Tingjiang River was called Yinjiang River in Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
According to the test, most rivers in Fujian flow into the sea from west to east, and only Tingjiang flows south. According to the eight diagrams, it belongs to Tingshui in the south, hence the name, and later renamed Tingjiang.
Tingjiang River originates from Laijia Mountain at the southern foot of Wuyishan. The water in Zhonghui Mountain is a small stream, which flows south to the culvert, passes through Longmen Gorge and flows south through Changting Chengguan.
All the way down the river, Nanshan and Tian Zhuo, Taolanxi, Wuping County, to the right, and the old county river flowing out of Liancheng County, Jiuzhou County, a suburb of Shanghang County, to the left, flow through Chengguan, then go out of the province in Hekou Village, Lixin Town, Yongding County, and meet Meijiang River in Sanheba, Guangdong Province.
Tingjiang River is the only inter-provincial river that flows through Fujian and Guangdong provinces.
It has a total length of 328 kilometers, a drainage area of 1 1802 square kilometers, and 55 rivers, with a total length of 1 137 kilometers.
Tingjiang river basin is like a banana leaf, surrounded by mountains, with winding rivers, alluvial deposits in the upper reaches, turbulent beach flows in the lower reaches and complicated riverbed changes. The upper and middle reaches of the river bed are mostly sand and pebbles, while the lower reaches are mostly pebbles and rocks.
From Changting Chengguan in the upper reaches to Shanghang Chengguan in the middle reaches, most rivers extend into small plains, forest vegetation is destroyed and soil erosion is serious. In heavy rain, a large amount of sediment was washed into the river, which affected navigation.
The middle and tributaries of Brewmaster River and Huangtan River are densely forested, with good vegetation, crystal clear water quality, wide river surface and stable water flow.
The downstream reaches 70 kilometers from the southern suburbs of Shanghang to Yongding Peak City with a drop of 85 meters. The peaks on both sides of the river are steep and dangerous rocks stand tall. Under the pressure of high mountains and deep valleys, the riverbed is strongly cut into a V-shape, the channel is narrow, reef beaches are everywhere, the river is swift, and there are more than 40 beach hazards, among which the beach hazards with a drop of more than 3 meters are near 10.
Shi Feng to Shishi is the junction of Fujian and Guangdong provinces, with a total length of only 7 kilometers, commonly known as "Mid-Levels". The stone walls on both sides of the river are cut, the river bed is narrow, and there are huge reefs with huge spikes, dotted with chaotic flow patterns and splashing water. It has been a restricted shipping area for thousands of years.
Except for the area from Hetian to Shuikou in Changting County in the upper reaches and Shanghang to the suburbs in the middle reaches, the Tingjiang River is flat and the water flow is slow. The rest of the river is a row of beaches and the water level fluctuates greatly. The flood season is generally from April to August, and the dry season is longer, generally from September to March of the following year. The difference between flood level and dry water level is 9.5 ~ 4.7 meters.
The main stream of Tingjiang River in Fujian Province is 282km long, the total river length is 6 1 1.5km, the drainage area is 90 10k m2, the navigable mileage of water system is 34 1km, and the navigable mileage of section is115.5km..
The main stream of Tingjiang River is 2 19 km from Changting Chengguan to Yongding Peak, and the average water surface ratio is reduced to 1‰. Changting-Hotan is 36.5 kilometers, the water depth in dry season is 0.2-0.3 meters, the channel width is 3 meters, there are two barrage, and ships can't get up or down, and they sail intermittently for 7 kilometers; It is 25 kilometers from Hotan to Shuikou, with a low water depth of 0.2 ~ 0.3 meters and a channel width of 4 ~ 5 meters. There are no operating vessels, only a few agricultural and sideline vessels are sailing. Shuikou-Shanghang is 92.5 kilometers, with a low water depth of 0.3-0.5 meters, a channel width of 5-7 meters and a navigation capacity of 3-5 tons. The water depth of Shanghang-Shi Feng in dry season is 0.4-0.6m, and the waterway is 5m wide, which is navigable for 3-5t motor boats, among which Sanfeng barrage is the main barrage.
It is 5.5 kilometers from Shi Feng, Yongding County to Shishi, Guangdong Province. Because of its steep natural valleys, scattered reefs and low water depth of 0.3 meters, only rafts can be used. However, under Shishi (Guangdong), the waterway conditions are good, and the 20-ton cargo ship is navigable.
The main tributaries of Tingjiang River are Brewmaster River and Huangtan River, and there are also two streams:
(1) Brewmaster River, which flows into Tingjiang River near Chengguan in Shanghang County, has a total length of 99.5 kilometers, a navigable mileage of 22 kilometers, a low water depth of 0.3 meters, a channel width of 3 meters, navigable wooden boats 1 ~ 3 tons, and navigation dams 1 seat.
(2) Huangtan River, which flows into Tingjiang River near the small river mouth in the lower reaches of Tingjiang River, has a total length of 107.6km, a navigable mileage of 70 km, a low water depth of 0.3 m, a channel width of 3 m, and navigable 1 ~ 2 tons of wooden boats, which hinders navigation of two sluice gates, resulting in 56.5 km of sectional navigation.
(3) Zhuotianxi flows into Tingjiang River near Shuikou in Changting County, with a total length of 65km, navigable mileage of 1 1km, channel depth of 0.3m, dry season width of 3m, and navigable for 3 tons of wooden boats. At present, only a few ferries or agricultural boats are walking.
(4) Taolanxi River flows into Tingjiang River at the estuary of Shanghang County. The total length of the river channel is 57.5 kilometers, and the navigable mileage is 19 kilometers. In dry season, the channel is 0.3 meters deep and 4 meters wide, and can be navigable by 2.5 tons of wooden boats. There are no transport ships sailing now.
Changting, the capital of Hakka
Changting, the capital of Hakka, the ancient city of Tang and Song Dynasties, was called Tingzhou in ancient times. It is located in the west of Fujian, at the crossroads of Fujian and Jiangxi, with Ruijin in Jiangxi in the west, Liancheng in the east, Hangzhou and Wuping in the south and Ninghua and Liu Qing in the north.
With a total area of 3,099 square kilometers and a population of 520,000, it is the fifth largest county in Fujian Province.
The annual average temperature is 15- 19℃, and the climate belongs to subtropical monsoon climate with distinct seasons.
Changting has a long history, and there have been human activities since the Neolithic Age. It is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization in Fujian.
Tingzhou was established in the 24th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (736), and it was the seat of state, road and government at the end of Qing Dynasty.
Since the Jin Dynasty, thousands of Hakka ancestors in the Central Plains moved south to avoid war and famine and settled in the Tingjiang River Basin. In the process of mutual integration with the local aborigines, a unique ethnic group-Hakkas has been formed among the Han people in China.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, with the opening of Tingjiang Shipping, Tingjiang became an important extension and part of the Maritime Silk Road, and Tingzhou City became a central hub and commercial center connecting Ganzhou and Meizhou, and it was "prosperous, not less than Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Zhongzhou".
Since then, countless Hakkas have set out from here and crossed the sea along the 800-mile Dongting River, constantly migrating outward, spreading abroad and opening up new living space.
Tingjiang Valley has become the cradle of Hakkas and the main settlement and ancestral home of Hakkas in the world. Tingjiang River is called "Hakka Mother River", and Tingzhou, as the birthplace and base camp of Hakka people, is known as the Hakka capital.
For thousands of years, small towns like Jin 'ou have been placed in a valley at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces.
Surrounded by Woye Pingchou, Wolong Mountain in the city, with one peak protruding and not connected with the peaks.
The ancient city wall built by mountains and rivers brought half of Wolong Mountain into the city, forming a wall-hung city, forming a unique pattern of mountains in the city and cities in the mountains.
Dina River is more like an elegant white practice, passing through the city.
The city pillow mountain faces the stream, just like a bright pearl, embedded in the bank of Tingjiang River.
Cities are beautiful because of water, and rivers are more agile and charming because of cities.
Hsuanchan, the magistrate of Tingzhou in Song Dynasty, vividly described it as: "One river and three streams are far away, and thousands of hills surround the city.
"More than half a century ago, a New Zealand friend, Louis, had seen most of the scenery in China? The alleys along the Tingjiang River are filled with deep admiration: "There are two most beautiful towns in China, one is Changting in Fujian and the other is Fenghuang in Hunan.
"
Changting is outstanding, and has nurtured and brought up a large number of outstanding talents.
From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty (lack of Yuan), there were 70 Tingji Jinshi (including 4 Wu Jinshi), 265 jurors (including 87 Wu Jurors), 42 special performers, and 16 recommended Jinshi.
There were 528 "Five Tributes" in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Liu Guoxuan, a famous Qing Dynasty star who assisted Zheng Chenggong and finally returned Taiwan Province to the motherland, Shangguan Zhou and Huang Shen, famous painters in the Qing Dynasty, and Jiang Han, a famous scholar in modern times, are all outstanding representatives nurtured by this land.
In history, the names of many cultural celebrities echoed in this thousand-year-old city.
Zhang Jiuling, a famous minister in the Tang Dynasty, Zhu, a great philosopher in the Song Dynasty, great poets Xin Qiji and Lu You, Song Ci, the originator of world forensic medicine, Wen Tianxiang, a great scientist in the Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming, a thinker and writer Zong Chen, Xu Xiake, a traveler and a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, were deeply attracted by this land and left valuable footprints.
Their singing on the stage, splashing ink and floating clouds, and sighing about the country and the people have made the vast history and culture of Changting more brilliant.
Hakka Mother River and Mother Garden
Changting is a famous historical and cultural city, the capital of Hakka and the ancestral home of Taiwan Province compatriots. Tingjiang River is a waterway artery that runs through Hakka areas in western Fujian and eastern Guangdong. It is the largest river in western Fujian, and ranks as one of the four major water systems in Fujian along with Minjiang River, Jinjiang River and Jiulong River. Tingjiang gave birth to Hakka people, which is called "Hakka Mother River".
Hakka ancestors in Tingjiang Valley created new homes and formed Hakka clans with pioneering spirit and hard-working and intelligent hands.
At the end of the Song Dynasty, due to the intensification of the war, some Hakkas went out from Tingzhou to make a living, along the south of Tingjiang River, to Shanghang, Wuping, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of Hakkas migrated to Taiwan Province Province, Southeast Asia, Europe and America. Today, the number of Hakkas has grown to tens of millions, becoming an important ethnic group among the Han people in China. With the spirit of diligence, wisdom, courage and simplicity, Hakkas have created brilliant achievements, and Tingjiang deserves to be called the Hakka mother river!
In order to promote the Hakka spirit, 1995, Mr Yao Meiliang, former member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Malaysian Justice of the Peace and chairman of Nanyuan Yong Fang Group Co., Ltd. donated 150000 yuan, and Changting County invested 80000 yuan to build a Hakka Mother Garden near Wu Tong Bridge in the south of Changting County, covering an area of 1500 square meters.
Initiated by Mr Yao Meiliang, the activity of "World Hakka paying homage to Hakka Mother River" was held in Hakka Mother Garden for the first time on June 29th. 1995+065438+ World Hakka came to pay homage to Hakka Mother and Hakka Mother River.
Since then, it has been held once a year and has been held for nine times. Every time, thousands of Hakka people from Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province and guests from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi "Hakka Golden Triangle" at home and abroad attended.
In particular, the second public sacrifice ceremony held in June+1996 10 in 5438 was the largest, and there were also guests from the United States, Britain, France and other places.
Changting, the capital of Hakka cuisine
As the saying goes, if you haven't eaten Changting food, you haven't been to Changting.
Changting is a gourmet kingdom, a famous hometown of Hakka cuisine in China and a famous gourmet city in Fujian, and is known as "Eating in Changting".
Changting's Hakka dishes originated in the Central Plains. Hakka people in Changting absorbed cooking skills along the way during their long-term migration. After living in Changting, according to the local climatic conditions, geographical environment, products and other characteristics, the traditional cooking skills of the Central Plains, the cooking skills absorbed along the way and the cooking skills of local aborigines were integrated, and a unique flavor system was formed.
Pay attention to fresh fragrance, purity, primary color, original flavor and health preservation, and be good at "fresh, fragrant and clear".
One of the most important features of Changting cuisine is its outstanding "original flavor".
Cooking rarely uses monosodium glutamate, or even monosodium glutamate.
In addition, sugar is also used less.
Food coloring has never been used.
There are many dishes in the menu, such as steaming, stewing, brewing, stewing and boiling.
Braised beef brisket, steamed white eel, turtle swimming in the river, braised fish belly, braised fish, steamed whole fish, clear soup frog, steamed mandarin duck pigeon, Shuang Yan Yingchun, etc. These dishes have the unique Hakka flavor of Changting, and "Changting Dried Tofu" ranks first among the eight dried vegetables in Tingzhou, with a history of 1000 years, and enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. Tofu alone can make nearly 65438+.
Together with Changting persimmon brown sugar, it was used as a tribute in previous dynasties.
Changting River is one of the five famous chickens in China.
"Bai Duo He Jiang" has always been listed as the first dish in Changting.
1986 was awarded the title of "local flavor dishes" by Fujian province.
The traditional food "Kirin was born", also known as "paparazzi wrapped in pork belly", is also one of Changting's famous dishes.
In addition, there are many kinds of Changting snacks, including six famous Chinese snacks such as Tingzhou Pearl Pill, Tingzhou Chicken Intestine Noodles, Egg White Fish Pill, and 34 famous Fujian snacks such as Fried Liver Flower, Taro jiaozi and Lantern Cake.
From morning till night, on the streets of Changting, you will be so beautiful that you won't change your mind.
Hakka culture in Tingzhou
As a vassal state of Tingzhou, Changting is one of the most representative Hakka settlements.
Tingzhou has a far-reaching influence on the formation and development of Hakka, so it is praised as "the birthplace of Hakka" and "the capital of Hakka" by many ancestors in Hakka hometown.
According to scholars' research, since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, thousands of Central Plains * * * have moved south to avoid war and famine, and have trudged to Tingzhou area in western Fujian, living, multiplying and developing in this "Xanadu" situation, and gradually created a unique ethnic group among the Han people in China-Hakka.
"Without Hakka ancestors, there would be no Tingzhou".
It is the Hakka ancestors who poured into Tingzhou, bringing advanced production technology and science and culture in the Central Plains, and the population growth enabled Tingzhou to develop.
From Tingzhou to Song Dynasty, it became the largest city where Hakkas lived.
With the passage of history, Hakkas continue to migrate along the Tingjiang River Basin.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, most of them moved to Guangdong. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of Hakkas crossed the ocean to explore living space.
The Tingjiang River originates in Changting, flows south, leaves Fujian, joins the Han River and enters the South China Sea.
It is the fertile soil on both sides of the Tingjiang River that has nurtured generations of Hakka children, who have worked hard and succeeded in their careers.
Therefore, Hakka people call Tingjiang "Hakka Mother River".
Mr Yao Meiliang, a member of the late Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Committee, visited Changting many times before his death, and initiated a grand and far-reaching ceremony for the Hakka Mother River.
The annual public sacrifice ceremony attracts groups of Hakka descendants at home and abroad to travel long distances and return to Changting-Changting for ancestor worship, sightseeing and investment.
According to statistics, there are at least 60 common surnames with a population of over 3 million in Taiwan Province Province, and more than 2 million Hakkas in Hong Kong are from Tingzhou. Liu Guoxuan, an important general who assisted Zheng Chenggong in the late Ming Dynasty, was from Tingzhou, and Shangguan Zhou, a master painter in Qing Dynasty, was also from Tingzhou. Sun Yat-sen's ancestors once settled in Tingzhou, and the ancestral home of the famous patriot Jiang Yong is also in Tingzhou. Guo Moruo wrote in his childhood, "Five hundred years ago.
As of July 2009, there are 1 100 million Hakkas in the world, and most of their ancestors left footprints of survival and struggle in Tingzhou.
Tingzhou traditional culture, due to the spread of Central Plains culture, the infiltration of foreign cultures in past dynasties and the blending with local culture, has formed the distinctive characteristics of Changting Hakka traditional culture.
Tingzhou Hakka Museum
Changting is the capital of Hakka, a national historical and cultural city, and many historical sites and former sites are well preserved. 1993, a special exhibition of Hakka was specially organized and displayed in Changting County Museum, and Tingzhou Hakka Museum was established.
The whole exhibition hall covers an area of 700 square meters and is divided into four exhibition halls and five parts. The first part is "China's Hakka Capital"; The second part is "colorful cultural landscape"; The third part is "Hakka culture with a long history"; The fourth part is "Hakka families in the world"; The fifth part is Changting.
The exhibition hall has a wide collection of the history of Hakka's mature development in Tingzhou since the founding of Tingzhou in the 24th year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 736). It shows the historical process that Hakka ancestors have thrived in this vast fertile soil and spread all over the world, making Tingzhou the Hakka base camp and capital of China. It is an epic that records the development of Tingzhou for more than a thousand years, and it is full of magnificent chapters of Hakka people.
Because of its rich contents, the exhibition has been well received by guests at home and abroad, and it is known as "the first Hakka Pavilion in China".
Tingzhou Hakka research center
Tingzhou Hakka Research Center is located in Changting County, Fujian Province, China, on the bank of Tingjiang River. It is a four-story modern building with Hakka residential style and the only Hakka folk culture museum and research center in the world.
On the newly decorated golden glazed tile gate, the golden banner of "China Tingzhou Hakka Research Center" inscribed by Ji Xianlin, a famous Chinese folklorist, hangs conspicuously.
The "China Hakka Research Center" was built by Mr. Yao Meiliang, the late member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the chairman of Gangnanyuan Yongfang Group Co., Ltd., with a donation of 2.6 million yuan.
In recent years, Yao Meiliang initiated and organized four world Hakka public sacrifice ceremonies to the mother river of Changting. More than 4,000 overseas Hakkas came to worship their ancestors and seek their roots.
Out of a sense of urgency to protect, inherit and study Hakka culture, Yao Meiliang established this unique Hakka folk culture museum and research center in 1997.
The building has four floors in the main building and three floors in the annex, with a construction area of more than 3,500 square meters. The first floor of the main building is the exhibition hall, which mainly displays "Hakka feelings in five continents". Attached with a large number of photos, charts, publications, periodicals, sub-publications, objects, etc. , systematically introduces the origin and history of Hakka, Hakka community activities around the world, the introduction of the World Hakka Congress, Hakka culture and academic research activities, etc.
On the second floor are offices, reference rooms and libraries.
On the third floor are reception rooms and guest rooms.
The fourth floor is the academic exchange hall.
The third floor of the annex consists of Malaysian Pavilion, Singapore Pavilion, Thailand Pavilion, Hong Kong and Macao Pavilion, Taiwan Province Provincial Pavilion, and the United States and Canada Pavilion. It displays photos, books, periodicals and objects that reflect the survival and development of guest families and associations in the local area.
Since the establishment of Tingzhou Hakka Research Center, more than 20 issues of Tingzhou Hakka Newspaper have been published.
Hold a symposium on "Tingjiang and Hakka". More than 20 experts and scholars from Xiamen University, East China Normal University, Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangxi University and Shenzhen University attended the seminar, and 25 papers submitted to the conference have been collected and published. Held a "report meeting on the field investigation of Hakka traditional culture" and published a collection of essays on Tingzhou Traditional Folk Custom and Temple Fair.
He is currently the deputy director of the Standing Committee of Changting County People's Congress. He graduated from Li Wensheng, the history department of Xiamen University. He has been engaged in the study of Hakka in Tingzhou for more than ten years, and has written monographs such as the Hakka Capital-Tingzhou Range Rover, Tingjiang and Hakka, the Song of Tingjiang-Hakka Mother River, Fangfang Biography and Historical Exploration.
In recent years, with the support and encouragement of Mr Yao Meiliang, Li Wensheng has visited Hongkong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan Province Province and other places for many times, attended seminars on Hakka culture, visited guest association, introduced the history and present situation of Hakka culture in western Fujian, and invited them to seek their roots and ancestors in western Fujian.
The Hakka Research Center in Tingzhou, China, assisted the local authorities to successfully hold the 5th World Hakka Mother River Sacrifice Ceremony, and received more than 5,000 overseas Hakkas from more than 10 countries and regions.
Rauger, a professor at the French Far East Institute and a famous expert in folklore and religion, visited Changting for seven times to inspect Hakka culture.
After visiting the Hakka Research Center, Lauger said that the Hakka culture in Changting is very rich, and the Hakka history and cultural relics displayed by the Hakka Research Center in Tingzhou are quite systematic and rich.
He marveled that there was such a research center for modern architecture in a ravine far from the central city.
He was even more amazed at Mr Yao Meiliang's personal contribution to this cultural project.
He thinks Yao Meiliang has great cultural attainments and personality charm.
He said that he would take students to Changting for a field survey of Hakka folk customs, and decided to take the Hakka Research Center as the research base.