The theme of this paper is the author's childhood "interest outside things". Although "interest outside things" is not owned by things themselves, it is related to things. It is the result of the subjective experience of the viewer acting on things, and it can also be said that things generate interest. Mosquitoes and insects in the grass mentioned in the article are very small things, which can arouse children's curiosity and imagination, and interest is thus generated.

At the beginning, the author said that he had excellent eyesight when he was a child, and then pointed out the main idea of the article. "Open your eyes to the sun" means that your eyes can withstand strong light stimulation; "Clear eyes" means excellent eyesight and being able to see small things clearly. With such good eyesight, coupled with the hobby of "seeing small things, we must carefully examine their texture", we can find "the interest outside things" This is a summary, only 32 words, concise and visible. The following points are described.

In summer, mosquitoes turn into thunder, which makes people miserable, but the young author is whimsical and imagines it as a moving picture of "cranes dancing in the air", and he is fascinated. Later, he thought of the "Yun Zhonghe Map" he had seen before, so he "left the mosquitoes in the vegetarian account and smoked them to fly". As a result, he really saw such a picture. This is a picture magnified by imagination, which shows the spontaneous aesthetic consciousness in a child's innocent mind. This is a ...

Secondly, the author lived in the city when he was young, and he was eager to see the natural scenery, so he used his imagination to realize his wish. He imagined the uneven walls in the garden and the bushes on the flower beds as Woods, insects and mosquitoes as beasts, small raised clods as hills and small sunken clods as ravines, which provided him with a free and broad world where he could enjoy the scenery of "nature". One day, there were two insects fighting in the grass-in the young author's imagination, it turned into two wild animals fighting in the Woods, which made him particularly fascinated; Unexpectedly, a "monster" came to the mountain. Stick out your tongue and swallow the two animals together. The young author was scared to death; When I woke up and the illusion disappeared, I found that the "monster" was just a frog. He was angry, but he didn't want to hurt it. He just used whipping to show his punishment-what is the whip made of? The article didn't explain, maybe it was a twig. He punished the frog, which may be revenge for two bugs, but from the perspective of "driving away from the hospital", the main reason was to destroy his aesthetic taste.

The author uses the phrase "interest outside things" to control the above two things, which is intended to show that he had spontaneous aesthetic consciousness and interest when he was young.

Second, the problem research

Shen Fu's "Six Chapters of a Floating Life" has a chapter about "leisure", which mainly records the author's love for flowers and trees when he grows up and the trivia of beautifying the room and surrounding environment with his wife after marriage. I only remember the first paragraph of childhood anecdotes, so I am relatively independent, and I am quite unique in describing children's psychological process of looking at things, which is worth studying.

The young author thought of "cranes dancing in the air" from the flying of mosquitoes, which is the so-called similar association; Thinking of "Yun Zhonghe" is close to association. This latter association prompted him to imitate, so he "left mosquitoes in the vegetarian tent and let them fly with smoke", and then carefully observed that "fruit is like a crane in a cloud", which is the illusion of the young author, but it is also the goal he pursues-this is a very beautiful picture and worth pondering.

The section on insect watching is similar to the above process. "Taking shrubs as forests, insects and mosquitoes as beasts, protruding mud and gravel as hills and depressions as valleys" all belong to similar associations, and the appearance of "behemoth" is also an illusion; Differences are the cause of this illusion. At this moment, the young author has been completely intoxicated in the realm of his own association, and the object in front of him has been magnified thousands of times, and the frog is sudden. In contrast, it naturally becomes a "monster." This illusion was suddenly produced in a very short time by intense stimulation, which was different from Yun Zhonghe's intention.

Attention should be paid to cultivating students' association and imagination, which can not only improve students' ability to read and appreciate literary works, but also be of great benefit to students' memory and creative thinking ability.

Practice note

Read the text aloud and tell me in my own words how I saw the scene of "Yun Zhonghe" and met the "monster". Why does the author say that these two things are "interesting foreign objects"? How do you think you can become a person with rich interests?

The purpose of setting questions is to let students perceive the whole content of the text and learn classical Chinese vividly. All narratives should let students retell the main idea in their own words, which is one of the ways to learn to live; If you learn classical Chinese from the beginning, it is tantamount to blocking the way of learning. Teachers should affirm the elements of students' creative retelling in the process of guidance and only correct obvious mistakes.

The first question should be answered after the students have basically recited it (see "Text Discussion" for the reference answer), and teachers should be good at inspiring students to tell their own experiences.

The second question is open, aiming at arousing students' initiative in learning and arousing their aesthetic consciousness. We can stimulate and cultivate students' interest, association and imagination from students' extracurricular hobbies.

Second, explain the words.

1. The meanings of some classical Chinese words can be explained by adding words, such as "Be sure to carefully (carefully) examine (observe) their texture"; Some need to be explained in another word, such as "hold your head high". Try to choose a method to explain the words added in the following sentences. (1) Xiang Qiang (2) Fruit is like a cloud crane (3) Grass is a forest (4) Prosperity is strong (5) Ecstasy (6) Drive away the other courtyard.

2. The following words are mostly preserved as idioms in modern Chinese, so you might as well explain them by telling the general idea. Example: Be happy.

(1) keen observation, (2) complacency, (3) monsters, (4) summer mosquitoes turn into thunder.

The purpose of the topic is to tell students that they can explain classical Chinese words in simple ways and eliminate their fear of difficulties. This is the only way to learn classical Chinese at first, but it is not good to talk too much. Explanations can be copied and accumulated in books.

There are many ways to deal with this problem: or let students read the text several times and try to solve it; Or in the process of dredging the meaning of the text; In a better teaching class, there is no harm in letting students do answers in preview.

Reference answer

1.( 1) item (neck, neck) is the strongest. (2) Fruit is like a crane in a cloud.

(3) Forest with shrub grass (4) Strong interest.

(5) Fang (Zheng) lost his mind (6) drove (drove, fired) the other hospital.

2.( 1) Pay attention to observation (see "Understanding the Meaning")

(2) Feel at ease (see "Notes")

Monster (huge thing)

(4) Mosquitoes thunder in summer (in summer, swarms of mosquitoes sound like thunder, which is an exaggerated expression)

Recite the full text.

To recite this article, you must first read it correctly and get a general understanding of the content. To this end, teachers must give specific guidance: (1) Through model essay reading and reading guidance, students can read in a clear rhythm and reach their mantra through repeated practice; (B) clear the narrative order of the article, so that students can understand the general idea of each layer.

To insist on reciting in class, you can learn paragraphs in turn first, and then practice reciting the full text; You can also teach a paragraph, read a paragraph and recite a paragraph.

Teaching suggestion

This article can be taught in two classes.

Since this article is the first classical Chinese that students have learned since they entered school, it is necessary to talk about the significance and methods of learning classical Chinese first. No more than 20 minutes. The main points are as follows:

1. Classical Chinese is an ancient writing style characterized by simplicity and elegance. Classical Chinese comes from ancient spoken Chinese, and modern Chinese also comes from ancient spoken Chinese. They have the same origin and different currents, and there are similarities and differences. Similarity is primary and difference is secondary, so it is not difficult to learn. We should have the confidence to learn well.

Second, learning classical Chinese is to inherit the culture of the motherland and can help us understand many things in history; Modern Chinese still retains many words and expressions of classical Chinese. Learning classical Chinese can enrich our language warehouse.

Third, the key to learning classical Chinese well is to cultivate a sense of language. There are "three essentials" to cultivate a sense of language: first, be familiar with reciting texts so as to be familiar with the expressions and language habits of classical Chinese; Second, we should use our own heart to understand, with the aim of integrating "speech" and "meaning", and knowing "meaning" by seeing "speech"; Third, we must actively accumulate vocabulary and vocabulary in order to master the expression tools of classical Chinese. These three articles are closely related and indispensable.

It takes 70 minutes to teach reading class. The suggestions are as follows:

1. Be sure to watch it in class.

This article is ***22 1 word. It takes about 1 minute to read it at a medium speed. Assuming that reading 12 times in class (including the teacher's model essay reading and reading guide) only takes about 24 minutes, it is completely possible to recite in class. Doing so helps students form the habit of reading aloud. To achieve this goal, the following measures can be taken:

(1) When previewing, you are required to read the text and understand the main idea of the text at least three times.

(2) Guide students to read aloud. We can start by dividing the pause. Because students are used to reading word by word in primary school (which is helpful to recognize fonts and pronounce correctly), it is no harm to let students know that the reading method is different from before with individual examples first. For example:

Be able to/open your eyes/hold your head high/observe the sun, and be strong.

Make it/smoke/fly, make it/Qingyun crane/view.

(In the example, "/"means obvious pause, and "…" means extremely short pause. )

The purpose of dividing pauses is to clarify the level of sentence meaning, which makes the sentence meaning easy to understand.

(3) Teachers should demonstrate and recite.

2. About understanding the meaning of the text

The basic principle is to inspire students to take the initiative to solve problems without mechanical translation; As soon as we engage in mechanical translation, students' spirit of memorizing translations and actively solving problems will disappear, which is not conducive to the cultivation of classical Chinese reading ability in the long run.

But this principle should also be grasped flexibly. Let's talk about several issues in combination with the text:

(1) Note: For example, "Bump" has two pronunciations of "Wei (wèi)" and "Ao (āo)", so students can look it up in the dictionary and choose the correct pronunciation. The "strong" of "strength" needs to read jiāng, which requires the teacher to be reasonable.

(2) The words are easy to understand, for example, "making things privately" means "caring for one's heart"; "fugue" means "as if playing", which is a bit like sleepwalking.

It can be said in a comparative way, such as "what the hand touches" and "what the heart wants".

Can inspire students to speak for themselves, for example, ask students "how do you feel when you look up for a long time", then the next sentence "Xiang Qiang" can be explained by students themselves. All words that can be explained according to the context are treated in this way.

(3) When speaking idioms, it is important to let students understand the whole meaning, instead of delving into it, such as "details see everything", that is, even the smallest things can be seen clearly, indicating excellent eyesight. According to this sentence, it comes from King Huiliang of Mencius: "Ming is enough to see the end of autumn without paying." Bright, refers to vision. But needless to say, it is not too late to talk about Mencius in senior three.

Generally speaking, you only need to point out that it is equivalent to a word in modern language, and then point out the part of speech when necessary, which never involves syntax. For example, the word "one" in Yan Xuyi is equivalent to "use", so don't talk about the postposition of object-object phrases. Language is a habit. Read more books, get into the habit, and you will understand at a glance. This should be done not only now, but also throughout junior high school.

3. About content dialing

This paper focuses on the writer's excellent eyesight in his childhood. He is good at discovering the beauty of things from association. Junior one students must feel the same way after reading it. Therefore, we should make good use of similar life experiences among students and turn this class into a cordial conversation between teachers and students, rather than making a formulaic analysis.

"Interest outside things" is the crowning touch of this article. At first, you don't have to get to know it in depth, just tell me the general meaning. After learning the text, you can ask the students if they have had such taste in combination with the aesthetic taste of the young author.

4. Introduction and expansion

It can be introduced by creating situations.

The way of extension is to quote the description of children in ancient poems, such as the poem in Li Bai's Gulangyue: "I don't know the moon when I am young, so I call it Bai Yupan." I also suspect that Yao Taijing is flying on the other side of Qingyun Mountain. " ) Arouse students' association.

related data

I. Authors and works

Author Shen Fu, born in the 30th year of Qing Qianlong (1765), died in an unknown year. The word Sanbai is from Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Poetry, painting and prose works. So far, no written record about his life has been found. According to "Six Chapters of a Floating Life", he was born in a family of aides, never took the imperial examination, and once made a living by selling paintings. With his wife Chen Yun, they are very affectionate. Due to family changes, the husband and wife have lived in other places for many years and experienced many ups and downs. After his wife died, he went to Sichuan as an adjutant. The situation is unknown since then.

Six Chapters of a Floating Life consists of six volumes, each of which has a small topic, followed by boudoir, leisure, sorrow, wandering travels, Sun Yat-sen's calendar, and health care. According to textual research, the last two volumes are forgeries, and the words are not as good as before.

Second, translation.

I recall that when I was a child, I could look straight at the sun with my eyes wide open and my eyesight was excellent. Every time I meet something small, I have to observe its texture carefully, so I can often feel the happiness beyond the thing itself.

On summer nights, mosquitoes make thunderous calls. I compare them to cranes flying in the air. When I think about it, there are really hundreds of white cranes ahead. Looking up at them, even the neck became stiff. I left a few mosquitoes in the white curtain, slowly spraying smoke, making them fly and screaming at the smoke, forming a picture of a white crane in Qingyun, which really made me feel very happy.

I often squat down where the earth wall is uneven and where there are flowers and plants, so that my body is as high as the table. I regard bushes as trees, insects and mosquitoes as beasts, the protruding parts of clods as hills, and the sunken parts as gullies. I am happy and satisfied with my imaginary journey in this realm.

One day, I saw two bugs fighting in the grass. I squatted down to observe. I am very interested. Suddenly, a huge beast came from the mountain and fell from the tree. It turned out to be a frog. When its tongue spit out, it ate both bugs. At that time, I was still very young, so fascinated that I couldn't help but exclaim. When he came to his senses, he caught the frog, whipped it dozens of times and drove it to other yards.