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Small and exquisite paper is called "stationery". Notepad paper is used as a book, called "stationery"; Used to write poetry, it is called "poetry". Modern people have lost the elegance of poetry, and all letters are made of ballpoint pens and machine glossy paper, so stationery has disappeared in the market, or as an elegant product in the glass cabinets of tourist destinations. ?

Before the Republic of China, the ancients wrote poems and sang songs, or exchanged public and private letters. In China, paper was made by hand and written with a brush. There are eight red lines printed on the letterhead, commonly known as "eight red lines". The envelope is made of white cotton or rice paper and the name and address are written vertically from right to left. This kind of stationery and envelopes have been finalized and are sold in Shangnan Paper Bureau and stationery stores. Unlike today, envelopes are in a national unified form, and the post office sells them, otherwise they will not be sent. In ancient times, some scholars thought that the vulgar goods on the market carried their style of writing, such as flies and pollution, which damaged their elegance and beauty. They made their own stationery to show their elegance and customs. For example, in Yangliuqing, Tianjin, Hanlin Du Tong's family in the late Qing Dynasty, all the letterheads used were printed with plum red paper and painted by famous artists. There are also people who print Hanwa Zhou Hu or inscriptions on stationery. These are antiques. There are also landscapes, flowers and birds carved with various colors or wood, so they are collectively called "colored stationery", "flower stationery" and "brocade stationery". If the color printing letterhead paper is compiled into a picture album, it is called "letterhead spectrum". For example, ten bamboo slips notes, Beiping notes and so on. Publishing House: The lettering of Shuo Wen Jie Zi means: "The lettering indicates the recognition of the book. From bamboo. " Ancient stationery is used to show the intentions of ancient writers, or to break their own intentions and let the public read their articles. For example, The Book of Songs selected and annotated by Han Zheng is called "Jian Zheng", not just a paper. It can be seen that although papermaking was invented in the Han Dynasty, its texture is rough, so there is no name of "writing paper". ?

First, stationery was founded in the Southern Dynasties?

Paper is one of the four great inventions in China, which has accelerated the progress of human civilization. Song and Ming Ying Xing's "Heavenly Creations" and "Killing Green" (papermaking) said: "The subtlety of things is handed down from ancient times to later generations. What's the purpose of coming, seeing all the ways, knowing fairly well? You communicate with the people, and the teacher will command the younger brother. Feng borrows spoken language, which is related to geometry; Holding an inch symbol in hand and holding a half-scroll in hand, the last thing is to explain the purport, which is popular without ice. Between overloading, Mr. Jun is also free. The sacred and stubborn salt is lai. " In view of this, the role of paper in social development need not be said. ?

From the two pieces of hemp paper unearthed from the Han Dynasty site in Juyan, Gansu Province, we can see the invention and physical appearance of the paper, which was at the latest in the second year of Ganlu, Xuan Di, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, that is, 52 BC. (See Cultural Relics No.65438 +0978 1) According to the literature, Cai Lun, a fashionista in the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved the papermaking technology and made a kind of "Cai Hou Paper", which gradually replaced bamboo slips and silk writing documents. Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty Biography of Officials and Biography of Cai Lun: "Since ancient times, bamboo slips have been used in books and lines, and those who use silks are called paper. Expensive and simple, inconvenient for people. Lenny intends to use bark, hemp head, cloth and fishing nets as paper. In the first year of Yuan Xing (A.D. 105), the emperor was good at it, so he used it. Therefore, the world is salty and called Cai Hou Paper. " Cai Hou paper in the Eastern Han Dynasty was made by Fang Shang (the Royal Handicraft Workshop), with a small output and was used in the palace. The paper in the Jin Dynasty was improved and improved, and there were differences between the north and the south: "It is the horizontal curtain of the north paper, and its horizontal stripes are loose and thick, which is called side paper;" Vertical curtains are used for southern paper, and their lines are vertical. Jin and Wang's original works are mostly bamboo slips with vertical lines. " (Ming Tulong's Textual Research) Jin Lu's "Nakano Ji" contains: During the Sixteen Countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the late "Skillon and the Queen were watching, writing a letter in Fengkou on five-color paper, and the waiter put a hundred feet of rope and a windmill. Phoenix is made of wood. " Shi Hu took five-color paper as the imperial edict, which shows that the paper at that time was elastic and had been dyed with colored paper. In Wei's poem Daming Palace in the Early Years of Jiazhi, there is a sentence "Appear before the court and adjourn the court-with a five-color imperial edict", which is a story about Shi Hu's "phoenix imperial edict". In addition, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, rattan paper appeared in the south. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chen compiled "A New Ode to Yutai", with the words "Three Wonderful Traces, Longshen Qushu, Five-color Stationery, Hebei Jiaodong Paper" in the preface, which proved that as early as the sixth century, five-color stationery was widely used by literati to write poems. Therefore, it can be seen that the name "Huajian" began to appear in the Southern Dynasties during the Northern and Southern Dynasties when the style of writing in China was at its peak. ?

Second, the Shu sword in the Sui and Tang Dynasties?

The sui dynasty unified the situation of division between the north and the south. Soon, Li Yuan rose up and founded the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty is a powerful dynasty in the history of China, which is prosperous in politics, economy, military affairs, culture and art, surpassing previous dynasties. Reflected in the paper-making technology, not only the quality has been improved, but also the categories have been increased, such as jade plates, tributes, warp scraps, surface gloss, roe, hard yellow, etc ... At the same time, Tang poetry is also a moderns in the history of China literature development, and the carrier paper that carries this poem-poem, has various names. In the Tang Dynasty, papermaking was first popularized in Sichuan, and Sichuan stationery paper was second to none. Huanhua stationery is "Xuetao stationery", also known as "Songhua stationery". According to legend, during the Tang and Yuan Dynasties (806-820 AD), Yuan Zhen made Shu, and Xue Tao, a prostitute, made ten-color stationery for each other, and wrote poems on Songhua stationery to send pottery. (Sok Li's "Continued Natural History") and Li Shangyin's "Send to Xichuan" poem: "Huan stationery is peach-colored, and the poem is well written to praise the jade hook", which shows that Xue Tao stationery was enjoyed by poets at that time. Press: Xue Tao, whose name is Hongdu, lived in Shu with his father and later entered Le Shu to write poems. Wei Gao, a town in Shu, is called a girls' school book. It will be shown in Huanhuaxi next year. Yuan Fei wrote "Shu Jian Pu", claiming that Xue Tao died at the age of 73. Xue Tao wrote, "Boil minced meat with hibiscus, etc. And put it in the juice of hibiscus flowers, or as Xue Tao pointed out at that time, hence the name. Its beauty lies in color, not in material "(see" Heavenly Creations "). At this time, the stationery has been made by famous artists. ?

Calendering notes of three dynasties and five dynasties?

In the Tang Dynasty, the literati poetry room used a lot of colored paper notes, but there was no theory of carving landscape flowers on paper notes. At the end of the Five Dynasties, Yao, a former minister of the late Jin Dynasty, and his son were good at making five-color stationery, which was light and tight. Calendered cardboard is carved with agarwood, with branches and flowers, lions, phoenixes, insects and fish, and Zhong Dingwen. The pictures are different and the patterns are very thin, numbered as "Calendered Small Books".

Calendering paper is the predecessor of block printing paper. The method is to cover the thin and tough colored paper on the engraving drawing board, and then polish it on the back of the paper with wooden sticks or paraffin wax, so that the patterns on the engraving are exposed on the paper. Until the Qing Dynasty, southern paper shops all over the country were still calendering this calendered paper. ?

Fourth, the new development of stationery in Song and Yuan Dynasties?

In Song Dynasty, the urban economy was prosperous and the handicraft industry was developed. This is because Zhao Kuangyin ended the war years when Zhu Pan was divided in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, and the society was temporarily stable. The improvement of papermaking quality and the appearance of movable type printing further promoted the prosperity of culture. As far as stationery is concerned, the excellent stationery with Chengxin Hall in Song Dynasty, such as Lv Yun Chunshu, Longfeng Stationery, Group Stationery, Jinhua Stationery, etc., are all quite luxurious imperial uses. ?

Paper was made in Yuan Dynasty, including colored paper, waxed paper, patterned paper, yellow paper and ribbed paper. There are white seal papers, and Guanyin papers are all from Jiangxi. Color printing poetry is unheard of. Only those who draw gold on paper are the royal products of Mingren Hall in the Inner Court of Yuan Dynasty, which can be carved into poems. In the Qing Dynasty, there were imitations, especially in the lower left corner of the paper, with a rectangular seal of "Imitating Qianlong Mingrentang", which was also a royal thing. It was not sold in the general market, and it was later reprinted. Looking back at the above documents, as of the Yuan Dynasty, there was no news of printing colored banknotes. Therefore, it was only in the late Ming Dynasty that China's printmaking art developed into a golden age that elegant and exquisite stationery such as Luo Xuan's Ancient Notebook and Dianzhuzhai Notebook appeared one after another. ?

5. What is the spectrum of color printing in Ming Dynasty?

The Ming Dynasty was the peak of the development of China printmaking art. At that time, almost all literature and art, enlightenment books, medical qigong, food, clothing, housing and transportation, and Four Treasures of the Study were accompanied by carefully carved illustrations. Paintings, ink paintings and biographies of immortals need not be described in detail. Among them, color printing is extremely elegant and interesting, and the "clear play" dedicated to literati is nothing more than "Luo Xuan into an ancient note" and "Ten Bamboo Zhai Notes". Luo Xuan Changed Ancient Banknotes, also known as Luo Xuan Banknotes Spectrum, was compiled by Luo Xuan in the late Ming Dynasty and published in Jiangning, Wu Faxiang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) in the seventh year of the Apocalypse (A.D. 1627). The "arch flower" format in Luo Xuan Bian Gu Jian is a great innovation in the history of printmaking. First, it engraves the outline of an object on a flat board with a negative engraving knife method, then covers the layout with rice paper, puts a thin felt on it, presses it hard with a wooden stick or taps it lightly with a mallet, and the image pattern on the paper protrudes, just like today's official seal. So Yan Jizu said, "There are some twists and turns, but they are not the same." There were few Luo Xuan notes carved in Ming Dynasty. 198 1, Shanghai Duoyunxuan has published a replica edition, which can be used for reference. After "Luo Xuan Becomes Ancient Banknotes", there is another "Ten Bamboo Zhai Banknotes" engraved in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (AD 1644). The naming of Shizhuzhai is related to the experience of editor Hu Yue. Hu, a native of Xiuning, Anhui Province, was born in the 12th year of Wanli (A.D. 1584) and likes to collect cultural relics. According to legend, Hu Aizhu Yun planted more than ten bamboo poles in his apartment and studied playing with antiques under the bamboo window. Later, an antique shop was opened on the edge of Jiming Mountain in Nanjing, hence the name "Shizhuzhai". Hu Yue never worked as a calligrapher in the Southern Ming Dynasty and died in the Ming Dynasty. Notes on Ten Bamboo Grottoes was published in the first year of Hong Guang in the Southern Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1645), which is rich in content, including historical stories, poems, paintings and calligraphy, landscape figures, Shang and Zhou bronzes, ancient pottery and Han jade. * * * There are 280 drawings in four volumes. Among them, the third volume has symbolic things to express ancient idiom stories; There are noble people who are realistic figures, and they have both ability and political integrity in painting, which is vulgar. The pictures on the paper money are all exquisite and beautifully printed. In addition to the "〓〓〓" plate, the petals are embossed with the "Hua Gong" embossed plate and engraved with the pattern of vase flowers. Elegant and fresh, it is difficult to reproduce today. The frontispiece includes Li's Notes on Ten Bamboo Grottoes and Li's Notes on Ten Bamboo Grottoes. The preface expounds in detail the development and evolution of notation, the〓edition and engraving printing. 1940 Zheng Zhenduo compiled The History of China Printmaking, which was included in it. ?

Sixth, the prosperity of stationery in Qing Dynasty?

The war in the early Qing Dynasty was not peaceful, and the anti-Qing ruling movement in China society continued. After Emperor Kangxi came to power, he studied China culture and ordered the compilation of The Book of King James ... At the same time, the art of printmaking became attached to Seo Woo in the late Ming Dynasty and began to prosper gradually, but it was more respected. However, there is little news about the notation system. Only during the Qianlong period (A.D. 1736- 1795) did single-page stamps appear. Since then, Suzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing, Shexian, Anhui and other places have carved poems, mostly printed in positive lines, with light colors printed on colored paper or plain paper, and a few overprinted with vermilion. In terms of content, in addition to traditional landscapes, flowers and birds, insects, figures, there are also opera novels. Such as The West Chamber and A Dream of Red Mansions. Obviously, after the mid-Qing Dynasty, the industrial and commercial economy in coastal cities was prosperous, and stationery was often used by businessmen as stationery for correspondence. Ancient poems and notes were originally filled with poems of literati, letters of celebrities, and even letters. They belong to the literati's game, and it seems that they have nothing to do with businessmen discussing prices and currency exchange. With the development of industry and commerce in the late Qing Dynasty, enlightened people were influenced by the decadent situation of western capitalist society and country, and poetry writing was no longer the fashion of the times. The carrier of poetic talk is also appealing to both refined and popular tastes, facing the development of social reality. Therefore, the demand has increased and the content has changed. After the Reform Movement of 1898 (A.D. 1898), it was published by Shanghai Commercial Press and Machine Paper Bureau. Stationery made by machines is produced in large quantities. In order to compete for profits, we constantly innovate, such as Ten Scenes of West Lake printed by Shanghai Commercial Press, Taishi painted by Liu, Bailuyuan and so on. In addition, it is worth noting that stationery with the theme of "Eight Heroes of the World" (Columbus, Britain's Klingwell, Russia's Peter, Washington, France's Napoleon, Italy's Gafur, Germany's Bismarck, Japan's Saigō Takamori) appeared. It broke the tradition of carving celebrities in the history of China printmaking to teach people to respect morality and the way of benevolence and forgiveness. People who advocate learning from Columbus' exploration, Peter the Great's expansion to the south, Washington's independence, Bismarck's power diplomacy, Saigō Takamori's advocacy of reform ... all kinds of people in different times in the world. Judging from these small pieces of paper, it also reflected the reality of China society at that time. At this time, Xuan Tong was the last emperor of feudal society. On the eve of this change, Wenmeizhai in Tianjin published a "Hundred Flowers Poetry" with pictures of plants and flowers such as lilacs, magnolia, chrysanthemums and evergreens. Author Zhang Zhaoxiang,No.12307; Ann, a native of Tianjin, is good at painting flowers and birds, which are colorful and elegant. Zhang Zuyi is in the front. The Preface was written in the afternoon of Guangxu (A.D. 1906) and published in the third year of Xuantong (A.D.191Yuan) in May. After "Notes on Hundred Flowers", Wenmeizhai compiled the figures, flowers, Bo Gu and landscapes of painters such as Shen Xinhai, Yang Borun, Wang, Tianjin Xinyinpu, Lu Bingwen and Huang Huanong into "Notes on Wenmeizhai", and published Seventy-two Waiting Notes (made in Qian Huian). The development of notation has reached an end. ?

Seven, about "Beiping Jianpu"?

At the beginning of A.D. 1933, Mr. Lu Xun received three volumes of The History of China Literature presented by Zheng Zhenduo (Xidi), and wrote back on February 5, saying, "I returned to Beiping last winter and got a small note at Liulichang. I think painters and engravings are better than those in the era of Wen Meizhai's notes. For example, the notes of Chen Shiceng and Qi Baishi have been carved. Because some people think that if someone brings his own good paper, he will print dozens to hundreds of sheets from each paper (for each faction). Paper is leaf-shaped, so it must be thicker. Adding a preface to it, ordering books, or making an appointment with the same person first, or selling it later, is not only for research, but also one of the great commemorative ears in the history of China woodcut. " At that time, Lu Xun and Zheng Zhenduo were one in Shanghai and the other in Beiping. They only exchanged letters and mailed back poems. Within a few months, Beiping Notes was published. Including Shen Jianshi's inscription; The title of the title page is inscribed by Shen. The most important thing is the preface of Lu Xun's Notes on Beiping, which outlines the development history of China prints. ?

Before Lu Xun wrote this preface, he wrote to Zheng Zhenduo: "I regard it as a small introduction, but it will be as short as a rabbit's tail ..." He thought it was a "new antique" and only printed one hundred copies. On the one hand, Lu Xun invited Xidi to Beiping to collect notes, on the other hand, he collected dozens of kinds in Shanghai, thinking that "nothing is as good as Beiping; Hangzhou and Guangzhou have all been searched by friends, and they are not as good as Peiping or Shanghai. Many of them are ridiculous, but it may be because of the amateur of collectors. In short, I finally went overseas, hoping to become a collection. Private stationery in Beiping should have a good system. If it can be made into an episode, I hope it will be very good. " This article not only reflected that there were printed stationery for sale in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and other cities except Beiping at that time, but also knew that there were privately printed stationery in Beiping. During this period, Zheng Zhenduo will collect and write the essay Interview Miscellaneous Notes. Lu Xun wrote: "Interview Miscellaneous Notes is a very interesting story that can be printed into music. Printing "notes" for the second time, if someone takes over, will open a profit source for the paper shop, and it is not without its merits. It is not easy to create a grass. Once created, others can follow suit. " After the publication of Beiping Notes, Mr. Lu Xun wanted to reprint the Ming edition of Ten Bamboo Zhai Notes. First, because "Wen begged the old man not to sell, thinking that he could still get a heavy price." And because "our compatriots really carve slowly, and their leisurely attitude is admirable, but they can't do much in life" (for the above quotation, see Lu Xun's Letters, People's Literature Publishing House 1976). More than two years later, Mr. Lu Xun died in Shanghai. One hundred copies of Beiping Notes edited by Lu Xun and Zheng Zhenduo were published for the first time. Only forty copies were left for sale, and the remaining sixty copies were given to Chinese and foreign people concerned. These 100 books are all numbered and signed by Lu Xun and Sidi, which are very precious. The second printing of 100 copies, none of which was signed by Lu Xun and Sidi. Today, whether it is the first printing or the second printing, it is hard to come by. ?

Eight, flowers are tearful?

Shortly after the publication of A Brief History of Beiping, the Japanese Empire launched a full-scale war of aggression against China in 1937. On July 7th, Beiping fell, and the people of the whole country went into the war of resisting Japan and saving the nation, so we didn't have time to talk about the rise and fall of calligraphy. 1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Four Treasures of the Study's poetry and calligraphy were regarded as the necessities of life for non-working people. 1956, "China has basically completed the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce." At that time, private nanzhi shops and calligraphy and painting shops in Liulichang area had closed down before the socialist transformation, and there was no color paper printing. Chengdu Street Stationery in Sichuan once printed some Shu banknotes on Jiajiang paper at 1960. Since 1966 "Cultural Revolution", after revolutionary actions such as "sweeping the four old", poetry writers and collectors have been labeled as "ghostly" and swept into the garbage. It wasn't just poetry at that time. Therefore, The Dictionary of Modern Chinese published by 1978 has no entries of "poems and notes". It seems that young people and future generations in China don't need to know what poetry and notes are. Alas! ?

Collect colorful notes, and then compile them into notebooks after the notebooks in Beiping. I didn't want to do this at first, but I enjoyed it myself. Because when I was a child, I saw the contents printed on the stationery on the bookstall, which were often similar to woodcut New Year pictures. For example, The Story of the Western Chamber printed by Tong Taiyi, Qingwen Tearing Fan printed by Feng Rongshi, Ma Gu Shou Li printed by Cheng Xintang and God Bless the People. So they are very interested in it and have been collecting it. By the time People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, there were already hundreds of them. Later, fewer and fewer people printed stationery and cherished it more. Ten years of catastrophe, except for a little loss, most of them have been buried, and they dare not "self-revolution" to destroy them. With the development of history, people are gradually freed from the superstition of blind worship. The excellent traditional national culture of the motherland is protected by law. Recently, Mr. Jiang Yue from Heilongjiang Fine Arts Publishing House visited our residence and felt that Beiping Notes had been published for more than 60 years, so far no new edition of Ancient Treasures has been published. Isn't it what Mr. Lu Xun said: "Those who are interested in writing will be more proficient and have no literary skills." "I am afraid that this matter will soon be diluted." What a pity! I asked the author to carefully select 300 pages of color notes printed in various parts of the old collection and compile a Color Notes for the public to enjoy. At the same time, it is also to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) and show the achievements of people in sorting out the cultural heritage of the motherland. In order to live up to this great trust, more than 300 frames are selected today, which are divided into two episodes: people, immortals, ladies, children, novels, landscapes and landscapes; Flowers, fruits and vegetables, birds, animals, insects, fish, plum, bamboo, chrysanthemum, antique, antique, the name of each household. Most of them are works by famous painters. Ru Yun, Li Yi, Ren Xun, Zhang Xiong, Sha Shanchun, Ren Bonian, Wang Su, Chen, Mo Chan, Lengxiang, Shen Xinhai, Liu, Zhu, Zhao Qianzhi, Yang Borun, Dai Bohe, Li Ruiqing, Qi Baishi, Wu Daiqiu and Fei. The shops that print this kind of note paper, except Rong Baozhai, have long been owned by the state and are still operating in Liulichang. Other store names, such as Miqing Pavilion, Baojinzhai, Chengxingzhai, Songguzhai, Chengxin Hall and Yibaozhai, closed down as early as before and after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory. In addition, the products of stationery stores in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui in the Qing Dynasty, such as Shanghai Jiuhuazhai, Xihongtang, Songmaotang, Commercial Press, Yangzhou Chenfengge, Nanjing Tongtaiyi, Henglong and other places, such as Songzhuzhai, Guilin Pavilion, Wenyunge, Jia Lian, Rong Feng, Hetai, Songyun, Akagi and Wenmeizhai, have all become old brands that no longer exist. As for the woodcut of this notation, it almost summarizes all kinds of techniques of China printmaking art, including single-line woodcut machine and gravure rubbings; There are not only five-color overprinting, but also many 〓 board renderings. There are also arch plate halo, colorless embossing and zinc plate machine printing. There are many patterns, which can be used as a reference not only for China printmakers and art historians, but also for China printing historians and cultural historians.

There is also a legend about peach blossoms on the third day of March in Nanzhongji, which was written by Ming Baoru: "Every year on the third day of March, well water overflows. The man brushed the water with good paper to make it bright red, fresh and lovely. But there are only twelve papers. The age span is thirteen papers. From then on, there is no color. "

It is said that this is the invention of the famous poetess Xue Tao. That kind of paper was called "Snow Tao Jian", also called "Peach Blossom Stream" or "Red Stream", and later became a tribute; This well is called "Xue Tao Well", and the palace of Shu is a pavilion on the well, surrounded by railings, and no mortal can cross it. I often think that when Xue Tao bleached the paper, his face was reflected in the well, which was also a "peach blossom and a human face set each other off". Unfortunately, at that time, she had retired and become a monk, and no matter how noble her feelings and beautiful pictures were, she was no longer appreciated.