle of Jingzhou. Sun Quan decisively appointed 39-year-old Lu Xun as commander-in-chief to face Liu Bei. Lu Xun defeated Liu Bei in the Yiling fire. In 223, Liu Bei died of illness, and Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi to cross the river for peace and prepare for the Northern Expedition. Sun Quan lived in harmony with Shu Han and * * * attacked Cao Wei. In 224, Cao Pi's army attacked Wu Dong. Sun Quan asked Xu to make a fire to break the enemy. In 226, Cao Pi died of illness. Sun Quan personally led an army to attack Jiangxia, but was defeated at the insistence of the satrap Wen Pin.
In 229, the rise of Sun and the formal establishment of Dongwu regime. In 234, Sun Quan responded to Zhuge Liang's last Northern Expedition and was defeated by Yangzhou secretariat Man Chong. After rising of sun, he became more and more arrogant and favored Coco. Prime Minister Gu Yong was killed for no reason, and General Lu Xun died of grief. Prince Sun Quanli made a big mistake. After the death of Prince Sun Deng, Sun Quan first abolished Sun He, then gave Sun Ba a death present, and finally made Sun a prince, which laid the foundation for the political revolution of Wu Palace in the future. In 252, Sun Quan died at the age of 7 1.
Sun Quan —— A Concise Historical Biography
Emperor Wu. 19 years old, Sun Quan succeeded his brother Sun Ce, who was defeated by Huang Zu in Jiangdong. After Wu Dong joined forces with Liu Bei, Cao was defeated by Cao Jun in Battle of Red Cliffs. Soochow later fought Cao near Hefei, retaken Jingzhou from Liu Bei, killed Guan Yu and shattered Liu Bei's crusade army. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor to the north first, then Jianwu proclaimed himself emperor and moved to Jianye. He attached great importance to agricultural production, built water conservancy projects, developed shipbuilding industry, connected Taiwan Province Province, actively established diplomatic relations with Indian countries, and reduced taxes many times, which promoted the economic development of the southeast region.