Sandfly seed
The sandfly changed from an egg to a worm, and became a moth with wings. When it flies to the fire, it is as big as a bite and half as big as a mosquito. There are many kinds of sandflies, some of which only exist in Xinjiang. Males feed on plant liquids, while females are good at cannibalism. It is a virus disseminator, bringing the virus into the human body when drinking human blood. The virus has been lurking in the human body for half a year before it broke out. It is characterized by fever, sweating, fear of cold, general malaise and loss of appetite. Later, it led to nose and gum bleeding, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, skin blackening, even bronchitis, tuberculosis, or death.
brief introduction
Sandfly The English name is sand flies, which belongs to the family Scorpionidae (sandflies has been established separately! Note: It used to be an insect belonging to Lepidoptera, and it is the vector of Kala-azar!
Sandflies belong to Diptera, Nematoda and Sandflies. More than 600 species are known in the world, and more than 40 species (subspecies) have been reported in China.
morphological character
The adult is grayish yellow or light gray, with a body length of 1.5 ~ 4.0 mm, and the whole body is densely covered with fine hairs (Figure 18-7). The head is spherical. Compound eyes are big and black, and there is no single eye. The antenna is slender and divided into 16 segments. The mouth is thick and short, almost as long as the first class, and it is a piercing and sucking type. Tentacles 5 nodes, bent downward and backward. There are mouthparts and color plates in the mouth, and pharyngeal concha in the pharynx. The chest and back bulges are hunchbacked. A pair of wings and a balance bar. Wings are long and narrow, with sharp ends and covered with fine hairs. When resting, the wings stand up and separate left and right, which is about 45? Horn. Slender feet. Most hairs on the back of the 2nd-6th abdominal segment are upright (acid pulp) or horizontal (acid pulp). Female emu has 1 pair of tail whiskers at the rear end of abdomen and seminal vesicle in abdomen; Male wrens form complex external genitalia. The morphology of adult's oral nail, color plate and pharyngeal nail, male external genitalia and female seminal vesicle is an important basis for classification.
Living habits
Sandfly is a completely deformed insect. Life history includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult (Figure 18-7). The egg is oval with striped shell, about 0.4 mm long and brown. Under suitable conditions, the hatching time of larvae is 6 ~ 65438 0 2d. The larvae are small caterpillars and white. Divided into four age groups. 1 instar larvae are 1.0 ~ 1.5 mm in length, and the 4th instar larvae are about 3 mm in length, and there are tail hairs at the end of the larvae, including 0-instar larvae 1 pair and 2-4th instar larvae. Larvae feed on organic matter in soil, and generally pupate in 25-30 days. There is no cocoon outside the pupa, and the skin shed by the 4th instar larva is attached to the tail end, which is light yellow and about 4mm long. Pupa can't eat or move, and it takes about 6 ~ 12 days to emerge as an adult. Adults can mate within 12 ~ 13 hours after emergence. Male wrens can mate for 2-3 times, while female wrens usually mate once in their whole lives, usually laying eggs 3-4 days before blood feeding, and can lay eggs many times, with 60-80 eggs in their whole lives. The time required for the whole life cycle is related to species, temperature, humidity and food sufficiency. 2 1 ~ 28℃ is the suitable temperature for the development of sandfly, and it takes about 6 ~ 8 weeks from egg development to adult. 68% of Ampelopsis ampelopsis 4th instar larvae diapause to pupate in the following spring. Female wrens can live in the living environment of 1
1. The larvae of sandfly live in the soil, and the most common place is about 10 ~ 12 cm below the ground. Hidden places, suitable temperature and humidity, loose soil and rich organic matter, such as human houses, livestock houses, toilets, caves, cracks in walls or caves, are all suitable for the reproduction of sandfly larvae. 2. Feeding males does not suck blood, but feeds on plant juice, while females suck blood. Different species of sandflies have different blood-sucking objects. Sandflies mainly suck the blood of humans and mammals, while sandflies mostly suck the blood of birds, amphibians and reptiles. 3. Active adults usually live in dark, damp and sheltered places indoors and outdoors, such as corners, cracks in walls, barns, cellars, caves, bridge opening and caves. The sandfly of the same species will show different habitat habits due to different environments. For example, sandfly is a domestic type in plain areas, living in human houses and livestock houses; In the northwest mountainous areas and the Loess Plateau, it is a wild type, which is more common in various caves and empty kilns. The flying ability of sandflies is weak, and they generally fly short distances by jumping. The range of activities is generally within 30 meters in diameter, and the activity time generally starts at dusk and stops before dawn. Domestic species mainly live indoors. Species inhabiting the desert rat hole fly out at dusk and gradually fly back to the hole after midnight. 4. Seasonal fluctuation and seasonal distribution of overwintering sandflies are related to local temperature changes, which usually occur for about 3 to 5 months in 1 year. Domestic sandflies first appeared in the middle and late May, peaked in the middle of June and disappeared in the middle and late August. Most of them breed 1 generation a year, and a few breed 2 generations. Most sandflies spend the winter as 4th instar larvae in the shallow soil within the range of10cm.
Important infectious diseases
1. The body length of Ampelopsis sinensis is about 3.0 ~ 3.5 mm, with yellowish hair, erect hair, undeveloped mouth nail and colorless plate. There are many sharp teeth in the front and middle of the pharyngeal nail and several transverse ridges at the base. Seminal sac spindle-shaped, segmented, but incomplete; The length of the capsule tube is 2.5 times that of the capsule body. The male wren has five long hairs in the second section of the upper arm, two at the top and three near the middle, and the length of the reproductive filament is about five times that of the sperm injector (Figure 18-8). Widely distributed between north latitude18 ~ 42 and east longitude102 ~124 ... it is an important vector of kala-azar 2. The type of Papilio longirostris is similar to a named subspecies, and the difference between them lies in that the length of seminal vesicle of this subspecies is 5.8 times of the length of cyst, and the length of reproductive filament is about 10.6 times of the length of sperm injector. Only distributed in Xinjiang, China.
[Edit this paragraph] Relationship with diseases
Besides biting and sucking blood, sandflies also spread visceral leishmaniasis in China. D? It is speculated that the pathogen of visceral leishmaniasis is Leishmania donovani and sandfly is the transmission vector. (For the relationship between sandfly and pathogen and the distribution of the disease, see the relevant chapters in this book). The main domestic media are: 1. Ampelopsis is the main media except Xinjiang, western Gansu and Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia. 2. Sandfly is the medium of old residential areas in southern Xinjiang; 3. Alexander Sandfly is the media in Xinjiang. 4. Wushi Bailing is a media in desert areas such as Xinjiang and western Inner Mongolia (Ejina Banner).
Precautionary principle
Sandfly has a small range of activities and weak flight ability. Killing adult sandfly with drugs is the main control measure. Insecticides for killing adult flies include deltamethrin, cypermethrin and malathion, which can be used for indoor residual spraying or dichlorvos fumigation. Environmental control measures include keeping indoors, livestock houses and poultry houses clean, removing garbage in the surrounding environment and eliminating breeding grounds for larvae. It is effective to kill larvae with Bacillus thuringiensis (H- 14). Personal protection can use fine-hole mosquito net, screen window, friction insect repellent (DEET, mosquito repellent dew) or fumigation with mugwort.
Sandfly seed
Author: Liu Ying Source: New Overseas Chinese News Network Published: June 20, 200817: 43: 55.
There is an insect called sandfly, which changes from an egg to a worm and grows wings into a moth. A moth is as big as a small mouth when it puts out the fire. Maybe some people haven't seen a sip, which is half the size of a mosquito, so it's hard to detect it flying around. There are many kinds of sandflies, some of which only exist in Xinjiang. Males feed on plant liquids, while females are good at cannibalism. It is a virus disseminator, bringing the virus into the human body when drinking human blood. It took six months for the virus to lurk in the human body before it broke out. It is characterized by fever, sweating, fear of cold, discomfort and loss of appetite. Later, it caused nose and gum bleeding, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, skin blackening, bronchitis and tuberculosis ... and then died. This disease is called kala-azar, which spread wildly in Europe 500 years ago and killed countless people.
My daughter developed early symptoms, nosebleeds and convulsions 1 1 month after birth. After I took her back to the hospital for examination, the doctor said that she must have been bitten by a sandfly and that she had kala-azar. If she was not treated in time, she would die of other diseases! I asked the doctor how to save her. "It's early, but it's still here. Just inject' stimheck'. " "Then give her an injection!" I want to kowtow to the doctor. "It's a pity that our group hospital doesn't have that kind of medicine" is not more deadly! "Don't worry, I'll contact you to see if the 5 1 group hospital has it." ..... "Five? Ok, I'll ask my parents to get it. " I heard hope on the doctor's phone.
That "regiment" was compiled by the Production and Construction Corps. We are the 50 th regiment, 25 miles away from the 51 ST regiment. I don't know how to run back and forth for three hours. My daughter was given five injections of "Stimheck" within a week, and she came back to life. The wife who accompanied her to the hospital said, "You see that you have been sweating all day. Why didn't you think of going home and pedaling with your bike?"
The daughter was saved, but the sequela of the long-term fall: she would faint easily. Once she was foaming at the mouth and fainted, and I carried her to the group hospital more than ten miles away. When I got to the hospital, I heard her say on my back, "Dad, the moon!" " Looking up, yes, the moon lit up the night sky and my daughter came alive again, alive and kicking.
Still not at ease, let the doctor have a look. The doctor touched her forehead and said, "Nothing. Next time this happens, touch her head first. If you don't have a fever, you won't be able to run to the hospital. Just wake up. "
When my daughter fainted again, my wife really pinched her "middleman" with her nails to bring her back to life, but a nail under her mouth was imprinted for many days, for fear that it would affect her face when she grew up, so we changed a new photo: my wife always stuck a big needle on her chest and my hat to prick the "middleman".
When my daughter was two years old, we went back to Beijing to visit relatives and brought some Panamanian bananas when we returned to Xinjiang. The chubby daughter is very attractive to the passengers in the carriage. She is also good at making friends. When we were not looking, we broke off two big bananas and took them to the next carriage to eat with a child. Not long after, I heard the parents exclaim, "Oh, no, is there a doctor?" I looked over and found my daughter foaming at the mouth and fainted. I didn't know until I asked the parent that she ate a Panama banana in one breath. There is a needle on my hat. I pulled it out and tied it, patted her back, vomited half a banana, and was alive and kicking again, scaring the passengers half to death and being happy.
Daughter's kala-azar sequelae can only be removed at the age of five. We were held back for four years. I really hate sandflies.