Some Introduction and Views on Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: Artificial intelligence is a field of computer science. It tries to understand the essence of intelligence and produces a new intelligent machine, which can respond in a way similar to human intelligence. Its research and application fields include pattern recognition, natural language understanding and generation, expert system, automatic programming, theorem proving, association and thinking mechanism, intelligent data retrieval and so on. In addition to computer science, artificial intelligence also involves information theory, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, mathematical logic, linguistics, medicine, philosophy and many other disciplines. Artificial intelligence is also considered as one of the three frontier technologies in 2 1 century (genetic engineering, nanoscience and artificial intelligence). In the past 30 years, it has developed rapidly, been widely used in many disciplines, and achieved fruitful results. Artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, with its own system in theory and practice.
I. Overview of Artificial Intelligence
? Artificial intelligence? This word was first put forward at the Dartmouth academic conference in 1956. Since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, and the concept of artificial intelligence has become more and more popular. One of the main goals of artificial intelligence research is to enable machines to be competent for some complex tasks that usually require human intelligence.
Usually, the mathematical basis of computer includes statistics, information theory and cybernetics, and of course there are some non-mathematical subjects. In the long-term work, computers often only use this knowledge consistently to do their work, basically relying only on the previous ones. Experience? . The so-called artificial intelligence means that the computer can work like a human brain, not only to keep learning, but also to learn to learn by leaps and bounds in the process of work, that is, to gain insight or inspiration like people. For a long time, computers can only work by experience and are difficult to learn. Epiphany? , that is, it is difficult to obtain greater skill improvement. The process of human practice includes both experience and creation. This is exactly what smart workers dream of.
In recent decades, artificial intelligence has developed day by day, technology has become increasingly mature, and research results have become increasingly rich. For example, S.C WANG, a data researcher in Digin Data Center in 2065438+03, developed a new data analysis method and derived a new method to study the properties of functions. The author found that new data analysis methods were given to the computer society? Create? A method is provided.
Second, the scientific category of artificial intelligence
Now, artificial intelligence has become an important topic in the field of information technology. This subject studies the theory, method and technology of how to make machines intelligent or how to use computers to realize intelligence. Therefore, artificial intelligence belongs to both the frontier fields of computer science and technology and the frontier fields of information processing and automation technology. But because its research content involves? Smart? Therefore, artificial intelligence is not limited to computers, information and automation, but also involves intelligence, cognitive science, linguistics, logic, educational science, systematic teaching, mathematical science and many other disciplines. Artificial intelligence is a comprehensive interdisciplinary and marginal subject.
Third, the research content of artificial intelligence
The research content of artificial intelligence can be summarized into eight aspects: search and solution, learning and discovery, knowledge and reasoning, invention and creation, perception and communication, memory and association, system and construction, and application in engineering. As far as the research object is concerned, artificial intelligence involves three relatively independent fields, namely: (1) computer programs that study reading and speaking, which is commonly called? Natural language processing? Field; (2) Develop sensitive machines. By designing robots with visual and auditory programming, they can recognize the changing environment when they are active; (3) Develop a program that uses symbol recognition to simulate human expert behavior, that is, expert system. But from the nature of research, artificial intelligence can generally be divided into two aspects: theoretical research and engineering research. Theoretical research mainly focuses on the research and exploration of the development and understanding of human and machine intelligence, and engineering research mainly focuses on
Design and develop tools to study artificial intelligence and products, such as expert systems. However, this does not mean that they are independent of each other; On the contrary, they are interdependent and inseparable. With the gradual adoption of artificial intelligence theory and technology and the specific development of products. The boundary between theory and engineering research will be narrowed until it disappears.
Fourth, the technical characteristics of artificial intelligence.
(1) has a search function. Using a certain search strategy can quickly find the answer.
(2) Knowledge representation ability. It can represent some imprecise and vague knowledge (suitable for representing multimedia data).
(3) Certain reasoning function. You can find answers and discover knowledge from the given facts and premises.
(4) Abstract function. Abstraction is used to distinguish important and unimportant features. With the help of abstract functions, important features and variants in solving problems can be distinguished from a large number of unimportant features and variants, making the processing more effective and flexible. For users, it is often only necessary to describe? What's the problem? ,? What should we do? And then play it? How come? Let the intelligent program do it.
(5) speech recognition function and fuzzy information processing ability. Ability to deal with imprecise and fuzzy information.
Five, the development stage of artificial intelligence
The first stage: the rise and neglect of artificial intelligence in 1950s: after the concept of artificial intelligence was first put forward, a number of remarkable achievements appeared one after another, such as machine theorem proof, checkers program, general problem S solving program, LISP table processing language and so on. However, due to the limited reasoning ability of digestion method and the failure of machine translation, artificial intelligence has entered a trough. The characteristics of this stage are: paying attention to problem-solving methods and ignoring the importance of knowledge.
The second stage: from the end of 1960s to 1970s, expert system appeared, which brought a new upsurge of artificial intelligence research. The research and development of expert systems such as dendrochemical mass spectrometry system, mycomycin disease diagnosis and treatment system, PROSPECTIOR prospecting system and Hearsay-II voice understanding system make artificial intelligence practical. Moreover, the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence was established in 1969.
The third stage: In 1980s, with the development of the fifth generation computer, artificial intelligence has made great progress. Japan 1982 starting? The fifth generation computer development plan? , that is? Knowledge information processing computer system? Its purpose is to make logical reasoning as fast as numerical operation. Although this plan failed in the end, its development has formed an upsurge of studying artificial intelligence.
The fourth stage: At the end of 1980s, neural networks developed rapidly. 1987, the United States held the first international conference on neural networks, announcing the birth of this new discipline. Since then, countries have gradually increased their investment in neural networks, and neural networks have developed rapidly.
The fifth stage: In the 1990s, there was a new research climax of artificial intelligence. Due to the development of network technology, especially internet technology, the research of artificial intelligence began to shift from single agent to distributed artificial intelligence based on network environment. Not only the distributed problem solving based on the same goal is studied, but also the multi-objective problem solving of multi-agent is studied, which makes artificial intelligence more practical. In addition, due to the introduction of Hopfield multi-layer neural network model, the research and application of artificial neural network has appeared a thriving scene. Artificial intelligence has penetrated into all fields of social life.
Sixth, the application field of artificial intelligence
Application of 1. Management System
(1) The significance of applying artificial intelligence to enterprise management lies not in improving efficiency, but in using computers to realize what people really need to do, and industrial engineering information technology is impossible or difficult for human beings to do. Liu pointed out in the article "Talking about the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Enterprise Management" that the application of artificial intelligence in enterprise management should take data management and processing as the core, establish several subject databases around the core business and leading processes of the enterprise, and all application systems should be established and run around the subject databases.
(2) Intelligent Teaching System (ITS) is the main form of combining artificial intelligence with education, and it is also the development direction of future teaching system. With the rapid development of information technology and the continuous improvement of the development mode of new teaching system, people are urged to develop new teaching systems by using hypermedia technology, network foundation and artificial intelligence technology, and computer intelligent teaching system is a typical representative.
2. Application in engineering field
(1) medical expert system is an important application of artificial intelligence and expert system theory and technology in the medical field, which has great scientific research and application value. It can help doctors solve complex medical problems and serve as an auxiliary tool for doctors' diagnosis and treatment. At present, medical intelligent system has been applied to many medical fields such as internal medicine and orthopedics through its important role in medical imaging, and is constantly developing and improving.
(2) Geological exploration, petrochemical and other fields are the main fields where artificial intelligence plays a role. From 65438 to 0978, Stanford Institute of International Studies developed an expert system for mineral exploration and evaluation. A prospector? The system is used for exploration evaluation, regional resource evaluation and drilling well location selection. It is the first artificial intelligence expert system in the industrial field, and it has discovered a molybdenum deposit worth more than 654.38 billion dollars.
3. Application in technical research
(1) In the fields of ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE), expert system method is widely used to judge and classify the nature, shape and size of defects in ultrasonic damage (UT). Experts use ultrasonic nondestructive testing instruments to replace a large number of people's physical and mental work with their high-precision operation, control and logical judgment, which reduces the scratches caused by task factors, improves the reliability of testing, and realizes the automation and intelligence of ultrasonic testing and evaluation.
(2) Artificial intelligence has a long history of application in the field of electronic technology. With the rapid development of network, the security of network technology is the focus of our attention, so we must improve and change the network security technology on the basis of traditional technology, vigorously develop efficient AI technologies such as data mining technology and artificial immune technology, and develop more advanced AI general and special languages, application environments and special machines, and artificial intelligence technology provides us with the possibility.
Seven, the development direction of artificial intelligence
1. Expert system is the most active and effective research field in artificial intelligence at present. It is a program system with a lot of knowledge and experience in a specific field. In recent years, in? Expert system? Or? Knowledge engineering? The successful and effective application of artificial intelligence technology in scientific research has become a trend.
2. The rapid development of intelligent information retrieval technology. The application of artificial intelligence in network information retrieval mainly lies in: (1) How to use computer software and hardware systems to imitate, extend and expand the theories, methods and technologies of human intelligence. (2) Because network knowledge information not only contains regular knowledge such as general principles and concepts, but also contains a lot of empirical knowledge, there are inevitably uncertainties such as fuzziness, randomness and unreliability, so it is necessary to use the research results of artificial intelligence.
3.SOAr is a general intelligent architecture, which is always at the forefront of artificial intelligence research and shows strong problem-solving ability. It is considered that the development of robots is an important field of artificial intelligence application.
Eight, strong and weak contrast
1. Strong artificial intelligence: From the viewpoint of strong artificial intelligence, it is possible to create intelligent machines that can really reason and solve problems. Such machines can be considered conscious and self-conscious. There are two kinds of strong artificial intelligence: (1) human artificial intelligence, that is, the thinking and reasoning of machines are just like human thinking. (2) Non-human artificial intelligence, that is, machines have completely different perception and consciousness from people and use completely different reasoning methods from people.
2. Weak artificial intelligence: Weak artificial intelligence thinks that it is impossible to create an intelligent machine that can really reason and solve problems. These machines just look intelligent, but they don't really have intelligence and won't have autonomous consciousness.
The mainstream scientific research focuses on the field of weak artificial intelligence, and it is generally believed that this research field has made considerable achievements. The research of strong artificial intelligence is at a standstill.
Conclusions and opinions:
The research content and application fields of artificial intelligence are extensive, which determines the opportunity for artificial intelligence to be widely used in various work fields in the future, and is the trend of future social development. To this end, we need generations to work hard for it. We should not only make a breakthrough in weak artificial intelligence, but also make great progress in strong artificial intelligence. For artificial intelligence, many people will pay more or less energy for it now and in the future, for a better tomorrow. Looking forward to the future, artificial intelligence can be better integrated into all aspects of society and benefit mankind.
Guess you like:
1. Views on artificial intelligence
2. Attitude towards artificial intelligence composition
3. English composition on the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence
4. The influence of English composition on artificial intelligence
5. What influence does artificial intelligence have on our English composition?
6. How does artificial intelligence affect human English composition?
7. The influence of artificial intelligence on human composition
8. Artificial intelligence affects life.