Culturing method of crucian carp (1) pond adult fish culture technology;
Carassius auratus is cultured in ponds, which mainly adopts four cultivation methods: mixed culture in ponds, interplanting in fingerlings ponds, interplanting in parent ponds and main culture in ponds.
1. Mixed culture in adult fish ponds. Mixed culture of crucian carp in adult fish ponds, mixed culture of herring, grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, bighead carp, bighead carp and carp. Large fish should be stocked. Stocking time should be sooner rather than later, that is, stocking in winter is better than stocking in spring. The stocking density is 150 ~ 250 animals per mu of water surface. The stocking specifications and quantity of other fish shall be determined as required. The requirements of crucian carp culture ponds are not high, and generally a pond with an area of 0. 1 ~ 2 hectares and a water depth of 1.5 meters is enough. It is better to have 10 ~ 15 cm thick silt at the bottom of the pond. The survival rate can reach about 80% by cleaning, disinfecting and applying base fertilizer in the pond according to the conventional method. After about 200 days of cultivation, most individuals weigh more than 200 grams, and the yield per mu of water surface reaches more than 20 kilograms.
2. The pond is mainly raised. The area required for raising crucian carp in the pond is 0. 1 ~ 0.2 hectares, the water depth is more than 1.5 meters, and there is silt of 10 ~ 15 cm at the bottom of the pond. Ponds with domestic sewage in front of and behind the village are more suitable for raising crucian carp. Clean the pond with quicklime one week before stocking fish, and inject water 2-3 days after disinfection. When injecting water, filter with a screen at the water inlet to prevent wild fish from entering the pond. 65,438+0,500 overwintering fish of Carassius auratus with 5.0-6.5 cm per mu of water surface or 2000 large fry hatched in the same year, and 40% (600-800) overwintering fish of grass, silver carp and bighead carp. The stocking time should be sooner rather than later. Dietary concentrate supplemented by fertilization and aquaculture water quality. The annual feeding amount of concentrate is equivalent to about 2.5 times of the estimated yield of Pengze crucian carp. Fixed-point feeding is adopted, and the daily feeding amount depends on the growth of fish, weather, water temperature and feeding intensity of fish, and timely fertilization or fresh water is added according to the water quality. Under the general management level, 200 kilograms of crucian carp can be obtained in that year, with an average weight of 1.50 grams per tail, and 200 kilograms of grass, silver carp and bighead carp can be obtained. Due to the high proportion of high-quality fish, its net profit is also higher than other aquaculture models.
3. Intercropping crucian carp in the fry pond. Fish can be raised in the fry ponds of grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, bream and bream, but not in the fish ponds of carp and tilapia. The area of the pond should be 0. 1 ~ 0.2 hectares, and the water depth should be 1.0 ~ 1.5 meters. The cleaning, disinfection and base fertilizer application of the pond are the same as the conventional methods. Carassius auratus is nested in other fry ponds, and only the fish hatched that year can be stocked. The stocking time should be sooner rather than later. Generally, when the fish hatched in the main breeding year is transferred to winter fish breeding, the crucian carp hatched in that year should be released immediately for breeding; The stocking specifications should be large but not small, and the stocking density is 0.07 hectares of water 150 ~ 220. The stocking quantity, specifications and proportion of mating species of other fish species hatched in that year depend on the production needs and pond specifications. Carassius auratus fry is a bottom fish, which generally does not affect the living space of domestic fish species and can make full use of water space. Therefore, the fish hatched in that year were interplanted in the fry pond, which basically did not affect the stocking density and the specifications of the main fish species. In addition, because crucian carp mainly eats residual bait and animals and plants at the bottom of the pond, there is basically no need to increase investment in funds and feed. Under normal feeding and management conditions, crucian carp fry are interplanted in the fry pond. After 150 ~ 180 days of feeding, the water standard can reach more than 200 grams at the end of the year, and the adult fish can gain 25 ~ 40 kilograms per 0.07 hectare of water surface.
4. Culturing crucian carp in parent fish culture pond. In southern China, the artificial reproduction of domestic fish can generally end in the middle and late May. The gonad of postpartum parent fish is in recovery period. In order to restore the physical strength of parent fish as soon as possible and promote gonadal development, ponds are mostly intensively managed. In this fish pond, in addition to arranging parent fish breeding and other fish collocation, 200 crucian carp of 5-6 cm can be put into every 0.07 hectare of water surface. Carassius auratus is nested in the parent fish breeding pond, and the stocking time is generally carried out at the same time as the parent fish, and the breeding (breeding) method is carried out according to the conventional method of raising the parent fish. The breeding of parent fish should follow the law of gonad development. Generally, the crucian carp in the parent fish culture pond can't be caught in the dry pond at the end of the year, and it can only be completely caught when the parent fish is intensively cultivated before delivery in the next year. After 250 ~ 300 days of feeding, 25 ~ 45 kilograms of crucian carp can be obtained per 0.07 hectare of water surface, with an average weight of more than 200 grams.
(2) Culturing crucian carp in paddy field
Carassius auratus can be cultivated in paddy fields with fertile soil, convenient irrigation and good water and fertilizer conservation performance. Generally, it is difficult for double-cropping rice to reach the standard of adult fish because of the short time. Before releasing fish, the ridge, fish pit and fish ditch should be excavated and trimmed according to the size of rice field, water source, water inlet and outlet, etc. The roof should be firm and watertight; The area of fish tanks varies from place to place, ranging from 3 to 5 square meters to 20 to 30 square meters per 0.07 hectare of water. Generally, the fish chute covers an area of about 5% and the water depth is about 0.8 meters. The number of fish ditches depends on the shape and size of the field, doesn't it? One? Glyph,? Ten? Glyph,? What? Glyph,? Hey? Glyphs and? Mouth? Font and other forms. Carassius auratus cultured in rice field can be raised separately or in a mixed way, and the effect of stocking fry with the size of 5.0 ~ 6.5 cm is better. One week after transplanting early rice, fish species can be released, and 250 ~ 500 fry can be released per 0.07 hectare of water surface. Without feeding, more than 20 kilograms of crucian carp with an average tail weight of about100g can be harvested after autumn. If some concentrated feed is put in, the output of 0.07 hectares of crucian carp can exceed 35 kilograms. Daily management is the same as other fish in rice fields. It is advocated to apply more organic fertilizer to make rice fields rich in organic matter, which is beneficial to the growth of crucian carp. At the same time, do a good job in escape prevention equipment to prevent being washed away by floods.
(3) Culturing crucian carp in small reservoirs and lakes
Small lakes and reservoirs rich in natural bait and water quality are suitable for stocking crucian carp, and lakes and reservoirs with intensive or semi-intensive culture are better with bait and fertilizer. 1 ~ 3 years, raising crucian carp in lakes and reservoirs with dry lakes or reservoirs can generally achieve good results in increasing production and income. Because the water surface of lakes and reservoirs is relatively large and there are many enemy fish, in order to improve the survival rate of crucian carp, it is better to raise as many fish as possible, and the stocking density is 20 ~ 50 fish per 0.07 hectare of water surface. Stocking time can be in winter and spring. High-yield lakes and reservoirs that release water for fishing every year can increase the stocking amount of crucian carp and can be managed according to pond culture technology. In lakes with rich natural bait and fertile water, the growth rate of crucian carp even exceeds that of ponds. The individual weight of crucian carp in lakes and reservoirs that have been dry for 2-3 years is above 500 grams.
Carassius auratus looks like a small carp, with black and fat body (a few are white), large abdomen, raised spine, body length of 15 ~ 20 cm, streamlined (also called spindle), high body, flat side, curved front part, raised back contour and wide tail handle; The abdomen is round and has no muscle. The head is short, the kiss is dull and unnecessary, the gill rake is long and the gill silk is slender. Hypopharyngeal teeth are flat, with large scales and slightly curved lateral lines. The dorsal fin is long and the outer edge is flat. Gill rakes are slender, needle-shaped and closely arranged, and the number is 100 ~ 200. The dorsal fin and the gluteal fin have strong third spines and serrated trailing edges. The end of pectoral fin can reach the beginning of ventral fin. The caudal fin is deeply forked, the back is silvery gray with a slight yellow luster, the abdomen is silvery white with a slight yellow color, and each fin is grayish white. The big one can weigh one or two Jin. Living in soft mud can nourish the stomach. In March and April, crucian carp is thick, with many eggs and delicious taste. Crucian carp is the top grade of fish, living in freshwater waters such as ponds, lakes and rivers. According to the different growing waters, the body color is also different.
The abdomen is light white and the back is dark gray. Natural enemies look down from the top of the water, because the black fish back is the same color as the mud at the bottom of the river, it is difficult to be found; If the natural enemies look up from under the water, it is difficult to find because the white fish belly is almost the same color as the sky; Often see some articles describing early morning? A fish-belly grey appeared in the East? That's the truth. It belongs to protective color.
The life habits of crucian carp Carassius auratus is an omnivorous fish that lives in fresh water. It has a plump figure and a beautiful swimming posture in the water. The living standard of crucian carp belongs to the bottom fish. Generally speaking, they swim, feed and inhabit underwater. When the temperature and water temperature are high, they will also swim in the lower and upper layers of the water for food.
Adult crucian carp is mainly plant food. Because plant feed is rich in water, there are many edible varieties and a wide range. The stems, leaves, buds and fruits of vascular plants are the favorite foods of crucian carp, and crucian carp can obtain various rich nutrients in the waters where higher aquatic plants such as water chestnut and lotus root grow. Diatoms and some algae are also the food of crucian carp, as well as shrimp, earthworms, young snails, insects and so on.
Carassius auratus is fattest in February-April and August-65438+February. Except the western plateau, it is widely distributed all over the country. Crucian carp has strong adaptability, and can survive in deep or shallow water, running water or still water, high temperature water (32℃) or low temperature water (0℃). Even in strongly alkaline waters with pH:9 of 9, Dali Lake with salinity as high as 4.5% can still grow and reproduce.
The feeding time of crucian carp varies with seasons. Spring is the peak season for feeding, feeding day and night; The feeding time in summer is morning, evening and evening; Feeding all day in autumn; In winter, they eat at about noon.
Crucian carp like to walk in groups. Sometimes with the water, sometimes against the water, they feed and lay eggs in shoals, bends, ditches and reeds rich in aquatic plants; When the current is slow or static and the bait is sufficient, they will temporarily settle down.
Crucian carp living in lakes and large reservoirs
It is also a choice of food. Especially shallow water aquatic plants, are the places where they are concentrated. Even in winter, they like grass roots, and most of them don't swim in the deep water without grass for the winter.
Carassius auratus living in rivers and ponds