People who are called "drunken Hou" are addicted to alcohol and unruly. She is good at learning from Laozi and Zhuangzi, pursuing freedom and governing by doing nothing. He once joined the army of Wang Rong shogunate, a general Jianwei, and was dismissed for inaction. In the second year of Taishi (266), the court called Liu Ling to be an official again, but Liu Ling refused. ?
Liu Ling's only remaining works are Ode to Wine and Mang Hotel? . His works vividly reflect the metaphysical, negative and decadent mentality of celebrities in Wei and Jin dynasties, and also show contempt for the etiquette of "famous religion" and yearning for nature. Later generations regarded Liu Ling as a typical example of flouting etiquette and drinking to drown their sorrows.
Liu Ling's only remaining works are Beimang Guest House and Ode to Wine Virtue. "Bei Mang Guest House" is an ancient poem. The first half of this poem is about scenery and full of emotion. The second half is lyrical, and the mood is caused by the scene. It can be said that the layers are distinct, the tailoring is appropriate, and the light charm is revealed in the plain and smooth.
Ode to Wine Virtue is a parallel prose, with light writing, bold brushwork, vivid description and humorous language, without any traces of carving. ? Liu Ling's works vividly reflect the lofty, negative and decadent mentality of celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and also show their contempt for the etiquette of "Ming Jiao" and their yearning for nature.
2. Liu Hui (about 225-295), a native of Zouping, Binzhou, Shandong Province, was a great mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties and one of the founders of China's classical mathematical theory. He is a very great mathematician in the history of Chinese mathematics. His representative works "Nine Arithmetic Notes" and "Arithmetic on the Island" are China's most precious mathematical heritage.
Liu Hui has quick thinking and flexible methods. He advocates reasoning and intuition. He was the first person in China who explicitly advocated using logical reasoning to demonstrate mathematical propositions. Liu Hui's life is a life of hard exploration of mathematics. Although his position is low, his personality is noble. He is not a mediocre man who seeks fame and fame, but a great man who never tires of learning. He left us a valuable fortune.
Liu Hui has made great contributions to mathematics, and put forward the idea of "seeking the number of emblems" among endless problems. This method is consistent with the later method of finding the approximate value of irrational roots. It is not only a necessary condition for accurate calculation of pi, but also promotes the generation of decimals. In the solution of linear equations, he created a simpler method of mutual multiplication and elimination than direct division, which is basically consistent with the current solution.
And put forward the problem of indefinite equation for the first time in the history of Chinese mathematics; He also established the summation formula of arithmetic progression's first n terms; Many mathematical concepts are put forward and defined, such as power (area); Equation (linear equation); Positive numbers and negative numbers, etc. Liu Hui also put forward many recognized and correct judgments as the premise of proof.
Most of his reasoning and proofs are logically rigorous, so Nine Chapters Arithmetic and his own solutions and formulas are based on inevitability. Although Liu Hui didn't write his own works, the mathematical knowledge he used in Nine Chapters Arithmetic has actually formed a unique theoretical system, including concepts and judgments, with mathematical proof as the link.
3. (about a.d. 129 ~ 2 10), Zi Zhuo was born in Mengyin County, Taishan Mountain (now Mengyin County, Linyi City, Shandong Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was a descendant of Lu Wang and Liu Xing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was an outstanding astronomer and mathematician in ancient China, the inventor of abacus and the discoverer of the theory of uneven moon motion, and was honored as a "computational saint" by later generations.
Liu Hong is smart and studious since childhood. She has read six art books and is knowledgeable, especially astronomy and calendars. I entered the official career when I was young. I was recruited to Luoyang, the capital, and was awarded a doctorate. Later, I moved to Changshan.
Liu Hong's Dry Elephant Calendar is the first calendar handed down by human beings to introduce the theory of lunar motion unevenness. The annual length of the solar eclipse is set at 365.2462 days, and the paleontology of the intersection angle between the ecliptic and the ecliptic is 61'for the first time. The measured length of perigee month is 27.55476 days, which is not much different from the current measured value of 27.55455 days.
In A.D. 190, he successfully invented "abacus calculation with positive and negative numbers", so he was respected as the early founder and ancestor of abacus calculation by later generations.
Before Liu Hong, people had calculated the length of the moon and the Tropic of Cancer for a long time, and obtained good data. However, Liu Hong found that based on these two values used by predecessors, the average time of solar terms and the chord of the new moon has lagged behind the actual time of the new moon for a long time.
After decades of hard work by Rizzo, Liu Hong boldly put forward the correct conclusion that the length of the new moon and the tropic year used by predecessors are too large, and made a reasonable explanation for the acquired phenomenon of the calendar. In the dry calendar, Liu Hong took the length of the first month of the lunar calendar as 29+773/ 1457 days, and the error was reduced from more than 20 seconds in the Eastern Han calendar to about 4 seconds.
Taking the tropical year as 365+ 145/589 days, the error is reduced from more than 660 seconds in the four-year calendar of the Eastern Han Dynasty to about 330 seconds. Liu Hong started with the investigation of the solar eclipse records of the previous generation and her own measurement results, that is, by determining the time of the new moon or lunar moon in ancient and modern times, she got a more accurate length value of the first month of the lunar calendar, and then deduced the length value of the tropic year according to the seven-leap law in nineteen years.
Because Liu Hong put forward his new data under the background that the accuracy of these two data has been stagnant for more than 600 years, it not only has scientific significance to improve the accuracy, but also has historical significance to break through the shackles of traditional concepts, break the deadlock and open the way for the progress of future research.
4. Liu Xin (50 BC-AD 23), born Zi Jun, later renamed Xiu, Zi Yingshu, Han nationality, living in Chang 'an, descended from Liu Bang, the fourth brother of Emperor Gaozu, and the son of Liu Xiang. In the first year of Jianping (6 BC), it was renamed Liu Xiu.
The inheritor of China's ancient classic research edited Shan Hai Jing with his father Liu Xiang. He is not only profound in Confucianism, but also famous in collation, astronomical calendar, history, poetry and so on. His "three calendars" are considered as the embryonic form of the earliest astronomical calendar in the world.
In addition, he also contributed to the calculation of pi. He is the first person in China who doesn't follow the "three-circumference diameter one" and sets this important constant as 3. 1547 1, which is only slightly worse than 0.0 13 12, and is called "Liu's heart rate" internationally. Later, because Wang Mang was defeated, he committed suicide.
Liu Xin's first contribution in the history of Confucian classics was to find a number of Confucian classics published in the late pre-Qin period, so as to prevent them from being lost. Thanks to Liu Xin's advocacy, these ancient China classics are widely known by the society and scholars and handed down from generation to generation. ?
Liu Xin's second contribution in the history of Confucian classics is to open up a new way to interpret classics with words and history. In order to carry forward the ancient classics, Liu Xin and others attached importance to exegesis, not only by reading the classics, but also by interpreting the classics according to the glyphs and meanings of ancient Chinese.
Liu Xin's third contribution in the history of Confucian Classics was to break the monopoly of modern literature on Confucian Classics, which opened the way for the development of classical Confucian Classics in China. If Dong Zhongshu initiated the study of Confucian classics in modern Chinese, in a word, it is of great significance, then the study of classical Chinese classics, which attaches importance to the system of names and things, is Liu Xin who opened his gate.
Liu Xin has made great contributions to the collation of ancient books of the Five Classics, and Zuo Zhuan is his favorite and the most studied. When Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, Liu Xin suggested that Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Shi Mao, Yi Li and Wen Gu Shangshu should all be listed as scholars. Ai Di sent a letter to consult his liegeman opponent, Dr. Zuo Chuan, and asked Liu Xin to discuss Confucian classics with Dr. Jing.
5. Liu Xiang (the first 77 years-the first 6 years), the word Zizheng, formerly known as Geng Sheng, was called Liu in the world, living in Chang 'an, and his ancestral home was Pei County (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Born in Yuanfeng, Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (77 years before), he died in Jianping, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty (6 years before). Liu Bang's half-brother Liu Jiao is a descendant and Liu Xin's father.
His prose is mainly Shu Qinxu and School Ancient Books, and the famous ones are Jian Ying Chang Ling Shu and Zhang Guo Ce Xu, which are characterized by simple narration, fluent theory and ease.
Liu Xiang is the grandson of King Jiao Liu IV of Chu Yuan. When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor in the Han Dynasty, he advised doctors. Zong Zheng was appointed Emperor of the Han Dynasty. Against eunuch Gong Hong, Shi Xian went to prison, waiting to be released. Later, he was imprisoned for anti-Gong and anti-Xian. After Emperor Cheng of Han acceded to the throne, he was hired as Dr. Guanglu, renamed "Xiang", and the official was a captain.
I was ordered to lead the school secretary and wrote Bielu, the earliest open book catalogue in China. Three articles, most of which are lost. Today, there are books such as New Preface, Shuoyuan, Biography of Lienv, Warring States Policy, Biography of Liexian, etc. His book The Five Classics and Yi Tong was compiled by Ma Guohan of A Qing Dynasty. The Songs of Chu was compiled by Liu Xiang, and The Classic of Mountains and Seas was compiled by Liu Xiang and his son Liu Xin.
Liu Xiang and Liu Xin and his son are important figures who re-studied and sorted out hundreds of books and theories after Confucianism was unified into Confucian classics, and emphasized that they should absorb ideological nutrition from them to improve Confucianism.
On the basis of systematically sorting out Guanzi, Yanzi, Han Feizi, Liezi, Deng, Guan Yinzi, Zi and Warring States Policy, it is considered that they all conform to Confucian classics.
At that time, Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son strongly advocated the study of philosophers, which was of positive significance for weakening the rule of official academic thought and emancipating the mind.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Ling (a famous person in Wei and Jin Dynasties, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest")
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Hui (a famous mathematician in ancient times)
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Hong (mathematician, astronomer and sage in the Eastern Han Dynasty)
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Xin (Western Han scholar)
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Xiang (Western Han Dynasty writer)