1, industrial pollution

In the Yellow River pollution, industrial wastewater pollution accounts for 60%-70%, domestic sewage pollution accounts for about 30%, and agricultural and other pollution accounts for less than 10%. According to the monitoring data, the discharge of working wastewater in the Yellow River Basin in 2005 was 3.2 billion t, accounting for 73.5% of the total sewage. Industry is a major polluter of the Yellow River, and so are five industries: chemical industry, food, brewing, petroleum processing, coking and paper making. According to statistics, the COD emissions of these five industries account for about 90% of the working wastewater emissions of the Yellow River. Ammonia nitrogen emissions account for about 80% of industrial wastewater in the Yellow River. From the composition of industrial pollution, the pollutants in the Yellow River are mainly organic, with ammonia nitrogen, biochemistry, oxygen demand, petroleum, dissolved oxygen, volatile phenol and mercury as the main components, and some heavy metals also obviously exceed the standard.

2. Agricultural non-point source pollution

The threat of agricultural non-point source pollution to the Yellow River is mainly manifested in farmland runoff, soil erosion and decentralized farming. Data show that by 2007, the annual inflow of non-point source pollution in the Yellow River Basin has exceeded 390,000 t, 6.5438+0.5 million t, 6.5438+0.3 million t and 20,000 t respectively.

3. There is a shortage of water resources in the basin and the flow is reduced.

The Yellow River itself is a river with relatively poor water resources. In addition, in recent years, due to climate change, the rainfall in the basin tends to decrease, and the overall water volume of the Yellow River is decreasing. On the other hand, the demand for the Yellow River in the economic and social development of the Yellow River basin has increased sharply, which has continuously improved the development and utilization rate of the Yellow River water resources, directly led to insufficient ecological environment flow in the basin, and aggravated the deterioration of the water environment quality in the basin. On the one hand, the inflow of water is decreasing, on the other hand, the inflow of pollution is increasing, which makes the water pollution situation of the Yellow River more severe.

4. Urban sewage treatment rate is low, and sewage is directly discharged into rivers.

Urban sewage treatment is not up to standard, and a large number of substandard or even untreated sewage is directly discharged into the Yellow River, which is a major factor leading to the pollution of the Yellow River. According to statistics, around 2007, the actual daily sewage treatment in the Yellow River Basin was less than 0.9 million t, and the treatment rate was only 13%, far below the national average.

5. The local government pays insufficient attention to environmental protection and insufficient investment in environmental protection;

The industrial structure of the basin is unreasonable and the economic growth mode is extensive; Poor pollution supervision and management system and lax enforcement of environmental protection are also important factors affecting the water quality of the Yellow River.

6. The pollution of the Yellow River has seriously affected people's life and life safety.

1999, pollution occurred in the reach below Longmen of the Yellow River, and the water supply of the Yellow River in some downstream cities was forced to stop for one month. In 2003, the Yellow River suffered the most serious pollution since the measured records, Sanmenxia Reservoir became a sewage reservoir, and the seventh water diversion from the Yellow River to Tianjin was forced to be interrupted. In 2004, a serious water pollution incident occurred in Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River, which lasted for 1 1 day, and the ecology of the 340km section from Sanhu estuary to Wanjiazhai reservoir of the Yellow River was seriously damaged. It is the responsibility and task of the Yellow River management workers to control the pollution of the Yellow River and protect the good water environment of the Yellow River, and it is also an urgent task to ensure scientific development.

Two, the Yellow River Basin water pollution prevention and control measures

1, non-engineering measures are management measures. Mainly according to the main causes of water pollution in river basins, the actual situation and the functional needs of water bodies, we should strengthen the legal system construction, make overall planning, strengthen supervision and management, minimize the discharge of point source and non-point source pollutants and rivers, and prevent and reduce the pollution to the ground and groundwater.

(1) To administer rivers according to law, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of legal system and protect water resources according to law in light of the basin's own situation. National laws such as water law and water pollution prevention law are not enough. It is also necessary to strengthen the construction of the legal system, establish a more detailed and easy-to-operate legal system according to the actual situation of the river basin, and protect water resources according to law. As far as the Yellow River Basin is concerned, over the years, the basin water resources protection agencies, together with the water conservancy and environmental protection departments of relevant provinces (regions), have successively formulated some regulations (measures) for the prevention and control of water pollution in river systems, and some provinces (regions) have also formulated local standards for the discharge of water pollutants. However, the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Yellow River, which is related to the overall situation of the basin, has not yet been promulgated and implemented, although it has been many years, and the draft has been changed several times. It should be noted that this regulation meets the objective needs of unified management of river basin water resources and is an improvement of management methods. Under the favorable conditions that the state attaches great importance to the prevention and control of water pollution in the Yellow River, it should be implemented as soon as possible. In addition, according to the investigation of sewage outlets into the river and the implementation of water intake permit system in recent years, the implementation measures of water environment management and centralized management measures of water quality monitoring should be formulated as soon as possible. In practical work, in addition to administrative and legal means, we should also use economic means to increase the collection of water resources fees and impose economic penalties on those who use and waste water resources unreasonably. In order to limit wastewater discharge, promote wastewater treatment and protect the quality of water environment, it is necessary to levy "water pollution compensation fee".

(2) do a good job in publicity, increase publicity efforts, and raise the awareness of the whole people to protect water resources. Water resources protection is a mass work, and only with the participation of the masses in the basin can good results be achieved. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the publicity and implementation of new water law, water pollution prevention law and other laws and regulations, and raise the awareness of water resources protection of the whole people.

2. Engineering Measures In the case of wide range, long duration and heavy degree of river water pollution, it is not enough to control or reduce pollution only by non-engineering measures, and targeted engineering measures are also needed. Engineering measures are governance measures. It mainly includes various wastewater treatment devices (facilities), sewage treatment plants and treatment systems with different treatment depths. In the planning of water resources protection in the Yellow River basin, it is generally divided into three levels: decentralized treatment of key pollution sources (industrial and mining enterprises), and selection of targeted treatment devices or facilities according to their wastewater characteristics; Centralized treatment of urban domestic sewage by sewage treatment plants with different treatment depths; In areas with suitable natural conditions, based on the principle of adapting measures to local conditions, the sewage land ecological treatment system is basically adopted, that is, the sewage reuse project is implemented. In some heavily polluted river sections of large and medium-sized cities, these three levels are considered as systematic engineering, and the combination scheme of engineering measures has been optimized.

(1) A large number of high-efficiency sewage treatment plants have been built, and the treatment level of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage in the provinces and key cities in the Yellow River Basin is far below the national average. Comprehensive advanced treatment of wastewater is the fundamental measure to control pollution. Therefore, a large number of efficient sewage treatment plants should be built to greatly improve the urban and industrial wastewater treatment rate, wastewater treatment compliance rate and wastewater treatment depth. At present, it is necessary to meet the discharge standard of wastewater first, and then further reduce the discharge of wastewater and pollutants. Of the 3.95 billion tons of wastewater discharged into the Yellow River Basin in 2004, less than 20% was treated by sewage treatment plants, and a large amount of untreated wastewater with high concentration pollutants was directly discharged into the Yellow River. According to incomplete statistics, there are 932 first-class tributaries of the Yellow River Basin with 7 1 sewage outlet, and the water quality exceeds Class V, accounting for 53.5% ... The annual sewage volume of the basin: 973,000 tons of chemical oxygen demand and 654.38+240,000 tons of ammonia nitrogen ... Therefore, many seriously polluted wastewater, sewage and river water are directly or indirectly discharged into the Yellow River. How can the Yellow River not be polluted? We can order the closure of one or several factories, but we can't order most factories to stop production, and we can't stop the tributaries that collect a lot of wastewater and have serious pollution from flowing into the Yellow River. Therefore, the state and local governments should increase investment, build a large number of high-efficiency sewage treatment plants according to local conditions, strictly treat wastewater and meet the discharge standards.

(2) Take effective water-saving measures. In the utilization of water resources in the Yellow River basin, agricultural water is the main use, and large diversion, large storage and large flood irrigation are the majority. Backward irrigation methods, large water consumption, low water use efficiency and serious waste have led to a large loss of pesticides and fertilizers in the soil and aggravated water pollution. At present, the water price of most gravity irrigation areas in the basin is less than 40% of the cost, and the downstream water price is only 18% of the cost. If measures such as price lever, advanced irrigation control technology, farmland engineering and water-saving management are taken, the water-saving potential of agricultural irrigation water is huge. In view of the huge water-saving potential of the Yellow River basin, we should vigorously carry out water-saving planning of the Yellow River basin, attach importance to popularizing water-saving technologies, formulate relevant water-saving laws and regulations, and strengthen water-saving management. Saving water is not only an important way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the Yellow River basin, but also an important way to effectively protect water resources and reduce water pollution in the Yellow River.

(III) Strengthening the Construction of Ecological Engineering While preventing and controlling water pollution, the relevant departments should also strengthen the rational utilization of water resources in the basin and the construction of ecological engineering, plant grass and trees, close hillsides to facilitate afforestation, protect vegetation, conserve water sources, comprehensively improve the ecological environment of the basin, and reduce the pollution of the Yellow River by soil erosion.