Tagore (1861~1941)

Rabindranath Tagore

Indian poet, writer, artist and social activist. He is an influential figure who introduced Indian culture to the west and introduced western culture to India.

all one's life

186 1 was born in Kolkata, West Bengal on May 7th, and 194 1 died in the same place on August 7th. This family belongs to the Brahmin caste, a merchant and landlord. Grandfather Deval Jenat Tagore and father Dai Bandera Nat Tagore are both social activists who support social reform. Tagore attended Oriental College, Normal School and Bangladesh College, but did not complete his formal studies. His knowledge comes from the advice of his father, brother and tutor and his own efforts.

/kloc-began to write poetry at the age of 0/3, and/kloc-published patriotic poem "For Hindu Temple Fair" at the age of 0/4. From 65438 to 0878, he followed the wishes of his father and brother and went to England to study. He studied law first, then transferred to London University to study English literature and study western music. 1880 returned to China, specializing in literary creation. 1884, he left the city and went to the countryside to manage his ancestral land. 190 1 year, founded a school in Santiktan, near Bolpur, Bangladesh. 192 1 year, this school developed into an international university for the exchange of Asian culture. After 1905, the national liberation movement reached its climax, and the people of Bangladesh and all India opposed the decision to split Bangladesh, forming a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement. Tagore went to Calcutta to take part in sports. He was filled with indignation and wrote many patriotic poems. However, he soon disagreed with other leaders of the movement. He disapproved of the people's "direct action" to burn British goods and insult the British, but advocated doing more "constructive" work, such as going to the countryside to develop industry and eliminate poverty and ignorance.

He quit the movement in 1907 and returned to the holy land of Nikitan, living in seclusion and burying himself in writing. 19 13 years, because of the English version of Gitanjaly (Ode to Sacrifice, published in 19 1 1), it won the Nobel Prize in Literature and became famous in the world literary world. He was awarded a doctorate by Calcutta University. The British government conferred a title on him. After the outbreak of World War I, he crossed the ocean 10 times, visited dozens of countries and regions, spread peace and friendship, and engaged in cultural exchanges.

19 19, Amritsar tragedy happened, and the British army shot and killed 1000 Indian civilians. Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest. 1930, he visited the Soviet Union and wrote Russian Letters. He condemned the invasion of Abyssinia by Italian fascists. Support the Spanish government against fascist leader Franco. After the outbreak of World War II, he wrote an article denouncing Hitler's unjust behavior. He has always been concerned about world politics and the fate of the people and supported the just cause of mankind.

create

In his creative activities in the past 70 years, Tagore wrote more than 50 poems, 12 novellas, 100 short stories, more than 20 plays, a large number of works in literature, philosophy and politics, and also created more than 1500 paintings and more than 2,000 songs, including 65,438.

/kloc-after 0/3 years old, Tagore published long poems such as Wild Flowers and Poet's Tales. From 188 1 ~ 1885, lyric poetry collections such as Sunset Song, Morning Song, Painting and Song, as well as dramas and novels were published. Drama and novels are mainly epics and past books, and poetry is full of romanticism. 1886, the publication of the poetry collection "Rigid and Soft" marked that he entered a period of facing life and real life directly on his creative road. Yearning in the Heart is his first mature work, and his unique style has begun to take shape. During this period, he also wrote the plays "King and Queen" and "Sacrifice", opposing the restoration of the privileges and backward customs of Brahman priests. The 65438+1990s was the heyday of Tagore's creation. Starting from 189 1, satana, edited by him, published more than 60 short stories, including Moya Moya, which mainly opposed feudal oppression and exposed unreasonable phenomena in real life. Five lyric poems, short philosophical poems 1, poetry anthology 1 and story poetry anthology 1 were published. The narrative poem "Two Mu of Land" in Colorful Collection is the highest embodiment of the author's democratic thought. Starting with Examples, he began to write poems in Bengali dialect. Most of the poems in his second English-translated collection of poems, The Gardener Collection, are selected from the works of this period.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Tagore suffered personal misfortune, and the grief and sadness of losing his wife, daughter and father were recorded in the poetry collections Memories, Children and Ferry. He also wrote two novels, Little Sand and Shipwreck. 19 10, the novel "Gora" was published, which reflected the complex phenomenon in Indian social life and shaped the image of a soldier who fought for national freedom and liberation. Praise the patriotic enthusiasm of new Hindus and their confidence in the freedom of the motherland, but also criticize their thoughts of maintaining the old tradition; The dogmatism and worship of foreign things and flattery of some people in Vatican society have also been whipped. During this period, he also created symbolic dramas "The King" and "Post Office" and satirical drama "Stubborn Fortress". 19 10, the Bengali poetry collection "Chittaglia" was published. Later, when Tagore lived in London, he translated some poems from "Chittaglia", "Ferry" and "Dedication" into English. In 19 13, the English version of "Chittaglia" was published, and Tagore became. He entered another creative climax, and published poems such as Garland of Songs, Ode, White Crane, Escape, novella Four People and Family and the World. In the 1920s, Tagore continued to write, publishing dramas such as Mokdotara and Red Oleander, novels such as Controversy, The Last Poetry and some poems. In 1930s, he published the novels Two Sisters, Garden and Four Chapters. Drama "Wheels of the Times" and "Kingdom of Cards"; Poetry "Once again", "Marginal Collection" and political lyric poem "Buddha's Ritual". 194 1 In April, he wrote his last words, the famous Crisis of Civilization, accusing the British colonial rule and expressing his firm belief in national independence.

Ideological development and artistic achievements

Tagore was born in an era of rapid change and was influenced by traditional Indian philosophy and western philosophy. But the most basic and core part of his world outlook is the traditional pantheism in India, that is, "the unity of Brahma and Me". In Colorful Collection, he first put forward the concept of "God of Life". His devotion to God is combined with his love for life, country and people. But it also casts a strong mysticism on his poems. In addition, he advocated the spiritual civilization of the East, but did not obliterate the material civilization of the West. All these make his thoughts full of contradictions, which are manifested in his creation. Throughout Tagore's life thought and creative development, it can be roughly divided into three stages:

① From childhood until around 19 10, he took an active part in anti-British political activities, praised national heroes, preached patriotism and advocated great national unity in India.

② He lived in seclusion to 19 19 and actively participated in the national movement again. His patriotic enthusiasm faded slightly, and his poems with strong political content were replaced by poems with mysterious meanings. These poems were also influenced by western symbolism and aestheticism and advocated love and harmony.

③ From the Amritsar tragedy in 19 19 until his death, he began to care about politics and actively participated in the national liberation struggle. His works are full of political passion, broad vision and great concern for the world and mankind. It can be said that Tagore's life's creation has both "Bodhisattva's compassion" and "King Kong's glare". Influenced by Indian classical literature, western poetry and Bangladeshi folk lyrics, most of his poems are rhymed and unabridged free poems and prose poems. Influenced by western novels, his novels are innovative, especially the combination of poetry and painting to form a unique style.

Tagore and Tagore of China have always emphasized the necessity of unity, friendship and cooperation between Indian and China people. 188 1 year, he wrote "the trade of death", condemning the crime of Britain dumping opium to China and poisoning the people of China. 19 16 delivered a speech in Japan, attacking Japanese militarists' aggression against China. /kloc-visited China in 0/924, and returned to China to publish a talk in China. From 65438 to 0937, after Japanese imperialism launched the war of aggression against China, he published many open letters, talks and poems, denounced Japanese imperialism and sympathized with and supported the just struggle of the people of China. The early works of China writers Guo Moruo, Zheng Zhenduo, Bing Xin and Xu Zhimo were mostly influenced by him. His works were introduced to China as early as 19 15. In the past decades, there have been many Chinese translations and comments on his works. 196 1 In order to commemorate his centenary birthday, People's Literature Publishing House published 10 volumes of Tagore's works.

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