It has been a long time for farmers to worship Tugu God and pray for a bumper harvest. Tomorrow's Atlas of Haiyan County reads: "Today's social altar is one mile northwest of West Gate." "There are clubs in the altar, and there are hundreds of households in the sea, one for each. Hong Wu Chu, with 441 schools, worships the god of five soils and five grains and prays for the spring and autumn. " In the future, temples will be abandoned, and farmers will worship the land gods in Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mid-Autumn Festival and Spring Festival to pray for a bumper harvest and repay God's blessing. There are five shrines (temples) at the entrance of each village. The temple is quite small, with a height of 1 m and a width of 0.5-0.7 m. They are made of blue bricks and look like a cave with a statue or a piece of red paper written on it. Gradually disappeared after the 1950 s.

Every Spring Festival, farmers will buy a "Spring Cattle Map" and post it in nave. Stick red paper on the iron tower, hoe, buffalo and other agricultural tools and grain storage devices. Some wrote words like "good weather" and "abundant crops", indicating "welcome the arrival of spring". In the early morning of the New Year's Day, you can see the wind and cloud and predict the major events in the field. As the saying goes, "When you get old, you will be familiar with Tian He." . February 12 (the eighth day of February) is the Flower Dynasty, commonly known as Baihua Birthday. It is a year of sunny weather, warm spring in bloom and rich flowers and fruits. Farmers cooperate to raise cattle for farming, and serve them with water and cars, and regard them as treasures. After the solstice in winter, choose a day to wash the cows and feed them with glutinous rice, aged wine, eggs and bean cakes to nourish them against the cold. This is called respecting cows. Now tractors and electric pumps have replaced cows, and the custom of respecting cows has been abolished. The custom of posting New Year pictures on Spring Festival couplets still exists, but the content is updated.

At the beginning of spring sowing, the sower will have a hearty meal, thinking that the stomach is full and the seedlings will grow strong, and the grain will be abundant in the future. The first day of transplanting rice seedlings is called "opening the seedling door", and housewives must come to order and strengthen their physical strength. When pulling out seedlings, a young man went to the fields first, and the whole family pulled out three seedlings before going to the fields. Rub hands and feet with three seedlings before pulling out seedlings; Not talking when pulling out the first three seedlings can prevent the hands and feet from rotting. Don't say leeches and crooked worms, for fear of being bitten by insects. Before transplanting rice seedlings, young and middle-aged men pick the seedling handle to the edge of the field and throw it into the harrowed paddy field, commonly known as "beating seedlings" to avoid "medium seedling (disaster)", that is, throwing the seedling handle on people. When transplanting rice seedlings, you should also leave your left foot in the ground first. Don't talk or say "rotten" when transplanting three rows of seedlings. On the day after transplanting, call it a day, that is, close the seedling door and prepare some fish and vegetables for a drink. If there are helpers, invite them. The next day, my daughter went back to her mother's house and visited her parents with gifts. If mother's field is not planted well, stay and help transplant rice.

In addition to raising cattle outdoors, farmers are also used to driving water with workers. When driving water, I like to sing songs about driving water, commonly known as "Hatou", which not only counts the amount of driving water, but also increases the enthusiasm of work. Usually four people pedal, and one of them counts the petioles of edamame (or rice thousand).

When the crops are harvested, regardless of the appearance of new rice and new wheat, farmers make new rice and new flour from the first cut rice and wheat, light incense sticks and worship the land and kitchen god. After the sacrifice, family members eat new rice and new flour, which is called new year's goods.

In the past, farmers used to grow a little cotton and spin homespun after harvest to meet the needs of the whole family for a year. This custom did not gradually disappear until the 1970s.

[sericulture]

Farmers worship the silkworm god. Qing Jiaqing's "Jiaxing Fu Zhi" contains: Hai Yan's "Silkworm Temple was founded in the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong, and was sacrificed in the spring of that year". Old people are used to celebrating the birthday of Silkworm Flower on1February 12. People went to Xiancan Temple one after another to light incense sticks and pray for silkworm flowers to flourish. After the temple was destroyed, farmers made cocoons (jiaozi or jiaozi made of rice flour) at home every day as gifts to the silkworm god. People all take "picking silkworm flowers" as a major event. Asking God to be kind to Buddhists must be included in this content. At that time, during the Buddha's drinking, Mr. Sao Sang Zi gave the silkworm flowers made of colored paper, a steelyard and a red handkerchief to the hostess for collection, which was called collecting silkworm flowers. Before and after the Spring Festival, there are beggars who take "sending silkworm flowers" as the content, beating gongs and dancing lions while sending silkworm flowers; There are also beggars who, with the help of the statue of silkworm, knock gongs and sing auspicious words about sericulture, such as "A?vagho?a King and Bodhisattva come to the door and bless the silkworm flowers for 24 minutes". After singing, they take the statue of silkworm for a ride in the silkworm room and wish the silkworm flowers bloom. Farmers think it is auspicious to give rice or jiaozi silkworms on the stove mountain. Most people will invite a silkworm to the Spring Festival or tie their silkworms in the kitchen with red and green paper.

Farmers' silkworms have a hasty harvest and are eager to do the custom of "silkworm divination". Before the 1950s, girls in Tao Tao were asked to predict silkworm rearing. This method is carried out before midnight every year. First, burn incense and light candles. A small bamboo Tao Tao was turned upside down. The two girls separated. Each girl reaches out a finger to get Tao Tao, and then swings from side to side to see how long it takes to pick up Tao Tao. Usually, it is "watching the sky and measuring the silkworms". As the saying goes, "The silkworms will be ripe next year on the winter solstice, and the silkworms will be thin next year on the winter solstice." There is also the custom of "splashing silkworm flowers and water" in the west water network area of the county. That is, when her daughter got married and left Hong Kong, she poured a bucket of water on the other side's bow, saying that when her daughter arrived at her husband's house, she could raise silkworms well.

In the past, sericulture was mostly Yuhang species, and farmers bleached silkworm eggs with brine and quicklime and disinfected them. The Dust Silkworm of Three Dynasties in Grain Rain entered the silkworm month from the day when the ants hatched. Every household, the door is closed, and the side door is in and out, which is not connected with each other. Although we celebrate hanging, we can't stop, so it's commonly known as "Silkworm closes the door". There are many taboos in sericulture. There are filthy and unclean things entering the silkworm house near the silkworm house, sweeping dust indoors, smoking, smoking, frying fish, burning fur, burning wine and vinegar, smelling things, drawing pictures, splashing hot soup in front of the stove, knocking on doors and windows, beating near the spring, scraping pot ash, crying and shouting loudly. When silkworms are overgrown, the doors and windows are covered with curtains. Good peach branches, neem flowers, new broad bean stems, green rape stems and garlic are tied into a bundle, hung on the mountain shed and put a sickle, "passive evil, except collision."

Lifting the silkworm ban after cocoon picking is commonly known as "opening the silkworm door". Close relatives and friends exchange gifts with each other. In the first year, the new son-in-law must have fish, cakes and fruits to visit the Yue family and ask for information about silkworms. He said "watching silkworms", also known as "watching mountains". After selling sloppy or broken soil, the owner often buys some catfish and cattail fans to take back, which means that he wants to get the rake (cattail fan) firmly. The farmer prepared eight bowls of incense and vegetables, worshipped the silkworm god and the kitchen god in the main hall and said, "Thank the silkworm flowers."

Since 1950s, the custom of worshipping the silkworm god has gradually disappeared.

[diet]

Staple food Urban and rural residents have always taken rice as their staple food, sometimes pasta. During the harvest season, farmers have the custom of tasting new things. When the wheat is harvested, they make wheat cakes and get pimples. New valley debut, new rice; After harvesting glutinous rice, make glutinous rice dumplings, sweet wine, etc. Vegetarian kitchen god first, then taste it. Farmers eat more fire, while the townspeople eat steamed rice and winter frost rice, and the rate of meals is high. There is also the habit of "keeping mother's rice", that is, the leftover cold rice is re-cooked with raw rice, which can improve the rice yield. Since 1970s, japonica rice has been gradually planted in urban and rural areas. During the busy farming season, farmers have a dry lunch and a balanced dinner, which adds a little heart to the original meaning; During the slack season, miscellaneous grains, melons and vegetables are mixed with rice as the staple food. Farmers have the habit of "eating dry when busy, eating thin when idle, eating dry in the fields and eating thin at home". Urban residents are used to eating porridge in the morning and evening, and having dry rice for lunch and dinner. Nowadays, most farmers eat three meals a day, and they will be more careful when they are busy.

In daily life, the dishes of urban residents are mainly vegetarian, with vegetarian dishes. In the past, farmers often focused on vegetables and grew their own food. Urban and rural residents make sauces to prepare meals in dog days, and there are stinky stews such as dried tofu, stinky tofu, stinky pumpkin, stinky edamame and stinky vegetable heads at home. It also pickled all kinds of vegetables, such as pickled splash vegetables in spring, pickled vegetables in winter and pear vegetables for vegetables to eat in the off-season. Farmers in the suburbs of Wuyuan generally pickle splash vegetables and kohlrabi and sell them to Shendang, Pinghu and Zhapu. There is a habit of cooking old dried vegetables in urban and rural areas. Burning meat with old dried vegetables is good in color and flavor, and it is not easy to deteriorate overnight in summer. A wedding banquet is usually held for 8 people, with 8- 12 bowls (dishes) per table. There are Dongpo meat, a bowl of braised mutton and boiled taro with mutton. Today's round table 10- 12 people, including cold cuts, stir-fry, dim sum and sweet soup, has more than 16 dishes on the first table. Hosting new relatives and distinguished guests is relatively simple for urban residents, but more particular for farmers. Generally, we should kill chickens to buy meat, and receive them warmly. Cold cuts, stir-fried dishes and big dishes have become popular since the 1980s. Funeral dishes, in the old days, people used vegetarian dishes, mainly tofu, and white wine was also used in funeral to show filial piety, commonly known as "eating tofu rice." In recent years, meat dishes have become a necessary dish for funerals.

Snacks include glutinous rice cakes, zongzi, jiaozi, glutinous rice balls, steamed buns, wonton, mung bean pumpkin, red bean glutinous rice and so on. In particular, glutinous rice cakes are generally made by farmers before the Spring Festival. After making rice cakes, soak them in pickled water (that is, water before spring), which will not go bad for a long time and can be eaten for a month or two. In recent years, giving away cream cakes is quite popular.

In the old days of drinking water, residents in Wuyuan town drank well water, and a few well-off households specially drilled wells to get water. Tianning Temple has three public wells for residents to drink. In other market towns and villages, a few well-off families dig wells to drink water, and most families drink river water. Every family has a water storage tank, which uses alum to purify water, commonly known as "alum to draw water". In the early 1970s, farmers usually dug wells and drank well water. Wuyuan and Shendang usually dig wells and drink well water instead. Residents of Wuyuan and Shendang switched to tap water in 1960s and early 1980s respectively, and in recent years, some villages began to drink tap water.

Drinking has always been an essential wine for ancestor worship and god worship. Agriculture likes to drink white wine, and it is also common for urban residents to drink yellow wine and white wine. Farmers like to brew their own glutinous rice wine before the Spring Festival, which is called "brewing", also known as "Du brewing", which is sweet and delicious. On New Year's Eve, families get together and drink before meals to celebrate the festival. Celebrate the wedding, get together with relatives and friends, and prepare wine as a courtesy. In the past, many blacksmiths, masons, porters, fishermen and boatmen liked white wine. In recent years, beer, wine and various bottled wines are popular in urban and rural areas, and some famous wines and tonic wines are given as gifts to relatives and friends.

Tea drinking was only popular among literati, but it was popular among the people during the reign of Qing emperor Qianlong. Farmers like drinking black tea, while urban residents like drinking green tea. Some old people are addicted to tea. Tea shops are set up in both urban and rural areas, which is the old age. The tea shop is already very lively, and tea customers chat and exchange information. Tea shops include morning market, afternoon market and night market. Town tea shop is also a place for farmers to rest after selling agricultural and sideline products. Both urban and rural residents have the habit of "serving tea before guests come". In recent years, it has become a practice for leading organs to hold various tea parties on major festivals.

[clothing]

Clothing In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the rich gentry wore robes in winter, made of silk and satin, lined with fox skin, mouse skin, sheepskin or silk wool, and put on jackets when they went out. Wear a single coat or blouse in spring, summer and autumn, either silk or yarn. In the early years of the Republic of China, white summer gowns, silk gowns and Xiangyun yarn short-sleeved pants were all the rage. Craftsmen and farmers wear double-breasted homespun shirts in spring, summer and autumn, and long-breasted short cotton-padded jackets and big waist casual pants in winter. In Northeast China (Haitang, Xitangqiao and Tong Yuan), straw mat pattern and plaid pattern homespun are very popular among farmers. It is interwoven with blue and white earth yarns, which spread out in a fan shape at the waist to the calf. It has good warmth retention and is quite popular among middle-aged and elderly people. The style of women's wear is a large-breasted coat and casual pants, and the outer cover is a long skirt. Since 1930s, Chinese tunic suits, suits and cheongsam have appeared in cities and towns, and woven muslin has gradually replaced homespun. Blue stone forest cloth and blue fine cloth have been popular all morning. Young women in cities and towns are popular in wearing cheongsam, while peasant women still wear long-breasted tops and slacks. In the 1950s, the robe and cheongsam disappeared, and the plain clothes in the big skirt and inner skirt gradually decreased. Chinese tunic suit, Lenin suit, worker suit and youth suit are very popular among men and women. Knitted underwear such as twill, khaki and poplin, cotton sweaters, cotton trousers, sanitary shirts and sanitary trousers are well received by the masses. From the middle and late 1970s, Huaying cloth and Huaying blended fabric became popular in urban and rural areas, and woolen tunic suit became popular among young and middle-aged people in rural areas. As costumes for festivals and visits, various fashions and jackets are very popular among young men and women in cities and rural areas. In the 1980s, some young people in cities and rural areas wore suits and jackets.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, men wore black satin melon skin hats, red shirts during celebrations and black shirts at ordinary times. The popular tweed hat, commonly known as the copper basin hat, is worn by many rich families and intellectuals. In 1930s and 1940s, cap and wool cap were very popular among young people in towns. Civilians and farmers wear cooking stoves hats, while the latter wears Luo Song hats. Old ladies are used to wearing a Shuang Ye crepe hat with no brim. Protected on both sides, commonly known as "foreign cover." From the late 1930s, middle-aged and elderly women in some towns began to wear velvet hats and wool hats. Babies usually wear embroidered tiger hats. The meaning of avoiding evil spirits has been gradually replaced by wool hats since the 1940s. Young women generally don't wear hats, and rural women like to wear blue headscarves. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, it was popular for urban and rural residents to wear cloth liberation hats and octagonal hats. Since 1970s, wool liberation hats and workers' hats have been widely popular in cities and rural areas. The old farmer still wears a camel hair stove hat and a Luo Song hat. Knitted snow hats were once popular among urban women.

Footwear and socks In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, urban and rural areas wore dark black round cloth shoes with low tops, mussel-shaped cotton shoes in winter, spiked shoes, spiked shoes or clogs (commonly known as "wooden sleeves") in rainy days, and farmers went barefoot or wore straw sandals in rainy days or fields. Women like to wear gang embroidered shoes when visiting. Since 1930s, sports shoes and running shoes have gradually become popular in cities and towns. Wear low-cut rubber rain boots on rainy days, and the shoes worn by the rich and intellectuals are more and more blocked. Buckle shoes are very popular among young women. Socks used to be cloth socks, white for men and blue for women. Since 1930s, it has been replaced by thread socks. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, shoes and socks have various materials and styles, including high and low balls, rubber rain boots, leather shoes, various running shoes, yarn socks, thread socks and nylon stockings. Since 1970s, plastic artificial leather sandals, slippers and rubber slippers have been popularized in urban and rural areas. Nowadays, middle-heeled shoes are popular among young people, and they wear artificial leather or cowhide sandals in summer. Young women like to wear high heels, but they wear high-heeled cotton shoes in winter. Most socks wear Caplong stockings and various synthetic fiber socks.

Hairstyle In the Qing Dynasty, men wore hair and braids, while gentry wore beards in middle age. Middle-aged girls wear braids and short hair to cover their foreheads, which is called "bangs". When they get married, they twist their facial hair with thread, say "open face", and then braid their hair into a bun, commonly known as "Ya bun". In the early years of the Republic of China, men cut their hair and shaved, and women let go of their feet. Men in urban and rural areas were bald at first, and then they were flat-topped domes. Since 1930s, young people and intellectuals in western cities and towns have kept their hair, while women have cut it short, while elderly women and a large number of rural women in Northeast China still put it in a bun. After liberation, it was very popular for young women to wear double braids. Since then, some people have cut their braids and left short hair, and some people have combed the braids after bangs. In the 1980s, men generally wore western-style hair, while young men mostly wore western-style long sideburns. Young women have long shawl hair, and women have more perms.

In the Qing Dynasty, women wore ears and rings. When the girl got married, the rich family had gold, silver, jade, jade hairpin, hairpin, earrings, bracelets and other accessories. Civilian judgment. There is a folk custom that children wear silver ornaments, usually bracelets or anklets, with a long life lock around their necks. After the Revolution of 1911, bun ornaments were gradually eliminated, and rings, bracelets, earrings and other ornaments became popular among middle and upper class people. Most rings wear pure gold rings, and some middle-aged and elderly people also wear jade rings. There are also elderly people wearing jade bracelets. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, it was not decorated or worn. Rings, necklaces and earrings have become fashionable among young women since the 1980s.

[residence]

Most villages and rural areas live together. A dozen or twenty or thirty families form their own villages, and a few aristocratic families live in larger villages, with one surname as the main name and heteronomy. Houses are usually built on both sides of the river. Hakka farmers in Shaoxing and Wenzhou. Many single-family houses are built of straw houses, which are scattered. Coastal areas are sparsely populated. In the past, salt production and sea salt fishing were sideline businesses. Most houses are built beside the Tanghe River, and a flat bridge has been set up at the entrance of the village. Some villages have gathered 100 to 200 families. Hakka farmers also built tile houses and gathered here.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, urban houses were mostly brick-wood structures, mainly bungalows and two-story buildings. Ordinary houses have single rooms and two rooms. The rich house has three rooms and two halls, facing south, with patio, wall door and mirror wall in front and wing room in the back. The officials, gentry and wealthy families have high stone walls, stone warehouse walls, three floors deep, front living room, middle study room, back bedroom, indoor floor tiles, ceiling, red painted floor, patio, small courtyard, houses and facilities in the middle, walls in front of the house, wind and fire walls next to it, and gardens behind the house. Merchants' houses are mostly two-story buildings facing the street, one or two rooms, fashion shops and upstairs bedrooms. Most houses along the river extend to the water surface, supported by wooden stakes or pillars, and covered with floors. This is called Shui Ge. Houses in rural areas are all houses with three bays and one or two compartments facing south, mainly bungalows. In the northeast of Fengxiang, it is customary to build shacks with sloping roofs and eaves. Since the late 1970s, it has been gradually replaced by new flat-roofed buildings with steel plates and concrete structures.

In the late 1930s, a large number of houses in urban and rural areas were burned by the Japanese army, and the number of straw houses increased. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), residential buildings were built year by year in cities and towns, and by the 1980s, cities and towns had developed into four or five-story complete houses. Since the mid-1960s and the late 1970s, there have been two real estate booms in rural areas. Now there are two-story new buildings everywhere, and the straw shed is gone.

In the old society, people built houses. Choose a base and ask Mr. Feng Shui to look at the terrain and measure the position. This custom has been abolished since the 1950s. Liang's manners and customs are grand, so we must choose an auspicious day and let Liang go on time. On this day, relatives will give gifts to celebrate. The main girder is centered on Shunzhi bronze cymbals, nailed with red cloth or red silk, and the words "Good luck on the beam" are written on the paper. Time is up, the master worships the beam, and the clay sculpture master climbs up the post from left and right, ties ropes at both ends of the beam, slowly hangs it, and shouts, "Come on! Good luck. " At this time, firecrackers exploded. When the main girder was hammered into the tenon, the host walked up the stairs with a square plate full of steamed bread, cakes and red paper bags. The chef took the plate, sang Liang's hymn, and shook the steamed bread and cake. Zhang Kaihong, the man and woman, was quilted, caught the buns and cakes below and put them on the table on the right. Those neglected quilt covers, helpers and neighborhood children are fighting for it, so it's very lively. Today, Liangliang has no time. Liang wine was served that day, and the host thanked the chefs, craftsmen, spring workers, relatives and friends for the wine, and distributed Liang steamed bread. Commonly known as "eat steamed stuffed buns and have good luck", when relatives and friends go home, the host will take some gifts away for them. This custom is still popular in rural areas.

In the past, most stoves were three-eye stoves and two-eye stoves. The inner edge of the stove is called "stove mountain", and there is a shrine of the kitchen god. Gold ingots are hung at the front end of the stove, and incense burners and candlesticks are placed to worship the kitchen god. Since the mid-1960s, the Kitchen God Temple has not been built on the Kitchen God Mountain. In the old days, when people built new stoves, it was taboo to ask Mr. Feng Shui for directions. When cooking a stove, put some silkworm excrement on the base of the stove, thinking that raising silkworm can get high yield, which is taboo for women and zodiac. Draw colorful cornucopia, evergreen, flowers and birds on the kitchen wall, and write auspicious words such as "adequate food and clothing", "safe population" and "Fu Lushou". After the stove was built, the main family steamed a pot of rice noodles, and jiaozi made snacks for the chef and gave them to the neighbors, which meant reunion and good luck. Today, Mr. Feng Shui has been asked to locate the stove, and the custom of taboo has been abolished.

[others]

Residents in the coastal areas of Ganpu, Changchuanba and Haitang, which make salt, either make salt as a business or make salt as a sideline. To make salt, first scrape mud and pour brine, then use brine as raw material, fry it in a pan (flat-bottomed wok) or expose it to the sun in a salt pan. To make brine, you must first make mud. On the day of making * *, the salt people prepared three kinds of yellow wine incense sticks to worship the god of * *, praying for God's blessing to make * *, and to produce more halogen. Then the whole family drinks. If you let the helper do * *, ask him to drink * *. It is worshipped on holidays. Chefs who specialize in cooking salt will worship the Salt Kitchen God (commonly known as "Pan Tou God") during the Chinese New Year and pray for a smooth disaster relief. Farmers in Xinshe and Luotang (now Changchuanba Township) boil salt without scraping mud on the beach. Salty brine is mainly purchased from Yuyao and Cixi across the river. Before the brine ship sails, it worships the tide god at the bow to pray for the safety of navigation. In the early 1950s, abandoned fields were moved to other jobs, and salt production stopped. Salt production resumed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and all production was stopped in the early 1980s, so was the custom of salt production.

Marine fishermen have been working in the tides for a long time to worship the tide god, and they also have to worship on holidays. Prepare fish offerings, incense sticks, yellow wine, tin foil, etc. When you worship the tide god, you worship under the beach and pray for God's blessing to go to sea safely, get more goods, and then go to sea to work. Don't say "catch the net" when fishing, say "catch the fish". Fishermen go out to sea in droves and catch jellyfish with bamboo rafts. Before going out to sea for the first time every year, several partners will worship the raft head and pray for good luck in the sea. After the worship, they got together to drink and then went out to work. The custom of worshipping God has been abolished now.

Livestock farmers generally raise Hu sheep, some farmers also raise goats, and a few farmers also raise pigs and sows. On holidays, farmers will prepare fish and chicken wine, light incense sticks, and worship the first land god to pray for the prosperity of Liu Xu. Every pig gives birth to piglets or suffers from animal diseases, and the owner bows to the head and prays that the sows and piglets are free from diseases and the sick pigs will recover as soon as possible. This custom gradually disappeared in the 1950s.

. . . This is a copy. . .