It has been more than 20 years since 166 1 drove the Netherlands to Taiwan Province and led troops to move to Taiwan Province Province. In order to eliminate the Zheng Group, the Qing government adopted various strategic means and finally unified Taiwan Province Province in 1683. Looking at the Qing government's strategic strategy of reunifying Taiwan Province Province, we can learn the following lessons from today's reunification of the motherland: First, reunification should be based on strong enough economic strength. Economy is the foundation of politics, and war is the continuation of politics. The unified war must be backed by a strong economic foundation. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, after years of war, the people's livelihood was depressed and devastated, and the Qing court was unable to take a strong offensive against Taiwan Province. After the San Francisco Rebellion, the Qing government actively reclaimed land from the sea, built water conservancy projects, rectified official administration, and the economy recovered rapidly. On the contrary, due to the lack of manpower and material resources from the mainland, Zheng's foreign trade, especially its trade with the mainland, was severely hit, production declined, and people's lives were in dire straits. In terms of land, population, material resources and armaments, the Qing government has absolute advantages, which is the fundamental condition for the Qing side to win. Second, the people's heart is the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of the war, and winning the people's heart requires high-level peace talks and striving for the middle and lower levels of work to be carried out simultaneously and cooperate with each other. In order to win the hearts and minds of Taiwan Province Province, from 1662 to 1683, the Qing government launched five high-level political peace talks with the Zheng clique in an attempt to encourage the Zheng decision-makers to lead the people to surrender, and launched a large-scale surrender movement against the Zheng officials and the people. The measures taken by the Qing court to surrender themselves were quite strong and flexible. The main methods are: 1, protecting Zheng Jun's relatives in coastal areas, and entrusting important tasks to those who have surrendered to Zheng Jun's old army and have outstanding martial arts. This has played a very good role in eliminating the hostility of coastal people to the Qing army; 2. Formulating and promulgating "Ten Articles of Zhaofu", setting up "Xiulai Pavilion" in Zhangzhou, recruiting and surrendering Zheng Jun officers and soldiers, with rich titles. These fallen generals either flaunted in the countryside or fled to Taiwan Province to show off to their colleagues and officers, which caused great shock in the Zheng army. 3, to carry out anti-activities, so that Zheng Jun internal self-doubt, the heart floating. These recruiting and surrendering activities had a huge disintegration effect on Zheng Jun's officers and men. In a few years, 65,438+Wan Zhengbing first surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing government organized it as the main force to attack Taiwan Province, achieving the highest strategic effect of "attacking Zheng with Zheng". After capturing Penghu, Shi Lang, commander-in-chief of the Qing army, also took a series of measures to win the hearts of the people, such as: no killing, posting, exempting Penghu residents from three-year tax corvee; Give preferential treatment to prisoners of war, treat prisoners of war and allow them to return to Taiwan to reunite with their relatives. When these soldiers returned to Taiwan Province, they told each other what they had seen and heard, which made the people in Taiwan Province province collapse and made the scholars lose their morale. Released "Appeasement Oracle" to the military and civilians in Taiwan Province, and lobbied Liu Guoxuan and others with a thick title. Kangxi also issued the Book of Apology, pointing out that if the head of Zheng regime can "repent, surrender, devote himself to reform and lead his puppet officials, soldiers and people to land", not only all previous sins will be forgiven, but also they will be given preferential treatment by the court. This series of measures has played a great role in eliminating the "fear of torture" and "fear of Qing Dynasty" of the military and civilians in Taiwan Province Province. So the army of the Qing Dynasty arrived in Taiwan Province Province, "the people of all townships, as well as the local people, and the teachers who greeted guests with kettle pulp one after another", and finally Taiwan Province Province was unified without bloodshed. Of course, the measures taken by the Qing government to win the hearts of the people are so effective because with the gradual silence of the large-scale anti-Qing struggle, the people are eager to end years of war, and the trend of the Qing dynasty becoming a unified multi-ethnic state power is becoming more and more obvious. Zheng Group in Taiwan Province Province gradually lost its appeal to fight against the Qing Dynasty and regain its sight because of the huge military expenditure, the heavier burden on the people and the plunder of the property along the mainland coast. Under the historical trend of unification, Zheng Group, which is in a state of separatism, is increasingly inferior in the confrontation with the Qing army and inevitably encounters the fate of extinction. 3. Peaceful reunification and military reunification should be organically coordinated. Peaceful reunification can avoid causing great losses to both sides and is the best policy in the unified strategy. However, strong force is the foundation and backing of reunification and the necessary guarantee for peaceful reunification. Therefore, we must never give up force and blindly seek peace. 166 1 year-1669, when he was in charge of the imperial court, after Shi Lang failed to levy Peng twice, most courtiers in the Qing court advocated suing the court. As a sign of sincerity, "insufficient water supply and takeover, burning up warships", "all surrendered officers and men will go to other provinces to reclaim land", and adopt a passive and conservative defense policy against Zheng Group, which will be unified. The Qing court did not have a naval force that could threaten the survival of Zheng Group, which led to the passive situation of "Haikou set sail and invaded the country after withdrawing its navy". Zheng Jing, on the other hand, believed that the Taiwan Province Strait was in danger of stormy waves, and the peace talks were very expensive. He demanded "imitating North Korea", which led to no results after many years. As Shi Lang said, under the condition that force is not as good as force, "if we wholeheartedly send officials to recruit and recruit, and the power of manipulation depends entirely on Zheng Jing, I am afraid that there will be no day when the people will return to their sincerity." The Qing court learned from the failure of many peace talks with Zheng that the possibility of reunifying Taiwan Province Province by peaceful means simply did not exist, and it had to resort to force. Later, the Qing court restored Fujian Navy, built warships, appointed Shi Lang as commander-in-chief of the Navy, and granted exclusive expropriation rights. Zulang pursues the strategic policy of "suppressing appeasement", that is, promoting peace through war and giving priority to military attack, and at the same time, he tries to find the possibility of peaceful settlement and try his best to avoid war on the island of Taiwan Province Province. It was in this combination of force and peace that the Qing court finally defeated the Zheng Group at 1683 and unified Taiwan Province Province. 4. Only by establishing a powerful maritime force in time and implementing an effective economic blockade can we gain the initiative in the struggle against Taiwan. The Eight Banners of Manchuria were brave and invincible, and swept across the country in a few years. However, in the face of the stormy waves in the Taiwan Province Strait, we can only look at the ocean and sigh. Due to the lack of a strong naval force, the Qing court could not block the Zheng regime at sea, so it returned to the mainland coast for a comprehensive economic blockade and implemented a strict policy of moving to the sea, moving all the people along the coast of Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangzhou to the mainland and setting up border defense. "Pieces are not allowed to enter the water, and grain and goods are not allowed to cross Xinjiang." This has brought disastrous consequences to the economic development of the mainland. It not only makes the land outside the border of coastal provinces barren, but also causes people to flee from one place to another. More seriously, it cut off the connection between the Central Plains economy and overseas, and made the foreign maritime trade that had been developed in the Ming Dynasty and played a great role in promoting the Central Plains economy decline. The prohibition of overseas trade led to the cut-off of silver sources, which, to a certain extent, caused the economic retrogression of "eliminating financial resources without increasing consumption, based on people's livelihood poverty" in the early Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that the Qing court's policy of moving the border and forbidding the sea had a great negative impact, which hit its opponents and hit itself hard. Kangxi himself gradually realized the harm of maritime prohibitions and the benefits of opening up maritime trade. Therefore, the Qing government was forced to partially open the maritime ban, which facilitated Zheng's smuggling trade. With its powerful maritime power, Zheng also vigorously developed overseas trade, "connecting with foreign countries to enrich the country" and maintained the huge military and financial expenses needed to fight against the Qing court. Zheng regime suffered setbacks in the third generation, but it can still last for more than 20 years, mainly because of this economic policy of building a country through trade. If Zheng hadn't exhausted most of his financial resources because of his participation in the San Francisco rebellion, the Qing court would have been helpless for a long time. Therefore, with a strong naval force, we can master the right to control the sea, focus on the sea, effectively carry out economic blockade, and minimize the negative impact. Five, reunification should assess the situation, grasp the main contradictions, make full use of internal and external resources, and comprehensively grasp the conditions and opportunities for reunification. Whether the political foundation is solid, whether the economic strength is strong, whether the military means are strong, and whether the time for reunification is ripe are all related to the success or failure of the unified action. If the conditions and opportunities are not available, blind action will not only fail to achieve its goal, but also have huge negative effects. 1663, with the help of Dutch sea power, the Qing army jointly attacked Zheng Jun with the Dutch fleet, and captured Golden Sand Island in one fell swoop. At that time, the Qing navy was still very weak, and the Qing court wisely insisted not to capture Taiwan Province Province before acquiring the coastal islands. It was indifferent to the proposal and conditions put forward by the Netherlands to establish an anti-Zheng military alliance and refused to sign any agreement with it, thus making the Dutch colonists' attempt to occupy Taiwan Province Province fail again. After cutting off his henchmen and facing the depression of people's livelihood, Kangxi concentrated on solving internal affairs, rewarding reclamation, building water conservancy projects, rectifying official management, and extended the policy of appealing to Zheng Group, so that Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other places did not strictly block Taiwan's economy and strived for a temporary truce, which achieved good results. After Zheng Jing took part in the San Francisco Rebellion, the Qing court concentrated its forces to suppress Wu Sangui, the most powerful rebel, and focused on Zheng Jing while suppressing Geng. After the fall of Geng and Shang Zhixin, Zheng Jing became the main target of the Qing army in the southeast. The Qing court ordered Geng and Shang to conquer and atone with the army, and finally defeated Zheng Jing and forced him to retreat to Taiwan Province Province. At that time, the war against Wu Shifan in Southwest China was still going on, and the San Francisco forces had not been fundamentally resolved. At that time, the Qing navy, which was not yet strong, was not fully sure to defeat Zheng Jun, who was still strong and stable in the rear. Therefore, after Zheng Jing defeated Taiwan Province Province, the Qing army did not pursue them. Kangxi told the Ministry of War: "Taiwan Province and Penghu have suspended their garrison, so that the governor and the governor can recruit thieves and bandits. If they have a chance to improve, they will still know. " After Zheng Jing's death, the Zheng clique was in civil strife, civil and military affairs fell apart, and the military and civilians hated each other. The Qing court seized this opportunity to pacify Taiwan Province Province and send troops to attack Taiwan Province Province. At the same time, in the Qing court, Kangxi usually paid attention to communicating with ministers, listening to their opinions and brainstorming. Finally, Shi Lang, who was familiar with naval warfare, was elected as the commander-in-chief of the navy and was granted the right of characteristics. The governor of Fujian is only responsible for organizing expenses and recruiting officials, which makes the division of labor between the governor and the magistrate clear, gives full play to their respective talents, and effectively solves internal contradictions. Judging from the overall process, the Qing court made good use of various internal and external contradictions and resource factors and grasped the pace of reunification. Six, after reunification, we should take effective measures to ensure the permanent reunification of Taiwan Province Province and the mainland. Measures to consolidate reunification should proceed from the long-term interests of the country, not just immediate interests, let alone quick success and instant benefit. After Shi Lang arrived in Taiwan, he carried out a series of aftermath work on behalf of the Qing court: personally paying homage to Zheng Chenggong Temple, properly appeasing the leaders of Zheng regime, such as Zheng Ke (Tu Shuang), Feng Xifan, etc., honoring Zheng's surrender officers and soldiers, paying them salaries, forbidding officers and soldiers from disturbing the people, and reducing exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees. After the "Dispute of Abolishing Taiwan Province Province", the Qing court decided to set up one government and three counties in Taiwan Province Province, set up officials to station troops and open a sea ban, so that the coastal people who had been moved from their homeland could return to their homes and resume normal agricultural, fishery production and maritime trade activities. Local officials in Taiwan Province Province also pay attention to attracting the development of mainland refugees, resulting in the phenomenon of "refugees returning to the city" and "mainland naturalized people", and the maritime trade is unprecedentedly active. These after-care measures are helpful to eliminate the fear of soldiers and civilians in Taiwan Province Province, stabilize social order, promote the economic development of the mainland and Taiwan Province Province, and close cross-strait trade, which has played a great role in consolidating the achievements of reunification.