Tao Yuanming titled this group of poems "Twenty Drinks" with a preface:

I live alone, stay up at night, occasionally have famous wine, and don't drink it every night. Gu Ying was alone and suddenly drunk again. After getting drunk, I asked a few questions to amuse myself; There is too much paper and ink to explain. I told my old friend to write it and thought it was a joke.

one

Birds without birds fly alone at dusk.

Wandering endlessly, every night my voice becomes sad.

Li went to Qingyuan, where to go;

Because value is lonely, loose and distant.

There is no glory in the strong wind, and this shadow is not long;

I have my house, which has a history of 1000 years.

In this poem, the lost bird is lonely and rambling, which means that he lives in seclusion and keeps his ambition for life.

A lost bird is still wandering and flying alone at dusk. No suitable habitat was found. The night cries sadly and won't leave. Because of loneliness, the wings are gathered. The cold and strong wind withered all the trees, but the pine trees never died. Like this bird, I finally found my home. It has a history of 1000 years.

Secondly,

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.

What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.

Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan;

The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.

This makes sense. I want to distinguish right from wrong and get carried away.

This poem is about how people's hearts are far away from the secular world, so when people are on earth, their hearts can feel the real interest outside the secular world.

Although I built a house to live in the world, I don't have the hustle and bustle of secular traffic. This is because my heart is far away from the secular world, so even if I live in a busy city, I will be as undisturbed as I am in a remote place. Su Shi said: "It is the most wonderful thing to see the mountains because of chrysanthemum picking and the scenery because of chrysanthemum picking." These two sentences mean that I accidentally saw Nanshan, and I felt the real meaning and fun from the scenic spots and carefree mood of Nanshan and my seclusion. At sunset, the mountain scenery is particularly good, accompanied by birds. Everything goes with the flow, and there is a deep mystery in it. If you want to tell, you can't tell if you forget what you said.

third

There are thousands of stops, who knows right or wrong;

Contrast between right and wrong, and ruin the reputation.

For more than three seasons, Da Shi seems to be out of place.

Vulgarity is a fool, you should learn from Bo Huang.

The three seasons refer to the Xia, Shang and Wednesday dynasties. The meaning of this poem is that for three generations, people have not clearly distinguished right from wrong, but just followed the trend of the times. The author should go against the world, follow Huanggong Xia, Qiliji and other four hermits who were good in Qin Dynasty and live in seclusion.

There are thousands of people in the world. Who knows what to call them right or wrong? Some people simply look at right and wrong from the surface of things, and then praise or slander others. Since the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there have been many such things, but enlightened people have their own opinions and don't follow suit. Fools in the secular world, they are aggressive, but not the same, so they decided to retire.

Fourth.

Autumn chrysanthemum is more beautiful because of its good color.

Chrysanthemum wine is in the heart, the heart is more beautiful, and the feeling of avoiding customs is deeper.

The wine in the glass waved, and then held the glass.

As the sun sets, birds call to Lin Huan.

Xia, Xiao Ao? Get this life back.

The author of this poem drinks poison to quench thirst and stays away from the world. And heaven remains our neighbourhood, you can feel at ease.

Autumn is the best season for chrysanthemums. With dew, pick chrysanthemums and soak them in wine. Chrysanthemums and wine have excellent fragrance. Qu Yuan's Lisao says: "When you eat Mulan in the morning, it will show up, and when you eat autumn chrysanthemum in the evening, it will become English." Because chrysanthemum is a product of Ao Shuang, eating chrysanthemum can cultivate people's self-purification ability. Drinking this wine that forgets your troubles will make your feelings more extraordinary. Although I was drinking chrysanthemums alone, I was in high spirits and didn't drink enough. When the sun went down, all the movements stopped and the birds returned to the forest. I screamed under the east window. And comfortable.

Fifth.

The east garden is loose, and the grass has no posture;

First frost is different, you can see the tall branches.

Even foresters don't realize that being alone is strange.

Hold a pot and hang a cold ke. From a distance, it will be restored.

In my dream room, what happened to the dust!

Some trees, taller than pine trees, hide the majestic posture of pine trees. But when winter came, all the trees withered, and only pine trees flourished. Authors should learn from the style, loyalty and noble character of pine trees.

Loose in the east garden, the miscellaneous trees have no posture. It was not until the first frost and the tree withered that the pine tree stood upright. When many pine trees are connected into a forest, this quality is not valued. Lonely and tall, amazing talent. When you drink alone, you can see it from a distance. I feel that my life is like a dream. How can life be fettered by worldly fetters!

Sixth.

Smell the door in the morning and turn it upside down.

Ask the son for whom? Father Tian has a kind heart.

I am far-sighted and doubt that I will keep pace with the times.

"? It is not enough for the grass under the eaves to live high.

I will spend my life in Shang Tong. May you giggle at your mud. ".

"I was very impressed by the words of my elders, and I was very angry.

You can learn honestly, but you are not fascinated!

And * * * Huan this drink, I dare not drive back! "

This poem, under the guise of Fu Tian's question and answer with himself, expresses his firm attitude of lifelong seclusion and answers those who kindly advised him to take up his post.

I heard a knock at the door in the morning and ran to open the door before I got dressed. It turned out that a kind old farmer came all the way to meet me, comfort me, and suspect that what I did was out of date and against the world. Father Tian said, "A shabby hut is not a lonely place. The whole society advocates going with the flow, and I hope you can go with the flow. " Qu Yuan said in The Fisherman's Songs of Chu: "The world is muddy, so why not gurgle out the mud without staining?" "

The poet replied to Tian's father, "My father's advice left a deep impression on me, but my nature rarely gets along with others." It is true that you can learn to return to your official career, but it is not stupid to go against your nature! Let's have a drink together for the time being. My driver can't come back. The determination to retire has been made, and it's no use talking about it. "

Seventh.

Guests often stop at the same time and choose different places.

A gentleman is often drunk alone, but a husband wakes up all year round.

Laugh when you are drunk, but don't talk coquettishly.

Rules and regulations are stupid, but arrogance and poverty.

Send a message to a guest, and there will be no candles for a day.

This poem compares the drunk with the awakened one, thinking that the awakened one is stupid and pitiful because of secular views; A drunk person can detect hypocrisy, but he shows sobriety. It shows that the world is cold and unbearable, so we have to get drunk with strong liquor to show our indignation.

There are two guests who live in the same place, but their attitudes towards the choice are completely different. A guest is often drunk alone, and a guest wakes up all year round. The two men laughed at each other and neither of them listened to what the other said. What a foolish act it is to be cautious after waking up, but it is wiser to be humble and wild by a drunk. Qiu Jiasui's Notes on the Pottery Poems in Dongshan Caotang said: "Waking up is not really waking up, but it is idiocy. Drunk is not really drunk but actually smart. " Tell drunken people to drink by candlelight after sunset.

Eighth.

Young people are scarce and swim well in the Six Classics.

If you are not confused, you will accomplish nothing if you stay for a long time.

In fact, I am clinging to poverty, hungry and full.

Bad company in Hengtai, weeds have no vestibule.

Keep the night brown, and the chickens will not crow in the morning.

Meng Gong is not here, so he finally saved my feelings.

The author laments that his youth is good at six classics and has the ambition to help the world, but the world is difficult and dangerous, and he has achieved nothing for a long time. It is peace and poverty, seclusion and hard work, hunger and cold, and loneliness without bosom friends.

When I was a teenager, I rarely interacted with the outside world. My favorite is the Six Classics of Confucianism. I am old now, but my studies have stagnated and my career has achieved nothing. I lived in seclusion in the countryside with the moral integrity of "a gentleman is poor" and suffered from hunger and cold. Hengtai broke into the house, and the former president was overgrown with weeds. Hungry and cold, I couldn't sleep, put on my clothes and sat until dawn. It happened that the morning chicken refused to dawn, and the night was longer. Now there is no confidant who can understand himself, so what I have done will eventually be covered up and I can't confess.

Meng Gong in this poem was written by Gong Liu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to Gao Tu Zhuan, Zhongwei Zhang lived in seclusion in the Eastern Han Dynasty and refused to be an official. "Often poor, no one in Artemisia, closed-door health, died of fame. When people are ignorant, only Gong Liu knows. "

Qijiu

Orchids grow in the front hall, breathing and waiting for the breeze.

The breeze is blowing against the wind, and the weeds are fragrant.

Go on, lose my old way, conform to nature or Per.

Now that you are awake to go, be careful that the bird abandons the bow.

The author treats orchids as a breeze to show fragrance and metaphor for waiting for talents. However, the official career is sinister and the birds are hidden, so they have to live in seclusion.

The orchids growing in the vestibule are full of fragrance, waiting for the breeze. Because the breeze can blow its fragrance far away to bid farewell to mugwort leaves. I seem to be lost now, and I can't recognize the old road. I want to live in seclusion in the countryside, let nature take its course and the road will be smooth. I realized that it is right to go back to the field and live in seclusion, because the birds are gone and the good bow should be put away.

tenth

Ziyun is addicted to alcohol and comes from a poor family.

Time depends on good people, and mash is used to solve doubts.

If you do it, someone will consult you.

Sometimes you refuse to speak, you are not cutting the country.

The benevolent uses his heart, so he loses his silence.

The author of this poem used Yang Xiong in the late Western Han Dynasty to express his ambition. Yang Xiong's word ziyun. When Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, those who were eloquent praised Wang Mang for calling himself emperor, so they were all rewarded. Yang Xiong refused to follow suit, so there was no seal.

Yang Xiong was born with good wine. His family is poor, so he can't always get it. He can only rely on those who like to pursue ancient things and ask him for advice with wine and vegetables. He can drink all the wine and answer all the difficult questions. Of course, when you ask him about his plans to attack other countries, he won't say. Because benevolent people think seriously about problems, they say what they say, and they don't say what they don't say.

Eleventh session

My old friend rewarded me with interest, and the pot was harmonious.

Ban Jing sat in Panasonic and got drunk after counting.

My father and his elders talked nonsense, and when he thought about it, he lost his line.

I didn't know I was there, so I knew things were precious.

You are fascinated, and the wine smells deep!

Tao Yuanming leads a quiet pastoral life. On this day, he invited his friends to Panasonic for a drink. My old friend rewarded me with interest, and the pot was harmonious. There is no table or stool to drink, so I have to lie on the ground and sit around the host and guest. There is no joy of silk and bamboo, only listening to the wind blowing pine leaves and listening to the rambling words of the elders. In this case, wine is not intoxicating, but everyone is drunk.

In the hazy drunkenness, self-consciousness disappears, and the poet enters the realm of selflessness, which makes people see the image of a drunken poet.

The poet finally said: Some people are obsessed with vanity and fame, but I know that "wine has a deep taste". Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, celebrities have been advocating nature and addicted to alcohol. What they pursue is the realm of harmony with nature. Only by drinking can they reach this level. This is the deep taste of wine.

twelfth

Good luck is rewarded, and Uncle Yi is in Xishan.

If good and evil should not be, why make empty statements?

Ninety rope, hungry and cold.

It's good to be poor, who will pass it on forever.

As soon as the poet put pen to paper, he hit the nail on the head and revealed a contradiction: people say that good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil. In fact, Boyi and Shu Qi, the two best people, starved to death in Xishan (shouyangshan). Boyi and Shu Qi were two sons of Shang Dynasty. After their father died, they ceded the throne to each other. After Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he ate shamefully, hid in shouyangshan, ate from the European Union, and finally starved to death. The poet then sternly pointed out that since good is rewarded with good and evil with evil, why did the ancient sages say such empty words?

The poet also quoted the deeds of Yung Yung's period, proving that preaching such as one good deed deserves another is empty talk. Rong Qiqi is a man who lives and works in peace and contentment, and a good man in feudal society. Confucius said the glorious period: "If you are kind, you can forgive yourself." However, at the age of 90, this good man still lived a life of hunger and cold with deerskin as his clothes and rope as he did when he was young.

However, Boyi, Shu Qi and Rong Qi did not get good results before their death, but their fame spread to later generations after their death. Their reputation can be passed down from generation to generation by sticking to the moral integrity of poverty. Tao Yuanming himself is such a poor man who sticks to poverty.

Thirteen

The feast was called benevolence, and Rong Gong said something.

If you are empty for several years, you will starve to death.

Although I left my name, my life withered.

You never know when you will die, but you'd better be content.

A guest raised the body of a daughter, and his treasure disappeared from his face.

What's wrong with naked burial? People should understand what they mean.

Yan Hui, a disciple of Confucius, is a benevolent man. However, he was 29 years old, with all white hair and died young. Rong Qiqi is also a famous good man, but at the age of 90, he still lives a hungry and cold life. Although they left a good reputation, they knew nothing after their death.

In this world, some people cherish themselves and regard their bodies as precious as gold, but when they die, no matter how precious their bodies are, they must be destroyed. When Yang Wangsun died in the Western Han Dynasty, he told his son to be buried naked. He wanted to kiss the soil with his own body. People should understand their true meaning.

The first eight sentences of this poem say that fame is not expensive enough, and the last four sentences say that the body is not precious enough, which are all cynical words.

When Tao Yuanming wrote Twenty Drinking Poems, he drank a lot and often gave up drinking at home. When he wrote nineteen poems, the jar at home was empty for several days. Just then, I suddenly heard someone knocking at the door one morning. Tao Yuanming put on his clothes and opened the door. It turned out to be neighbor Li Laohan, standing outside the door with a jar in his arms. Li Laohan said: "The wine just brewed in our home in the early morning, I want you to taste it, so I will bring it to you quickly!" "

When Tao Yuanming saw the wine coming, he danced with joy and said:

"I haven't eaten for several days and I don't feel hungry, but I haven't drunk these days and I'm dying of thirst!"

"I don't know you yet!" Li Laohan said, "Even if you die of thirst, you should be an alcoholic."

The two men laughed loudly.

Entering the room, Tao Yuanming eagerly poured out a bowl of wine, and the pale yellow wine gave off a charming bouquet, which made people salivate. Because it is just brewed wine, it has not been filtered, and some distiller's grains float on the wine surface, like some termites. Tao Yuanming went to look for the wine towel, but he couldn't find it for a long time. When I scratched my head, I remembered the towel wrapped around my head, covered it in an empty bowl, and poured a bowl of turbid wine on the towel. He dusted the distiller's grains off the towel and wound it around his head. The towel on the head is also a charming bouquet, which penetrates into Tao Yuanming's heart through his nose.

"This is a good idea," Tao Yuanming said proudly. "It filters wine and can be worn on your head to smell the fragrance."

Tao Yuanming raised the bowl of filtered wine and gulped it down. Suddenly, he felt his eyes lit up, his mouth was full of wind, every pore was breathable, and every cell was happy.

Tao Yuanming drank enough wine sent by Li Laohan and wrote the last of twenty drinking poems.

fourteenth

Xi Nong has been gone for a long time, and this world is rarely true.

Draw an old man in the middle of Lu, sew him up and make him pure.

Although the phoenix bird has not arrived, the ceremony and music are temporarily new.

Our eyes are spinning and floating, holding the crazy Qin.

What's wrong with poetry and calligraphy? Once the dust settles.

Just old people, sincere and diligent about things.

How can it be beautiful? Six people have no relatives?

Driving all day and not seeing what you want?

Don't drink quickly, for fear of wearing a towel on your head.

But hate is even more fallacious, so forgive my intoxicating.

Tao Yuanming is the first person to write a large number of wine poems on the theme of drinking. His poems are full of wine, and he sends wine as a trace.