-Date of issue: 20 March 2006, 22: 42: 27.
-[repost] Daming's last glory-Daming Aid Korea.
foreword
Time has entered the year 1592. Since 1368, when Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty, established the empire, Daming experienced 14 emperors, which lasted for 224 years. At this time, the empire is at a critical juncture in a turbulent era. A sudden war in Korea, the vassal state of Daming, dragged the Ming Dynasty into it without any preparation. On the eve of the storm, the Ming Dynasty was forced to devote all its strength to the war. In order to keep the promise of the empire and safeguard the dignity of the empire, the soldiers of the Ming Dynasty packed their bags in a hurry, generously went to the DPRK and fought bloody battles for seven years, writing the last glorious chapter in the sunset of the empire. ......
A prelude to war
Daming's war of aiding Japan was an international war on the Korean peninsula 400 years ago, and it was also the first large-scale conflict between China and Japan. China called it the Korean War in Wan Li, and North Korea called it the Non-Chen Weiguo War. However, Japanese history books divide this war into two times, namely, the battle of Leuven (the first year of Leuven) and the battle of Qingchuang (Japan launched the second war in Qingchuang, which lasted two years). The whole war lasted seven years from the 20th year of Wanli (1592) to the 26th year of Wanli (1598). According to historical records, the Ming Dynasty spent nearly eight million taels of silver and sent hundreds of thousands of troops in this war. It won the war with great difficulty in the end. Fierce wars, complicated and changeable situations and twists and turns often make people cry! This is also one of the three famous symbols of Wanli in the history of Ming Dynasty.
This war can be divided into the first aid Korea and the second aid Korea according to the number of times the Ming army sent troops to Korea on a large scale, and can be divided into four stages according to the war process. The first stage is the strategic offensive stage of the Japanese army, which quickly occupied the whole territory of Korea in a short time; The second stage is the counter-offensive stage of the Ming army. Through a series of battles, the Ming army finally recovered Pyongyang, Wang Jing and Kaesong. The third stage is the stalemate and negotiation stage; In the fourth stage, the Japanese army invaded again, and the Ming army entered the DPRK on a large scale for the second time and launched a strategic general counterattack. Finally, the Japanese army was completely driven out of North Korea.
In the 4th century A.D., Japan, a political power, established the earliest colony in the Na Ren area of the Korean peninsula. During the period of the Five Kings of Yamato and Japan, it even sent envoys to the Song Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties of China many times, asking the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties to let him be the governor of South Korea and Japan. Japan's influence in North Korea rises and falls, and at its peak, it attacked near Pyongyang. Japan is geographically isolated from overseas, and only North Korea is the most convenient place to develop in the mainland. Therefore, Japanese aggression against North Korea, including Toyotomi Hideyoshi, is certainly related to personal ambition, but the most important factor is the traditional factor.
When Toyotomi Hideyoshi was still conquering the gross profit during the Warring States Period, he wrote a letter to Oda Nobu, saying that he would go to Kyushu after the army pacified the state, and then go to North Korea to see Daming. After conquering Gaoye Temple, Toyotomi Hideyoshi even said in a letter to Mo 'an, Liu Yi, "It is self-evident that I still want to make the Tang Dynasty." In order to prepare for the war, he even commissioned European missionaries to buy two European warships for imitation.
1590 (18th year of Wanli in Ming dynasty), Toyotomi Hideyoshi wrote to Li Zhi, korean king, asking him to attack the Ming dynasty via Korea, and asked korean king to lead the troops. The book says, "I want to go through your country, cross mountains and seas, and go straight to the Ming Dynasty." "On the day of entering the Ming Dynasty, when the soldiers are in the military camp, they can build a neighboring alliance, but they have nothing to do, just showing the good name of the Three Kingdoms." "On the day Xiuji entered the Ming Dynasty, Wang Qi led the troops and led me to the military camp." His dream of building a great empire of "Three Kingdoms in One" is obvious to all. Korean king Li Yun, who regards Daming as the motherland, flatly refused.
159 1 year, after conquering the famous Aoyu, the Japanese unified prime minister personally took charge of the newly-built Mingguwu city in front of Fei, and used it as the general headquarters of the Japanese invaders, regardless of strong opposition from others, and made full preparations. He also gave Guan Bai's position to the future killer Guan Bai Hidetsugu for a rainy day. Strategically, Toyotomi Hideyoshi has adopted Tokugawa Ieyasu's ideas of "going hand in hand with land and sea", "bullying the weak with the strong" and "making a quick decision". The water army of Jiugui Jialong ensured the supply of strategic materials for the army, and the army went hand in hand in three ways, occupying the whole territory of Korea in a short time. In terms of generals and troops, Toyotomi Hideyoshi mobilized nearly 500,000 people, including 300,000 for combat and 0/50,000 for advance team/KLOC. The advance team is divided into eight armies, with Yu Yu and many scholars as the commander-in-chief. Konishi Yukinaga leads 1 army, Katou Kiyomasa leads 2 armies, and Kuroda leads 3 armies. At the same time, there are 40,000 water troops and 700 warships, which is known as the "pirates". In addition, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Pusheng Township, Maeda Toshiie, Ida, and the100000 troops of the commander of Shangshan Jingsheng are stationed in Nagoya as reserve forces. For a time, it was "talented people, long and salty", all of which were elite groups from the Warring States period in Japan and the most luxurious lineup in Japan at that time. After everything was ready, Toyotomi Hideyoshi officially started its war of aggression against Korea.
War process
1592 (20th year of Wanli in Ming dynasty) In April, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered many scholars to lead Konishi Yukinaga 1 army (18000), Katou Kiyomasa 2nd army (22000) and Kuroda 3rd army (165438). After two months of smooth progress, the Japanese army occupied Wang Jing (Seoul), Kaesong and Pyongyang. "The North Korean Eighth Route was exhausted and crossed the Yalu River at dusk." This is what North Korea called "Japanese chaos in the morning", and the Emperor even wrote poems to Toyotomi Hideyoshi to celebrate.
Before the Ming army entered Korea, the Korean army and the Japanese army had fought many fierce battles in Wuling Natural Barrier, Zhongzhou and Linjin River. The most fierce battle was the battle of Linjinhe, which was basically wiped out. The battle of Imjin River is the biggest decisive battle between the Korean army and the Japanese army. The main force in the war10.5 million, the commander is Yuxi Duoxiu. Other generals include Konishi Yukinaga, Kato Kiyoshi, Haruhiko Kuroda and Chang Zheng. The North Korean army assembled nearly 1.8 million Wang Jun and improvised rebels. The main commanders are Liu Chenglong and Li Yi, who are Korean border guards, and the Japanese army takes this as an example.
There are many reasons for the Korean army's losing streak. Under the rule of the Li Dynasty, North Korea always valued literature more than martial arts. In the struggle between the East Party and the West Party, and in the fierce struggle for power and interests between the South, the North, the old and the young, coups have repeatedly occurred. As a result, the domestic military equipment was slack, and after the end of the Yuan Dynasty, "people didn't know soldiers for more than 200 years". Most of the more than 300 counties in the country have no city defense, and the monarch and his subjects know nothing about Japan's eagerness and careful war preparation, which can be said to be slow to respond. Knowing that the Japanese were going to invade Korea, the Ming Dynasty sent envoys to remind korean king and Li Fang, but Li Fang turned a deaf ear.
There are three main reasons why the Japanese army can win quickly:
1. Weapons and equipment are superior to Korean troops. The Japanese army is equipped with a certain number of firearms, and the range of the main matchlock gun can reach about 100 meters. During the battle, three rows of rotation shots were used, and the shooting interval between rows was very short (some data said it was about 7 or 8 seconds), which brought great lethality to the Korean army when it was cold. At the same time, although the range of a small number of guns equipped by the Japanese army does not exceed 100 meters, it is undoubtedly disastrous for the Korean army, which is still dominated by cold weapons at this time.
2. The application of strategy and tactics is much higher than that of Korean army. The Japanese army used to attack the Korean army with blitzkrieg tactics such as sneak attack and storm, which was unprepared and chaotic. Moreover, the Japanese army wants to fight annihilation when it meets the Korean army, which can completely annihilate the regular army of the Korean army and achieve the goal of rapidly disintegrating the fighting spirit of the Korean army.
In the battle, although the North Korean army is also very brave, it is helpless that it is far less than the Japanese army honed in the melee of the Warring States that lasted for a hundred years in Japan, and failure is inevitable.
It is worth mentioning that the Japanese water army has repeatedly suffered setbacks. In fact, the commander-in-chief of the Japanese navy, Nine Ghosts Jialong, was also a famous Japanese soldier during the Warring States Period, and was known as the "pirates". However, he and his navy unfortunately met a rare genius in the history of world naval warfare-Li Shunchen, then the naval ambassador of Jeollado, North Korea. If you have played Japanese games during the Warring States Period, you must know that the attribute of the Nine Ghosts Jialong in naval battles is generally S, so if Li Shunchen plays, it is at least S++. It can be said that the two are not at the same level of competition at all, and the gap between ability and command art is too big. In Japan, the imposing nine-ghost dragon can only feel "Yu, He Shengliang" when it meets! It is precisely because of the guerrilla warfare led by Li Shunchen that defeated and reorganized the water army that Toyotomi Hideyoshi's attempt to "go hand in hand with the land" was hit hard, and the Japanese army's supply began to be in crisis. Li Shunchen's turtle fleet sank and wounded nearly 50 Japanese naval vessels in the Yupu Sea for more than a month, and only one North Korean navy was slightly injured. Later, he moved to the exposed sea area, broke the Japanese supply fleet of Kamei Moon, killed Kamei Moon, and completely destroyed the Black Island Fleet, the main fleet of the Nine Ghosts Jialong Water Army. This result made the arrogant Nine Ghosts Jia Long lose face, and even made Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a soldier, stunned. Sea power returned to Korea, but the victory of the water army could not save the whole situation.
After the Japanese army occupied Wang Jing, the soldiers were divided into two ways: the second army of Katou Kiyomasa attacked Hamgyong Road and went straight to Huining, the border between China and North Korea; Konishi Yukinaga's 1 troops headed for Ping 'an Road via Kaesong. Less than two months after Busan landed, the Japanese army had taken control of the entire Korean peninsula except the northern part of Pyongyang and the coast of Jeolla-do. It is precisely because of the lack of materials caused by the fiasco of the water army that it is impossible to expand the results. I'm afraid North Korea had already perished long before the Ming Dynasty sent troops (in fact, it was no different from national subjugation).
Korean king Li Yong fled to Yizhou on the Yalu River and sent envoys to ask for help from the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yijun, the great emperor of Ming Shenzong, knew that "North Korea written by Guan Bai refers to China. I saved North Korea, not just for my country. If North Korea is solid, Liaodong will be protected in the east, and the capital will be in Taishan. " "Our soldiers saved North Korea, so they protected China." At the request of korean king, they decided to send troops to help North Korea immediately. The Ming Dynasty sent troops to help dying Korea, starting from 1592 and ending at 1598, which lasted for seven years.
By the end of the war in 1598, the Ming army, together with the Korean army, had fought many battles with the Japanese army, including land and sea battles. Generally speaking, people have a deeper impression and know more about the naval battle in Lvliang. But I think the final victory of naval battle is the inevitable result of the Ming army's continuous victory over the Japanese army in land war, and land war is the fundamental factor that determines the victory of the Ming army in aiding Korea. So I want to briefly describe some famous land wars and talk about my views on these battles and this war.
Personally, I think that the eight land battles and one naval battle in the Ming Army's aid Korea War are the most representative in terms of scale and influence, as well as in terms of tactics and technology, which can best reflect the fighting capacity of the Ming Army and the level of the Korean and Japanese troops in that era. They are: the first offensive and defensive war in Pyongyang, the second offensive and defensive war in Pyongyang, the Bitiguan encounter, the battle of Wang Jing, the battle of Nanyuan, the battle between Ji Cheng and Shuchuan, the battle of Ulsan, the offensive and defensive war in Shuntian and the naval battle in Lvliang. I will focus on these nine battles. This is not to say that there is nothing to talk about such battles as the Battle of Idle Mountain Island, the Battle of Castle Peak, the Battle of Liang Ming and the Battle of Jinzhou River, but to see the influence and representativeness of the battles in the war. Another point is whether the Ming army has an advantage in the battle.
The Ming army entered the DPRK for the first time (the first Pyongyang offensive and defensive war, the second Pyongyang offensive and defensive war, the Bitiguan encounter, and the battle of Wang Jing).
Due to the shortage of Japanese materials, many scholars in Yu repeatedly asked for help, and the anxious nine ghosts Jialong crustily skin of head and sent three fleets to reinforce. Li Shunchen made use of the powerful environment favorable to the North Korean navy in the sea area of Xianshan Island, and made a plan to lure the enemy in depth. At first, the North Korean army used a small-scale offensive to lure the reinforced Japanese water army into the encirclement. After all the Japanese troops entered, the main force of the North Korean water army, hidden in the north of Xianshan Island, immediately greeted the enemy with crane wings and attacked from the front and side at the same time, killing 59 enemy ships and thousands of Japanese troops in one fell swoop. This is a famous article written in Mahan's Sea Power Theory.
At first, the Ming court underestimated the enemy. 1June 2, 592, just ordered Liaodong Fuzheng to send 20,000 elite soldiers to aid North Korea. On June 15, guerrilla generals Shi Ru and Dai Chao gave up their vanguard troops and crossed the Yalu River. /kloc-in June of 0/6, they were stationed in Yizhou, where Han Wang Li Yun was located. On June 2 1 day, Vice Commander Zu Chengxun (the father of Ning Guan's famous soldier Zu Dashou) and guerrilla Wang Shouguan led their headquarters into North Korea.
In July, guerrilla general Shi Ru led a division of 2,000 people as a pioneer, followed by guerrilla Dai Chaoabandon, and deputy general Zu led 3,000 cavalry to follow up. /kloc-at dawn in July of 0/7, the Ming army and the Japanese army finally began to conflict. ......
Pyongyang's first offensive and defensive war
The armies of both sides in the war:
Ming Army: More than 7,000 people.
Coach: Zu Chengxun
Captain: Shi Ru, Dai Chaoqun and Wang Shouguan.
Japanese army: the main force is 1 army, with more than 25,000 people (known as 30,000, the most elite force in the Japanese army).
Commander-in-Chief: Konishi Yukinaga (Commander-in-Chief of the Army)
Lieutenant General: Juntai Omura, Yojiro Endo, Ru An Teng, etc.
Battle result: Ming army lost, with nearly 5,000 casualties, while Japanese casualties were less than 1000.
The fallen generals of Ming army: Shi Ru and Dai Chaoabandon.
Analysis of the situation: Ming army entered near Pyongyang, the road was unfamiliar, and it was caught in a summer rainstorm. Shiru Department and Daichao Abandoned Department successively entered the Japanese ambush circle. Shi Ru and Dai Chao gave up fighting and sacrificed their lives, and the whole army led by Zu Chengxun was destroyed. Zu Chengxun led running all the way, a 3,000 cavalry unit, caught the Japanese off guard and quickly captured Pyongyang. Then fell into street fighting, Liaodong fighters could hardly display their skills. The strength of cavalry and fire fighters could not be exerted, and they were repeatedly attacked by Japanese matchmakers.
Konishi Yukinaga gave full play to the power of Japanese firearms in street fighting, and skillfully avoided the advantages of the Ming army in the field, while the coach of the Ming army, Zu, was arrogant before the war (Zu thought that the Japanese army was "barbarians, how could he compete with the China army?" ), even without the minimum reconnaissance, launched an attack rashly. In addition, it was summer, with continuous rain and muddy roads. It is inevitable that the Japanese army won and the Ming army lost!
At this time, although the reinforcements of the Japanese army Shimazu Yoshihiro arrived in North Korea, the Japanese army did not seize the favorable fighter plane to win and March into Yizhou. There are two main reasons: First, the South Korean navy led by Li Shunchen attacked the maritime supply line; Second, Korean loyalists scattered around the country and rebel troops swarming around the country gradually formed the main anti-Japanese force (including monk soldiers composed of monks from various temples), constantly harassing the Japanese army, intercepting the Japanese army's gradually elongated supply lines, and cracking down on small Japanese troops, so that the Japanese army had to divide some troops and energy to deal with it. It can be said that the Japanese army did not seize this opportunity, but only blamed itself for underestimating in advance, which led to the scattered use of insufficient troops, lost an excellent opportunity and wasted nearly three months.
Follow-up to the campaign: After the defeat of the first battle, the ruling and opposition parties of the Ming Dynasty shook. After some arguments, the ruling and opposition parties appointed Song Yingchang as the army commander in June+10/October, 65438+July, and Li, the commander of Shaanxi, who was counterinsurgency in Ningxia, was appointed as the commander of Jilin, Liaoning, Baoding, Shandong and other places, and transferred 43,000 troops eastward. Li is the son of a famous soldier Li. He lived with his father in the battlefield of Jinge since he was a child. He is very proficient in military tactics and is very familiar with the situation in North Korea. It was a wise decision for Zongshen to appoint him as the governor of the Crusades. So the Ming army crossed the Yalu River and began to provide large-scale assistance to North Korea. June 3 1593, 1.
The 43,000 people of the Ming army are all elite teachers mobilized from all over the country. The main composition of this army is: 65,438+10,000 people in Liaodong; Fu Xuan rides 8,000 people; Datong fine riding 8000 people; Jiangsu and Zhejiang infantry 3 thousand; 5,000 elite infantry in Jiyun Town; Baoding has 5000 elite infantry; The follow-up troops are 5000 people of Sichuan Army, led by Liu Ling, the deputy commander of Sichuan. More than 20,000 hussars in Liaodong, Fu Xuan and Datong are mainly used for assault, equipped with light armour, sabre and spear, and fire control. The infantry in Yuji Town and Baoding came from Jishen Camp of Ming Army, with fire control, shotguns and artillery as the main weapons. The Jiangsu and Zhejiang soldiers led by Qian Shijun were trained during the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in Qi Jiguang, and had rich anti-Japanese experience. Liu Ling's Sichuan Army has fought against the southwest ethnic minorities for many years and has rich experience in mountain operations. It can be said that these troops are the essence of training in the early days of Zongshen's rule.
The Second Pyongyang Offensive and Defensive War
The armies of both sides in the war:
Ming army: more than 40,000 people
Coach: Li.
Captain: Yang Yuan
Some generals: Wu Weizhong, Cha Dashou, Zu, Zhang, Li (son of Li), Qian Shizhen, Li Fangchun, etc.
Japanese army: the main force is 1 army, with more than 25,000 people (known as 30,000, the most elite force in the Japanese army).
Commander-in-Chief: Konishi Yukinaga (Commander-in-Chief of the Army)
Lieutenant General: Juntai Omura, Yojiro Endo, Ru An Teng, etc.
Battle result: The Ming army won, with 65,438+2,000 Japanese casualties before and after, "captured more than 6000 Japanese soldiers 1500, burned more than 6000 people, and drowned more than 5000 people when leaving the city" (according to the Japanese war history, after the battle of Pyongyang, Konishi Yukinaga's troops decreased1300 people. Ming army casualties 1200, including 796 casualties in Pyongyang.
Ming Army Killed General: Wu Weizhong
Japanese general killed in battle: Yoshitaka Goto
Analysis of War Cases: Before this war, Konishi Yukinaga pretended to hold peace talks with the Ming court, and arrogantly proposed to negotiate with the Ming dynasty on the condition that the western part of Pyongyang was returned to North Korea with the Datong River as the boundary. Li believes that this behavior of the Japanese army must be fraudulent, and it is intolerable for them to annex a large area of territory south of Pyongyang because of such demarcation. Under the reminder of the army staff, he decided to play along and attack Lee with Indiana Jones. In the 21st year of Wanli (1593), on October 6th (the sixth day of the first month), the Ming army came to Pyongyang at the gates, and Konishi Yukinaga would see the flaw, so a decisive battle was inevitable. Li decided to storm, and Li put up a big white flag that said, "Korean soldiers and civilians will not die if they vote for themselves."
On the eighth day of the first month, the Ming army began to attack. Li ordered the guerrilla general Wu Weizhong's elite infantry to be in front, and the deputy commander Chad Liaodong fighters attacked the Peony Pavilion. Deputy commander-in-chief Zu Chengxun, deputy commander-in-chief Qian Shizhen, guerrilla Luo Shangzhi, North Korean border guard ambassador Li Yong and national defense ambassador Jin Yingrui attacked the goal and Nanlumen; Yang Yuan and the right army Zhang Spyker attacked Qixingmen; Li Zuojun Bai Ru and Li Fangchun attacked ordinary doors; The Ming army mainly attacked Pyongyang from the south, west and north, leaving a retreat for the Japanese army in the east. Li led hundreds of people to ride at the city gate to direct the battle. (Among them, the Ming army led by Zu disguised as a North Korean army, paralyzed the Japanese army and attacked Nanmenmen. The Japanese army has always believed that Lumeng's direction is a Korean army with weak combat effectiveness, so there is no key prevention. Jiangsu and Zhejiang soldiers led by Qian Shizhen also took the lead in breaking through the lumen in the south of the city, seizing the Japanese flag and marching into Pyongyang. )
This war is a world war I that fundamentally reversed the Korean war situation, and the war situation was reversed. Up and down the Ming army, all show the elegant demeanour of China army. Head coach Li personally led the death squads to the front, and the Ming army gave full play to the great advantages of firearms in the war. The firearms of the Ming army are the trump card weapons of the Ming army, and the tiger crouching gun (one of the general guns of the Ming army, and the Ming army named some larger guns as generals) was created during the Jiajing period. This gun is 2 feet long and weighs 36 pounds. It was put on an iron hoop and then fired. Each shot contains 100 small lead bullets or pebbles weighing 5 yuan, which are held down by/kloc-0 large lead bullets or pebbles weighing 30 taels), general guns and Frank machine guns, among which the most powerful general guns exceed 1 00 guns, with long range and great power. It can be seen that the firearms establishment of the Ming army has accounted for a large proportion of the Ming army.
When the Ming army attacked Pyongyang, Japanese general Judas Yitong led an army to reinforce Pyongyang. As a result, he was frightened by the earth-shattering voice of the Ming army and retreated without a fight. The terrain of Pyongyang is easy to defend but difficult to attack, and Konishi Yukinaga has a favorable geographical position. The Ming army stormed by virtue of its numerical superiority, supplemented by artillery and fire attack. The Japanese army was burned to death in countless fortresses. The Japanese army retreated to the earth caves around the Liangguang Pavilion in Pyongyang and fired with muskets. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, and even the mount Li was shot dead. One day after the storm, the Ming army was exhausted and forced to retreat. Konishi Yukinaga was too weak to fight any more. That evening, Li wrote to persuade him to retreat. "With my strength, enough to annihilate you. But I can't bear to kill more people, so I will give up and open your way first. " Konishi Yukinaga wrote back and said, "I am willing to retreat. Please don't intercept." The Japanese army fled south across the frozen Datong River overnight. Li got rid of the ambush halfway and ordered the Ming army to pursue it. At the same time, the cannon slammed into the frozen Datong River, and the ice surface of the Datong River was blasted, killing nearly 5,000 Japanese troops. The remaining Japanese troops fled in the direction of Kaesong.
The Japanese army during the Warring States period in Japan basically never saw any real guns. The Japanese firearms are mainly matchlock guns. Why is there no gun in Japan? It stands to reason that Japan introduced muskets from the west long ago, because the Japanese emperor explicitly banned all means of transportation using wheels, and everyone walked, rode horses and sat in sedan chairs, which became a unique phenomenon in Japanese society. At the same time, it is almost impossible (obviously unrealistic) for artillery to move in the wild without a suitable wheeled gun mount, so it is not difficult to understand that the Japanese army is not equipped with artillery. (ridiculous Japanese emperor! ! ! Therefore, the Japanese army, which has fought countless battles, has no idea about the power of artillery. Japanese generals and soldiers will not dodge shells because they have no experience in dealing with artillery. According to the Pyongyang Garrison, although it is the most elite unit of Konishi Yukinaga 1 in the Japanese army, it is very strong, and a group of soldiers died in battle and rushed to another. Hehe, the Japanese fighters, who were brave and good at fighting during the Warring States period, still became the living targets of the Ming artillery. The doctor of the Ming Dynasty who was embedded in the army recorded in his book: "Every time a gun was fired, hundreds of Japanese soldiers were killed or injured, but they didn't care. Ants still suddenly gathered until the gun stopped." I'm Daming SHEN WOO! )
Artillery is a weapon of mass destruction in the era of cold weapons. Because the frontier fortress stationed by the Ming army was harassed by Mongolian cavalry all the year round, artillery became a weapon for the Ming army to defend the city fortress. Of course, the mobility of artillery is still relatively poor, especially in the mountainous environment of North Korea, where the power drops sharply in rainy days. For example, one of the reasons why the Ming army was defeated in the Battle of Ulsan was that the power of artillery did not play a role, which I will talk about later.
At this point, I would like to talk more about the position and establishment of firearms in the army. When Zhu Yuanzhang was in office, the Ming army had pioneered the tactics of cold weapon combat, and the garrison troops in various places were equipped with guns 10%. In the eighth year of Yongle, Ming Chengzu set up a special gun team in the Beijing army-Ji Shenying. This independent artillery unit was second to none in China at that time and even in the world. Ming Chengzu creatively formulated the operational principle of "magic weapon first, cavalry last" in the battle to March into Mobei. Magic weapon battalion has played an important role in fighting infantry and cavalry, making the application of firearms more professional and gradually becoming an important arm of the army. When we went to northern Qi Jiguang for training, soldiers who used guns and other firearms accounted for about 50% of the total number of water battalions, infantry battalions, cavalry battalions, car battalions and trench battalions.
Among them, the vehicle battalion is composed of more than 3 officers and men, 5 birds' heads, 256 franc guns, 8 generals (gunners 1320, accounting for 65% of the combatants) and 28 chariots 128 vehicles, each with a Buddha.
Battalion establishment: more than 2,700 officers and men, 1080 birds (musketeers 1080, accounting for 50% of the combatants) and 6,480 rockets (Party rake 216);
By the end of the Ming Dynasty, a standard car camp had more than 6,600 people (3,200 infantry and 2,400 cavalry), equipped with 65,438 cannons, 80 crouching tigers, 256 French guns, 256 birds, 65,438 three-eyed guns and 65,438 bows and arrows. In addition, in terms of armor, only officers, cavalry, a small number of infantry, messengers and guards in China are generally equipped with light armor.
In some elite firearms units of the Ming army, a soldier is usually equipped with a spear, a short spear and a broadsword. I have also read in some materials that some cavalry are equipped with six cannons, which have not been verified and are not easy to determine.
Therefore, the firearms equipment, quality and use level of the Ming army are much higher than those of the Japanese army. At that time, many soldiers of the Ming army didn't even have complete armor, which was in sharp contrast with the Japanese army and the Korean army. At first, neither the Korean army nor the Japanese army understood what was going on, thinking that the Ming army was very tough. In fact, this is mainly because in the era of firearms, armor basically failed to protect and became a burden.
Follow-up to the campaign: Li became famous for his Pingyang World War I and achieved the title of famous soldier. After the end of the battle of Pyongyang 10, the Ming army continued to advance, but Katou Kiyomasa's second army did not dare to fight, burned Pyongyang and fled south. /kloc-In February of 0/9, the Ming army entered Kaesong, and then recovered the Yellow Sea, Ping 'an, Gyeonggi, Jiangyuan and Jing Xian. The Ming army continued to advance rapidly to the south, reaching Wang Jing (Seoul). On the 24th day of the first month of the 21st year of Wanli (1593), Chada, a pioneer of the Ming army, rode 3,000 fine horses in Bitou Pavilion on the outskirts of Wang Jing, and the two sides met Guang Tai, a Japanese army, and launched a great war. ......
Bitiguan encounter
The armies of both sides in the war:
Ming army: Chada has 3,000 cavalry, 2,000 reinforcements and more than 5,000 troops.
Coach: Li.
, Li, Li Rumei (son of Li), Zu, Cha Dashou, Yang Yuan.
Japanese army: 36,000 people in the 3rd, 6th and 9th armies.
Coach: Haruhiko Kuroda, Kobayakawa Takakage, Yukio Hatoyama, Tachibana Muneshige.
Deputy Commanders: Meitai Kato, Chongsheng kuya, Nobuko Xiaohe, Keiji Goto, Hequan Xiao Ye, Chengxing Xiao Ye, Yongsheng Huadao, Sejong Nana Ogawa, Andongxing Town, etc.
Battle result: The Japanese army lost, with more than 7,000 casualties and the Ming army with more than 2,500 casualties.
General killed in the Ming army: guerrilla general (killed the Japanese general, fell off his horse with a hook, and died tragically under dozens of Japanese spears) (Li Chuan of the Ming Dynasty recorded that there was a martial arts expert Jin kowtowing to Li at that time, and Li could do nothing. General Li Yousheng hurried forward to protect the Lord from being dismounted, and Japanese samurai came to cut him into several pieces. At the critical moment, the glittering Japanese will be shot by Li's brother, such as Mei Li, and this Japanese-born Japanese will probably be an expert on Kansai in Japan for ten hours. )
Japanese generals killed in battle: Nana Ogawa Sejong (killed by Li Yousheng), Shili Lianjiu (killed by Li Rumei), Kuye Chongsheng (beheaded by his ancestors), Hua Dao Yongsheng (beheaded by his ancestors), An Dongchang Jiu (beheaded by Cha Da) and An Dongxing Zhen (beheaded by Cha Da).
Analysis of battle cases: Li Paizu and Chad led 3,000 Ming cavalry. Originally, they just wanted to search for the location of the retreating Japanese main force. The Japanese 1 Army stopped after being reinforced by the 3rd Army, 6th Army and 9th Army, and sent 2,000 vanguard troops of Kato's Guang Tai Department to search for vigilance. They met unexpectedly with the Ming army, but the 3,000 cavalry of the Ming army were Liaodong fighters brought out by the famous Li. ) After quickly destroying the 2,000-strong Japanese vanguard, Zu Chengxun and Chada were surrounded by Bitou Pavilion after encountering the 20,000 Japanese troops of the Sixth Army of Kobayakawa Takakage, a major force that arrived later. The battle of Bitou Pavilion was actually an encounter, and neither the Ming army nor the Japanese army was prepared for the war.
After Zu Chengxun and Chada were besieged, they immediately made the Ming cavalry rely on the artillery chariots of the Buddha Lang machine as fortifications to fight to the death. Well-trained Ming army, relying on the advantages of artillery, constantly fired rockets at the approaching Japanese army, making it impossible for the Japanese army to break through the defense line. After learning about the situation, Li personally led 1000 jingqi to come to the rescue. Until that evening, Yang Yuan also led 65438+ Wan Jingqi to come to the rescue overnight, and the Japanese army was unable to return to heaven. The battle of Bitou Pavilion lasted for a day and a night, and more than half of the Ming troops were killed or injured. The Japanese army also paid the price of more than 7000 casualties under the attack of Ming artillery.
The biggest reason for the Ming army's victory was to exert the great impact of Liaodong fighters and the lethality of Frank artillery chariots and multi-barrel melee muskets. The proportion of Ming cavalry equipped with firearms reached about 50%. The cavalry of Ming army is mainly equipped with multi-barrel melee muskets-three-eye muskets. In the late Ming Dynasty, Yuan Chonghuan's "Ning Guan Fighter" was equipped with a five-eye gun, and its fire assault capability was invincible in the world at that time. (In the Ming army, French franc machine guns were divided into No.5, of which No.3 and No.4 were lighter. No.3 is four or five feet long, each load of lead weighs 529 yuan, and the medicine 620 yuan; No.4 is two or three feet long, each load of lead weighs three or two, and the dosage is three and a half; 1 and No.2 are heavy, and 1 is eight or nine feet long. The weight of each lead container is 1 kg and the dosage is 1 kg. No.2 is six or seven feet long, each containing lead weight 10, and the dosage 1 12. The range of various Franco machines weighing more than 70 kilograms can reach five or six miles. 1 and 2 franc machine guns can also be used in water warfare. The French machine has a slightly larger gun body and a long mouth. The exterior of the gun body is wrapped in wood and equipped with anti-crack iron hoop. There are also five spears, also called guns, which are equivalent to the medicine room of guns. They are full of ammunition, put them in the middle of the long mouth and fire in turn. The characteristic of the French machine is that the mother gun and the child gun are separated. It is a form of afterloading gun and can be regarded as the originator of afterloading gun. /cn & gt；