I. Structure and nutritional distribution of cereals
Except for their different shapes and sizes, all kinds of cereal seeds are basically similar in structure, consisting of husk, endosperm and germ, accounting for 13%- 15%, 83%-87% and 2%-3% of the grain weight respectively.
The chaff is the shell of grain, which is mainly composed of cellulose and hemicellulose, and contains high ash and fat. Aleurone layer, which lies between husk and endosperm, contains more phosphorus, B vitamins and inorganic salts, and has important nutritional significance. However, when grinding, it is easy to peel off and mix with bran.
Endosperm is the main part of grain, which contains a lot of starch and a certain amount of protein. Protein content is higher near the endosperm and lower towards the center of the endosperm.
The germ is located at one end of the grain and is rich in fat, protein, inorganic salts, B vitamins and vitamin E. The germ is soft and tough, and it is not easy to be crushed, but it is easy to be separated from the endosperm and lost during processing.
Second, the nutritional composition of grain.
1. The content of protein in protein varies with varieties, climate, regions and processing methods. Protein content is generally in the range of 7.5%- 15%. It is mainly composed of gluten, albumin, gliadin and globulin.
The protein ratio of different cereals is different, and gliadin and glutenin are the main components in cereal protein.
The nutritional value of protein in cereal protein is generally lower than that in animal food, because the composition of essential amino acids is unbalanced, the content of lysine is low, and the contents of threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and methionine are low. For example, the biological values of rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet and corn in protein are 77, 67 and 60 respectively.
Because cereals account for a large proportion in the diet and are an important source of dietary protein, amino acid fortification and protein complementation are often used to improve the nutritional value of cereal protein. If 0.2%-0.3% lysine is added to rice, its protein biological value can be obviously improved.
2. Carbohydrate cereals mainly contain starch, the content of which is above 70%, in addition to dextrin, pentosan, glucose and fructose. Starch is the most ideal and economical energy for human beings.
3. The fat content of fat grains is low, with rice and wheat being 1%-2% and corn and millet being 4%. Mainly concentrated in aleurone layer and germ, it is easy to be converted into by-products during grain processing.
Rice bran can extract rice bran oil, oryzanol and sitosterol which are closely related to human health. Germ oil extracted from corn and wheat germ is 80% unsaturated fatty acid, of which linoleic acid accounts for 60%, which has the functions of lowering serum cholesterol and preventing atherosclerosis.
4. The mineral content of mineral grains is about 65,438+0.5%-3%, which mainly exists in chaff and aleurone layer. Among them, phosphorus and calcium mainly exist in the form of phytate, and their digestion and absorption are poor. Grain contains less iron, about 1.5-3 mg/ 100 g.
5. Vitamin cereals are important sources of B vitamins, such as thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine, which are mainly distributed in aleurone layer and germ. The higher the precision of grain processing, the less germ and aleurone layer are retained, and the more vitamins are lost. Corn and millet contain a small amount of carotene.
Whole grains are a "big family", such as indica rice, glutinous rice, millet, corn, buckwheat, black beans, broad beans, red beans, mung beans and sweet potatoes. Nutritionists have analyzed that whole grains have higher nutritional value than refined flour and rice, and have many functions such as cancer prevention.
Nowadays, people's living standards are constantly improving, and they often eat polished rice and fine noodles, chicken, duck and fish for three meals a day, which leads to the "rich disease". As a result, whole grains have become "new favorites". Indeed, the combination of coarse grains with flour and rice can avoid malnutrition and various nutritional diseases caused by improper diet. Here are some of the best healthy ways to eat whole grains.
Steamed brown rice "scraped" fat.
When we go to a restaurant, we occasionally eat a kind of rice porridge with a different taste from that at home. Although it is also cooked with rice, it tastes and smells better than rice porridge. This is steamed brown rice. The biggest feature of brown rice is that it contains germ, which is high in vitamins and cellulose. Eating regularly can reduce fat and cholesterol. Brown rice also contains a lot of zinc, which can improve rough skin.
Brown rice, as the name implies, is brown rice, and most of the rice grains are covered with rice skin. Brown rice is generally available in supermarkets, and fragrant brown or light brown brown brown rice is the best. Before steaming brown rice, soak it for about 30 minutes, and then cook it like normal rice porridge. Steamed brown rice can stimulate the secretion of gastric juice and contribute to the digestion and absorption of nutrients. But diabetics had better not drink this kind of brown rice porridge directly. Usually drinking rice porridge directly may lead to a sudden increase in blood sugar.
Sorghum is suitable as a snack.
"Red Sorghum" once made a generation have a unique feeling for the plateau, but you would never think that the most suitable way to eat such rough food is to make snacks.
Sorghum rice porridge is a bit rough, but it is much more delicate and nutritious when ground into flour for snacks. Sorghum rice is the most suitable snack called sorghum cake, which is to grind sorghum rice into powder, add baking powder, sugar, eggs and appropriate amount of water to make it thick, knead it into dough, steam it flat, fry it in an oil pan and sprinkle sesame seeds.
Sorghum cake is not easy to digest for some people with slightly poor gastrointestinal function. You can try to make some sorghum soup, for example, adding a little sorghum when making tremella soup or corn soup can add some rich flavor to the original nutritious soup.
Coix seed soup is the most nourishing.
Coix seed is more like kernel than rice, so there are many places called Coix seed. Now more people like to eat coix seed, because the unique living environment of coix seed makes it less harmful, and it likes to grow in wet places. In many places, barley is grown in mountains or rivers.
Many people like to eat full-bodied coix seed, which tastes fresh and glutinous, but few people know that coix seed has many functions. Chinese medicine believes that coix seed can strengthen bones and muscles, strengthen spleen and stomach, eliminate edema, remove rheumatism and clear lung heat. Coix seed is a very good tonic for women. A large amount of vitamin B 1 can make the skin smooth and fair, and it can also play an anti-uterine cancer role.
Coix seed is slightly cold and should not be cooked in porridge or eaten alone. It is very suitable to make soup with some foods that can be warmed up. You can stew chicken legs, tomatoes and barley together, which is not only easy to digest, but also has a very good nourishing effect. Coix seed is not easy to digest, so try not to eat more, especially for the elderly, children and people with stomach cold and gastritis. When you eat coix seed, you must eat it in moderation, not too much.
Eat buckwheat noodles for a long time
Buckwheat flour is a kind of gray-black flour. Although it looks ugly, it has high nutritional value. There are various ways to eat buckwheat noodles, but people are most used to making noodles with it. The protein of buckwheat is higher than that of rice and flour, especially for growing children, which is more suitable for them to eat some buckwheat noodles. Among them, lysine and arginine will surprise parents with their children's growth speed and intelligence, but parents should also pay attention to something when making soba noodles for their children.
It is best to mix buckwheat noodles with minced meat and cucumber. Buckwheat noodles are cold and easy to hurt the stomach, so they must be soaked for a long time until they become soft, taste better and are easier to digest. Cucumber can make buckwheat noodles less greasy, and minced meat is best with minced mutton, which warms the stomach and goes well with buckwheat.
The most suitable people to eat buckwheat are the elderly and children, and occasionally eat buckwheat noodles, which can be used by the elderly to lower blood fat and blood pressure. Buckwheat is essential for children to grow up. Although buckwheat noodles are delicious, they are not suitable for breakfast and dinner, which is easy to damage the stomach or difficult to digest. You can't eat too much at a time, and the principle of moderation is the best.
Glutinous rice is best for making mash.
Glutinous rice can be used to cook porridge or make dumplings, but the healthiest and most magical way is to make mash wine. Glutinous rice can help digestion and soothe the nerves, and can relieve symptoms of fatigue and dizziness. These effects of glutinous rice are more prominent after being made into mash, and it is more convenient to eat and is not limited by dosage.
We can mix glutinous rice, coix seed, lotus seed powder, yam powder, Gordon Euryale seed powder, Poria cocos powder and distiller's yeast in a proper amount, put the evenly mixed raw materials into a porcelain-lined basin, add a proper amount of water, steam them in a steamer for 1 hour, take them out and let them cool, mix them with distiller's yeast, and put the basin at about 25℃, 36 ~ 45℃. If you like sweets, you can add some rock sugar. Fermented wine can be taken at noon and evening, which not only helps digestion, but also calms the nerves and makes the stomach feel very comfortable.
In addition, coix seed tonifies spleen and diuresis, lotus seed and yam tonify spleen and kidney, poria cocos tonifies qi, and all kinds of raw materials are matched to tonify deficiency and strengthen body. Laozhao wine is really the most nutritious and healthy match.
Oat eight-treasure rice is good for health.
Oats are usually eaten in milk. In fact, occasionally using oats to make eight-treasure rice can play a role in beauty beauty and delaying aging. Oat contains a variety of enzymes, which can not only inhibit the formation of senile plaques, but also delay the aging of human cells. Oat is the best health food for middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
More importantly, oats are rich in soluble fiber, which can promote the excretion of cholic acid, reduce the cholesterol content in blood and reduce the intake of high-fat food. Also, because soluble fiber can absorb a lot of water, it has a strong sense of fullness, and it is particularly effective to lose weight by eating regularly.
Oat eight-treasure rice is prepared by soaking oat, black glutinous rice, long glutinous rice, brown rice, white rice, soybean, soybean, lotus seed, coix seed and red bean in water for one hour, and then cooking. Eight-treasure rice contains more food, dietary fiber and carbohydrates, and is suitable as a staple food.