Many experts said in an interview with this newspaper that this is another innovation in the urban household registration management system, which is conducive to the free flow of population elements between urban and rural areas and between towns, and is conducive to accelerating the implementation of the new urbanization strategy with people as the core.
Who will benefit directly from the liberalization of settlement?
Among the tasks, the most concerned is the measures to increase the reform of the household registration system. On the basis that small and medium-sized cities and towns with permanent urban population of less than 6.5438+0000 have gradually lifted the restrictions on settlement, the task requires that large cities with permanent urban population of 6.5438+0000 to 3 million should completely lift the restrictions on settlement; Large cities with a permanent population of 3 million to 5 million in urban areas should fully liberalize and relax the conditions for settlement, and completely cancel the restrictions on the settlement of key groups.
The reform of household registration system is one of the important contents of urbanization. 20 14 the State Council's opinion on further promoting the reform of the household registration system puts forward that the restrictions on the settlement of established towns and small cities should be fully liberalized, and the restrictions on the settlement of medium-sized cities should be liberalized in an orderly manner. Nowadays, it is undoubtedly a great breakthrough in the history of China's household registration system reform to completely cancel the restrictions on settlement and relax the conditions for settlement in big cities with a permanent population of less than 3 million.
The reporter checked the latest statistics of urban population and construction land released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. In 20 17, there were 9 cities with urban population over 5 million, namely Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Wuhan, and the cities with urban population between 3 million and 5 million were Xi, Shenyang, Harbin, Kunming, Zhengzhou, Hangzhou, Jinan, Qingdao and Dalian. This means that even though the population of some cities has increased since the release of data in 20 17, most of the 66 1 cities in China will no longer have restrictions on settlement.
"This policy is mainly to solve the problem of the settlement of urban stock population, that is, to help those agricultural transfer population who have already been employed in cities and towns to settle in cities." Fan Yi, a researcher at the Center for Urban and Small Town Reform and Development of the National Development and Reform Commission, said in an interview with this newspaper that from the current situation, the floating population accounts for about 17%- 18% of the national population. These people have lived in the city and have a strong sense of identity and belonging to the city. Solving the settlement problem of these 200 million people is related to social stability and development.
At the same time, the "Task" proposes that the municipal government should explore the adoption of differentiated and accurate settlement policies and actively promote the settlement of rural poor people who have established a file card. Experts said that this move can help those poor people who lack development opportunities to integrate into the city and get rid of poverty; Allowing permanent residents of rental houses to settle in urban public accounts will lower the threshold for urban settlement, and the restrictive effect of the household registration system on population mobility will be greatly reduced.
A large number of people have flowed into big cities, and small and medium-sized cities are facing shrinking?
In addition to loosening the restrictions on settlement in big cities, the task also proposes to adjust and improve the settlement policy of points, greatly increase the scale of settlement, and streamline the points projects to ensure that the social security payment years and residence years account for the main proportion. One view predicts that this will intensify the competition between cities, a large number of people will enter big cities, and some small and medium-sized cities will face population contraction.
Liao Hongle, a researcher at the Rural Economic Research Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said in an interview with this newspaper that the liberalization of settlement restrictions in big cities and megacities will intensify competition among cities to some extent. There will be competition not only between big cities and megacities, but also between big cities and small towns.
Fan Yi believes that the changes of household registration system in different levels of cities do not necessarily affect each other. In the future, the relationship between different cities depends on economic development. The liberalization of settlement is an opportunity for the fair development of cities at different levels, while the development opportunities of small and medium-sized cities may not necessarily decrease.
The reporter noted that many provincial capital cities and second-tier cities have been called "grabbing people" by the media. Among the conditions given by these cities, in addition to the "zero threshold to settle down", there are often various supporting conditions. It is not difficult to find that population mobility is a comprehensive problem, and people will predict and evaluate the costs and benefits before choosing which city to settle in. As Liao Hongle said: "Those towns with dynamic industries, many employment opportunities, high level of public services, excellent working and living environment and distinctive features are more competitive, their population will show a net inflow, and towns will become more and more prosperous. On the contrary, the urban population may show a net outflow trend, and towns will eventually decline. "
How to understand the concept of "shrinking the city" first put forward by Task? Fan Yi pointed out that the concept of shrinking city comes from the urban research in Europe and America, and the evaluation standard is the decrease of urban population, and the cities with decreased population are called shrinking cities.
Fan Yi believes that there are three misunderstandings about urban shrinkage at present. First of all, we should not judge the urban contraction by the decrease of the population in urban areas, but should examine the increase and decrease of the urban population; Secondly, the whole city cannot be replaced by local areas (such as township streets), and the hollowing out of the central city does exist at a certain stage of urbanization; In addition, resource-exhausted cities or cities with difficult adjustment of industrial structure in resource-based cities have little to do with the household registration system because of the shrinking of cities due to the hollowing out of industries.
The "Task" makes it clear that megacities should not spread out in disorder, big cities should improve the level of refined management, and small and medium-sized cities should develop in a classified way. Among them, metropolitan areas and potential small and medium-sized cities should promote the local urbanization of population; Shrinking small and medium-sized cities should slim down and keep fit, strictly control the increment and revitalize the stock; Border cities strengthen the role of stability and guarding the border; We will steadily increase a number of small and medium-sized cities and implement the establishment of cities in extra-large towns where non-county governments are resident. Experts said that these measures to promote the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities will eventually promote the free allocation of population in a larger space.
Liao Hongle said that the free flow of population between urban and rural areas and between towns will lead to the free flow of other production factors, which may eventually form a vibrant urban agglomeration or metropolitan area.
The city has a large population, will public services be discounted?
"China's urbanization is a new urbanization with people as the core. We must solve the problem from the perspective of people's needs. At present, we must take two steps. " Fan Yi believes that the first is "health", that is, if people want to enter the city, they must lower the threshold for urban settlement and let people enjoy the dividend of urban development fairly; The second is "pushing", that is, pushing public services. If a city wants to develop, it must constantly improve public services and infrastructure, and provide suitable working, living and leisure space for its population.
How to live better in the city? Will public services be discounted after the urban population increases? This hit the pain point of many people who have settled in the city and want to settle down.
It is the responsibility of the government to expand the increment of public services, and it is also the performance of urban development. In order to make the rural floating population realize the income of work, education, medical care, old-age care and housing in cities, the Task proposes to promote the full coverage of basic public services for permanent residents, ensure that all permanent residents who are willing to settle down hold residence permits, and encourage all regions to gradually expand the public services and convenience projects attached to residence permits. Some analysts believe that this means that education, medical care, social security, housing and other benefits will be greatly tilted towards the permanent population of the city.
Liao Hongle believes that it is a complex systematic project to promote the full coverage of basic public services when permanent residents settle in cities and towns. It is necessary to ensure that the basic public services of the new permanent population are improved, and that the basic public services of the original permanent population are not reduced. It involves not only the adjustment of government responsibilities and interests between urban and rural areas, but also the adjustment of government responsibilities and interests between different towns.
In this regard, Liao Hongle proposed that to achieve this goal, we must rely on investment and reform. For example, in the compulsory education stage, local governments need to expand or build more public schools, and also need to reform the college entrance examination system, the allocation of education funds and the allocation of college enrollment indicators; In terms of housing security, local governments should not only invest in building more affordable housing, but also do more reform and exploration in rural collective land expropriation and rural collective construction land entering the market. In terms of old-age care and medical security, it is necessary to break through the barriers between urban and rural areas and between different towns to ensure that permanent residents enjoy basic old-age care and medical services in their permanent places.
How should the countryside develop in the case of continuous outflow of population?
According to international experience, urbanization can be divided into three stages: slow development (urbanization level below 30%), accelerated development (urbanization level between 30% and 70%) and stable development (urbanization level above 70%). Liao Hongle told reporters that China is currently in the stage of accelerated urbanization, which is expected to last until 2035, and then enter the stage of steady development. So in the next 15 to 20 years, more rural people will flow to cities and towns.
Since the migration of population from rural areas to cities and towns is an inevitable phenomenon, how to deal with the relationship between cities and rural areas? How to develop rural areas in the process of urbanization?
"Urbanization development and rural revitalization are like two tracks of a railway, going hand in hand." Liao Hongle pointed out that China's decades-long urban-rural division system has set many obstacles for urban-rural integration, and one goal of building a modern power is to gradually narrow and eventually eliminate the differences between urban and rural areas, that is, to achieve urban-rural integration. Therefore, we must fundamentally reform the existing urban system and rural system at the same time, and reform those systems and rules that hinder the free flow of urban and rural production factors and the equalization of urban and rural basic public services, such as urban and rural land system, urban and rural household registration management system, urban and rural social security system and rural collective property rights system.
Urbanization is the only way to modernization, and it is also an important way to solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers. Fan Yi believes that in the past, rural development depended on and guaranteed cities, and various factors flowed to cities in one direction; In the future, it is necessary to realize the two-way flow of factors between urban and rural areas and promote integrated development. "As urban and rural household registration is no longer a limitation of population development, what we have to solve is how to make urban population flow to rural areas, such as consumption, leisure and life in rural areas."