Question 2: All the honorifics of the ancients 1. "Ling": used before nouns or adjectives to show respect for relatives of others, meaning "beautiful". For example:
Your parents: honorifics for other people's parents.
Your brothers and sisters: honorifics for other brothers and sisters.
Your son and your love: honorifics for other people's children
Sequential draw: address other people's wives respectfully.
Kinship: Respect the relatives of others.
Second, "Hui": honorific words are used by the other party for their own behavior. For example:
Welcome, patronize: refers to coming in the right direction.
Huicun: Ask someone else to keep the gift.
Third, "hanging": honorific, used for others' behavior towards themselves. For example:
Inquire: refers to the other party inquiring about themselves.
Missing: refers to others missing themselves.
4. "Gift": honorifics refer to gifts received. For example:
Teaching: others teach themselves.
Hello: Others treat you to dinner.
Give a reply: let others write back to you.
5. "Please": honorific, used to hope that the other party will do something. For example:
Excuse me: I hope others will answer.
Q: I hope others will give me advice.
Sixth, "Gao": honorific, calling others' business. For example:
High opinion: refers to other people's opinions
Gao LUN; The insights of others
Gaozu: A student who respects others.
Longevity: used to ask the age of old people.
Old age: used to describe the age of the elderly.
Promotion: refers to a person leaving the original position to take a higher position.
7. "Hua": honorific words refer to things related to each other. For example:
Hua Han: Call someone else's letter.
Birthday: someone else's birthday
Huaxia: other people's home
Eight, "xian": address each other, mostly for peers or younger generations. For example:
Good brothers, nephews, etc.
Nine, "Feng" honorific, used for their own actions involving each other. For example:
Gift: gift
Return: Return
Suggestion: suggestion
Companionship: companionship
Question 3: What did ancient people call their wives? The emperor called Zitong, the prime minister called his wife, the businessman called his wife, the scholar called his wife, and the scholar called his wife.
Question 4: How did ancient people address each other's names and words? In ancient times, names and words were called together to show respect. There are two situations that deserve our attention: the first situation is that in the pre-Qin period, when a name and a word are linked together, the word should follow the name. For example, Jia, the father of Confucius, was the ancestor of Confucius in the Song Dynasty, and "the father of Confucius" was the word; Jia "is the name; The surname is "Gongsun". Ge (He), the father of Confucius, "Ge" is the name: ""is the word; Last name is Kong. Meng is the son of Priscilla, and "history" is the name: ""is the word; Last name is "Baili". Uncle Xiqiao, the son of Uncle Jian, is the first name: Xiqiao is the word; The surname is Jian. Bai, the son of uncle Jian, is named "C": "Bai Yi" is the word; The surname is Jian. The second situation is that after the Han Dynasty, when people's names are connected, the "name" comes before the "word". Such as: "Lu Kongju, Guangling Chen Zhang, RoyceWong, Beihai Xugan Weichang, Ruanr, Runan Yingchang Dejin, Dongping Serina Liu on business ..." This is Cao Pi's Dian Lun? There is a passage in the paper that the names of the seven sons of Jian 'an are called first. Chinese characters originated in Shang Dynasty, prevailed in Zhou Dynasty, and later formed a system. Until modern times, it was still used by many intellectuals and cultural circles, such as Hu Shi's ci, Sun Wen's ci and * * *. In modern times, it is rarely used. However, China has a population of/kloc-0.3 billion, and the occurrence rate of homophones is too high. There is also a view in the cultural circle that the ideographic system should be restored.
Question 5: What are the ancient people's names for different ages? The ancients created all kinds of age appellation, many of which are still in use today. An in-depth study of it will help us to learn ancient Chinese better and pass it on.
0 years old
Childhood: refers to a child who is still in infancy when he just knows how to laugh.
Baby: a baby under one year old.
2 years old
Childhood: refers to a child who is still in infancy when he just knows how to laugh. Others write "children's bags" or "raising children". There is a sentence in Han Yu's poem that "the two families have children, raising children and caring for each other." Childhood: refers to children aged 2-3.
8 years old
Total angle: In ancient times, children tied their drooping hair into two knots on the top of their heads and tied their hair into a bun, which was shaped like an angle, so the "total angle" was also used to refer to people's children's footsteps. Leucorrhea faded, J? W invades bursa of fabricius and hamstring muscle? What's the matter with you? W, before scabbard, Span? Is that so? Ancient children divided their hair into left and right halves and tied it in a knot at the top of their heads, which looked like two horns, so it was called "total angle").
Tongbi [chèn]: Bi, in Shuowen, there is a saying that "the male was born in August, but he was eight years old; A woman has teeth in July and dies at the age of seven. It can be seen that children's deciduous teeth fall off and grow permanent teeth, which is called "Chen." Childhood "often refers to people's childhood and adolescence." Others say "parallel", such as "Han is? Dong Zhuochuan: "Although the descendants are in Li, all men are Marquis and all women are princes."
nine years old
Nine: Nine.
13 years old
Cardamom: refers to a thirteen-year-old woman. Cardamom is thirteen or fourteen years old to fifteen or sixteen years old (Cardamom is a plant that blooms in early summer, but not yet in midsummer, which means that people are still underage, so it is called "cardamom youth").
Thirteen: 13 years old.
15 years old
Ruxiang: Ruxiang [jρ] originally refers to the hairpin used in ancient times. Generally, after 15 years old, ancient women rolled up their hair and covered it with a hair clasp, indicating that they had reached adulthood. "She" refers to a woman who has reached the age of 15. And logistics: refers to a fifteen-year-old woman.
Tie your hair: tie your hair. In ancient times, men tied their hair at the age of 20, and women tied their hair at the age of 15, indicating adulthood. The signs of masculinity of men and women are "coronation" and "coronation" respectively.
Chronicle: 15 years old.
Year of study: because "standing at thirty, not confused at forty." Confucius said, "Be determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, be puzzled at forty, know your destiny at fifty, listen at sixty, and follow your heart at seventy." -The Analects of Confucius? Politics), so later generations called 15 years old "school year".
Hair binding: The ancients took 15 as the age of adulthood, and tied up their hair and put it on their heads. Hair was tied when a man was fifteen (when he was fifteen, a man would dissolve the original corner and tie it into a bundle).
16 years old
28: 16 years old.
20 years old
Crown: It means twenty years old. In ancient times, a man was crowned at the age of 20, indicating that he had reached adulthood. Crown: refers to a twenty-year-old man (also known as "weak crown").
Tie your hair: tie your hair. In ancient times, men tied their hair at the age of 20, and women tied their hair at the age of 15, indicating adulthood. The signs of masculinity of men and women are "coronation" and "coronation" respectively.
Weak crown: The ancients were crowned at the age of 20 to show masculinity, but they were not yet strong, so they were called "weak crowns". Refers to just coming of age. Refers to twenty years old. Weak crown: In ancient times, a man was called "weak" at the age of 20. At this time, he had to put on a hat to show that he had grown up. "Weak crown" refers to a man who has reached the age of 20. Later generations generally refer to the age of men in their twenties. Weak crown is a twenty-year-old man.
30 years old
Standing (year of standing): because "standing at thirty, not confused at forty." Confucius said, "Be determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, be puzzled at forty, know your destiny at fifty, listen at sixty, and follow your heart at seventy." -The Analects of Confucius? For politics), so later generations called 30 years old "the year of career". Thirty years old: refers to thirty years old. Li is a thirty-year-old man.
Beginning room: thirty years old. Book of rites? Naize: "When you get a house at the age of 30, you will start to take care of men's affairs."
40 years old
Not confused (the year of not being confused): Because "standing at thirty, not confused at forty." Confucius said, "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, not be confused at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen to my ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy, without overstepping the bounds." -The Analects of Confucius? For politics), so later generations called 40 years old "the year of no doubt". The year of no doubt: refers to forty years old. Not confused is that the man is forty (not confused, "not confused, not confused").
50 years old
Ai: In ancient times, people who were fifty years old were called "Ai". Book of rites? Qu Lishang: "Ai Fifty Words." Ai is getting old.
Half a century, knowing destiny, the year of know life: the year of know life, what does this mean? >>
Question 6: In ancient China, people called China a country of civilization and etiquette. In ancient times, there were many rules in the daily life communication between people. In social communication, people inevitably call each other and let others participate in the conversation. In this case, the tradition of China people is to pay great attention to the address of the other party or others, which is usually divided into "respectful address" and "respectful address", while using "modest address" for themselves.
For example:
1. Introduction to the usage of ancient honorific and modest words:
Jun: Call the other person a person with outstanding talents and virtues.
Gentleman: (1) is the same as "Jun". (2) A woman's address to her husband.
Gong Ming: Used as a courtesy title for a person with great power.
Used as a courtesy title for an older person.
Elders: honorifics for highly respected people are also the same for ordinary elders.
Zhang: honorifics for elders are also honorifics for peers and elders to younger generations.
Elders: people who respect their fathers, brothers and eldest brothers have noble and noble virtues.
Ancestor: (1) In feudal times, people who passed the imperial examinations at the same time called each other ancestors. (2) honorifics for the elderly. (3) the honorific title for kyou-kan.
Sage: a title of respect for a senior.
Fang Jia: Used as a courtesy title for a learned and morally cultivated person.
Old Master Q: Used as a courtesy title for a teacher or an older learned person.
Step one: just like Mr. Wang. A courtesy title for a person.
Your Excellency: regardless of rank, you can address each other respectfully.
Teacher's father: a courtesy title for a monk.
Old woman: Used as a courtesy title for an old woman.
Master: This refers to teachers, people with special skills or people who teach skills. It is also a kind of honorific title for ordinary people today.
Comrades: The ancients used to call like-minded people, but now they generally refer to people who strive for the same ideal and goal, and they are extended to the general name of ordinary people.
Maiden: a general term for young women.
Me: A humble person. Humble yourself.
Xiao Sheng: the humble title of an old scholar to himself.
Boy: This refers to the name of modesty of students, juniors and graduate students.
Xiaoke: the name of modesty.
Student: Self-proclaimed modesty in reading or officialdom in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Also known as post-school.
Tongsheng: In the old days, this was called self-modesty among officials. Tongguan, also known as waiter, waiter, late student, late student, late student.
Villain: humble appellation of courtiers and common people. Again; A disparaging term for a person.
Old age: the humble name of the elderly.
2, in social interaction, people often use self-proclaimed, symmetrical, he said:
For example, Lian: the ancients claimed to be Lian, and later the emperor also claimed to be Lian.
Me: claiming to be. Taiwan Province, my motherland, Vietnam and India all call themselves.
We: commonly known as ourselves.
Others claim to be: I am waiting for my generation.
You: Call each other, also called Nong. (farmers also claim to be).
And: you call the other party, etc. ....................................................................................................................................................................
According to the part of speech of honorifics, there are three situations:
(1) is a pronoun that directly uses honorific words, generally monosyllabic words, commonly used as "such as, er, zi, er, gong, jun" and so on. These can all be translated as "you".
(2) Use nouns instead of pronouns to address each other. These words are disyllabic words, and there are three forms of this title: "Mr. and my son" as a general honorific; You can also use the place where the other person is or the people under your own hands to represent the other person, such as "first step, your majesty, your Excellency, deacon, left and right"; There are also people who address each other by their official positions, such as "king, doctor, general, son" and so on. These nouns can also be translated as "you". Your majesty is the monarch and emperor, but there is no need for translation, and neither does an official.
(3) Adjectives are used to address the behavior of people related to each other. These words are generally disyllabic words, one is an adjective and the other is a noun related to people. Common ones are:
Respect: respect the government, brothers, drivers and wives; Xian: Good brother, good wife Ren: Good friend, good brother.
Expensive: your body (with greetings), your surname, your Geng;
High: high friends, high relatives, high neighbors and high opinions;
Big: big gift, masterpiece, preparation.
These words generally don't need to be translated.
These honorifics have changed with the development of society, and one or two of the above situations are basically unnecessary now; The third type is still commonly used. These appellations are respectful, friendly and harmonious.
2. Modesty: Modesty refers to self-proclaimed modesty. The word used to express modesty is modesty. Can be divided into two situations to understand and master.
One is to replace the pronoun "I" with some nouns. Can be divided into the following four categories:
One is to use one's surname or first name to express modesty. "Perilla and the guests are boating under the Red Cliff." (Red Cliff Fu) uses the surname; "Ji's father heard that you were in mourning on the seventh day." (Sacrifice to Twelve Lang) uses a name.
The second category is "ministers, servants, some people, villains" ... >>
Question 7: What did you call the person you like in ancient times? Look at the man first: 1 lover.
In ancient times, I called my husband "lover", which is nice! From this, it is not difficult to see the glorious and tall image of ancient husbands. It is estimated that men at that time all said that they had * * * and had a small honey. In the ancient poem, there is a saying, "My concubine rises from a high building, and my lover holds a halberd."
The word "lover" has no gender, and the wife calls her husband "lover"; The husband calls his wife a "lover"; It can be seen from here that the status of men and women was generally equal at that time, but this indiscriminate title also brought a lot of inconvenience to the couple.
2 lang
So later, according to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, the pronunciation and meaning of the word "two" were distinguished; Add "Lu" to the right of "Liang" to become "Lang"; Add "female" to the left of "good" to form "mother". "Lang" means her husband. Li Baiyou's poem "When you, my love, ride a bamboo horse, come trotting around and throwing your childhood", "But as far as I can reach, it's a magic mountain, separated by ten thousand clusters of Pengshan" and "Please spend a lot of money on Lang". "Lang" is such a kind name!
3 Lang Jun
However, monosyllabic words seem too sweet. In addition to a few "Britney Spears" at that time, many good women were still ashamed to call them out in front of people (alas, our mm is different from those fierce foreign women). So add a disyllabic word before or after the end, that is, add a word "Jun" after the word "Lang"; Add a word "Zi" after the word "Niang" and it becomes "husband" and "wife" to show intimacy. (Note: At first, the word "lady" was only used for young girls. About the Tang Dynasty, it became the title of wife. The wife calls her husband "husband", which is an elegant address to her husband (reminiscent of Jin Yong's "golden husband", hehe. . . )
The husband calls his wife "lady", which is a nickname for his wife.
Four officials
Officially, the Song Dynasty was an era of cultural exchange between North and South. The appellation between husband and wife is also a dynasty with many appellations. Gong, the word "butler" appeared; Among ordinary people, there is the title of "official". Some wives call their husbands "officials". Up to now, the folks still call the newlyweds "the groom's official" and "the bride". The most famous representative is Simon. It can also be seen from this title that with the prosperity of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, the family status of men has also reached a new level. When an official is in charge of people, the official at home is of course in charge of the wife at home.
5 Laoye
Sir, only the official address of the husband. Its prominent position in the family is self-evident
6 An outsider, an outsider
In the Song Dynasty, wives also called their husbands "outsiders" or "husbands" in a more elegant way, while husbands called their wives "ladies" in addition to "ladies". In front of others, there are also "wife" and "family" as polite addresses for wives; These were the favorite names of petty bourgeoisie and pseudo-petty bourgeoisie at that time. Pan Jinlian mm said that Ximen Qing gg must be a sweet "Lian Guan"; But Li Yian mm said that the lighting city gg (sorry, it should be Zhao Mingcheng gg) must be a "wife".
7 xianggong
If you have seen Beijing Opera, Yue Opera and Huangmei Opera, you will be deeply impressed by the long-winded voice of "Xiang DDDDDD". It can also be seen that this name was popular in ancient times. This is a step further than the "official", not only an official, but also the highest official "phase". Wives and concubines will eventually be called "emperors" if they are not afraid of violating the taboos of the emperor's adult! Men's family status thus reached its peak.
However, whether Tai Chi will come or not, with the intensification of modern women's liberation movement. The status of men is also declining, which can also be clearly seen from the address of husbands.
8, sir
"Mister", also called "husband" in modern times, has original meaning, extended meaning and empty meaning. There are specific and general references. As far as its original meaning is concerned, the two meanings of "father and brother" and "Taoist" in ancient times were not used much. And its basic meaning seems to be "teacher". Cihai and Sir Download: Book of Rites? Qu Lishang:' Yu Xiansheng people, but talk to people on the road.' It is also extended as a title of respect for older and virtuous workers. Sometimes, it is also widely used as a polite address for people. "Therefore, this title not only refers to certain specific identities, such as husband and other objects, but also implies factors such as occupation and age. In other words, the so-called gentleman mainly refers to people with certain knowledge and older age. Calling her husband by Mr. is very elegant and means admiration and respect. This shows the dignity of men. It is still widely used in overseas Chinese, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
......& gt& gt
Question 8: The appellation between the ancients (ancient appellation) is a polite appellation.
Your father-address each other's father respectfully; Your mother-address each other's mother respectfully; Your son-address each other's son respectfully; Your daughter-address each other's daughter respectfully; Kinship-address each other's relatives; Ling Gaozu-a student who respects each other. My father-humble, calling himself his father; My mother-self-effacing, calling herself mother in front of others; Brothers-self-effacing, calling themselves brothers to others; Children-humbly call themselves sons; My little daughter-call her daughter modestly.
Courtesy address between relatives and friends
Parents are called Gaotang and Chunxuan, and their parents are knee-high.
My parents simply call me dad and Yan Jia; My mother, my family.
Father's death name: My father, strictness is the first, and exams are the first.
Mother's death is called: first mother, first kindness, first son.
Brothers and sisters are called brothers, brothers, sisters and sisters.
Brother's name is Kun Zhong and brother.
Husband and wife are called husband and wife, spouse and partner.
The death of peers is called: dead brother, brother, sister, wife.
Other people's parents say: your father, your mother.
Although the brother and sister are called: your brother and sister.
Although people and children are called: your son, you Yuan.
Wife and father are called: father-in-law, father-in-law and Mount Tai.
Other people's homes are called: government, respected government.
My home is called my humble abode, my shed and my thatched cottage.
Men and women are collectively referred to as: men are called men and women are called women.
The death of five couples is called widowhood.
The teacher said: teacher, master.
The student said: a pupil, a career.
The school said: cold window, chicken window.
Classmate said: Classmate.
Social Language and Dating Appellations
Say "I've heard a lot about you" when I first met you; Use "wait" to wait for guests;
The other party's letter is called "Shu Hui"; Ask someone to help say "I'm sorry";
Ask people to do things with "please"; Ask someone to give directions and use "instructions";
Praise people's views with "high praise"; Ask for forgiveness and say "tolerance";
The age of the elderly requires "longevity"; When the guests come, use "coming";
Use "goodbye" with others; Visit others with "visit";
Please don't send "leave"; Trouble others to say "I'm sorry";
Ask for convenience and say "excuse me"; Find someone to teach and say "consult";
Welcome to buy is called "patronage"; Long time no see "long time no see";
Use "loss compensation" in the middle first; Use "axe correction" to present the work.
Question 9: What did you call a teacher in ancient times? "Teacher" originally refers to an old and experienced scholar or a person who teaches academics, such as Historical Records? Biography of Mencius Xun Qing: "When Qi Xiang was king, Xun Qing was the most teacher." Later, people called people who taught students "teachers". For example, Yuan Hao of the Jin Dynasty asked "Show my grandnephew Bo An": "Bo An entered the primary school with extraordinary understanding, and his words surprised the teacher." In fact, in addition to "teacher", there are many names for teachers in ancient times, some of which are quite strange-
teacher
It contains the meaning of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism, which is one of the honorifics for teachers in ancient times. Did everything wrong? "Five Immortals": "Now I have a son, and I am incompetent. The anger of parents is for change, the enthusiasm of villagers is for moving, and the teaching of teachers is for change. With the love of parents, the trip of fellow villagers and the wisdom of teachers, my husband added three beautiful women, but he never moved and his shin hair did not change. "
grasp
At first, Confucius was regarded as an honorific title by Confucius' disciples, and later Confucius became an honorific title for teachers. The Analects of Confucius? Zhang Zi: "Master doesn't learn, but there are often teachers!" " "
Yamanaga
It is the title of lecturers in the past dynasties of the academy, and its origin comes from Jing Similarity. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Jiang Weidong gave lectures in Hengshan Mountain in seclusion, and was honored as "the king in the mountain" by many practitioners. Since then, "mountain leader" has become a kind of honorific title for teachers. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were academies and hills in all cities, prefectures and governments. Ming and Qing dynasties followed the yuan system, which was renamed De 'an during the Qianlong period and still called Shanchang in the late Qing Dynasty. After the abolition of the imperial examination, the academy was renamed as a school, and the title of mountain leader was abolished.
grasp
A general term for teachers in ancient times. At first, the word "master" was a general term for official positions such as Taishi, Taifu, Shao Shi and Shaofu. Because these positions are responsible for teaching, master has become synonymous with teachers. "Gu Liangchuan? Nineteen Years of Zhao Gong: "Being a child is not only a master, but also a father's sin. The word "master" is still in use today, but it generally refers to teachers in industries such as industry and commerce, folk art and drama.
grasp
In ancient times, there was a saying that "a teacher is the father of life", so a teacher is also called a master. "Lu Chunqiu? Persuade: "Teacher or father. "
tutor
Also known as Xibin, it is a kind of respect for teachers. Its origin is an allusion that Liu Zhuang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, once worshipped Huan Rong as a teacher when he was a prince. After he acceded to the throne, he still respected Huan Rong very much and often went to Taichang House where Huan Rong lived to listen to his lectures. Sitting on the floor in the Han Dynasty, the indoor seating was honored from west to east. Although Emperor Han Ming was an expensive emperor, he still arranged for Huan Rong to sit in the west and east seats, which showed his respect for the first teacher. Since then, teachers or guests have become people's honorifics for teachers.
Shi Bao
Originally an official who assisted the emperor and taught the children of the royal family in ancient times, he was also a teacher and lord protector, collectively known as "lord protector". "Is it easy? Under the copula: "Without a teacher, you are like a parent. "Later generally refers to the teacher. For example, Gong Zizhen's "Bao Puzi" in the Qing Dynasty: "Pupils learn from their children. Learn to serve your father, brother and teacher, and wait for your advisor. "
master
Originally, he was an official responsible for the discipline of imperial clan children. Hanshu? "Ping Di Ji": "Since the Emperor Tai Shang, he has been a clan, and each family has made corrections and cited it as a lesson." Later, he gradually evolved into a person who everyone admired and could be called a teacher. Yuan Tan of Confucius in the Northern Song Dynasty, Volume III: "Scholar, word guard, Culai Mountain people also. The article is academic, and the Lord of the world is called Yu Xiansheng. "
professor
Now the word professor is a professional title in the higher education system, but in ancient imperial academy it was a doctoral lecture. There were doctors from imperial academy in Han and Tang Dynasties, professors from central and local schools in Song Dynasty, Confucianism professors from prefectures and counties in Yuan Dynasty, and Fu Xue in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
assistant
A teacher who teaches in imperial academy. In Xianning, Western Jin Dynasty, Confucius School was founded in the second year, and teaching assistants were set up to coordinate toasting Confucius and teaching Confucian classics by doctors. Since then, with the exception of a few dynasties, there have been teaching assistants of Confucian classics in imperial academy, called Guo Zi, imperial academy, the four major teaching assistants and Wenguang.
Snow wave
Originally a scholar in Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a doctor in every county who taught students the Five Classics. Later, he was generally called a scholar. Wu, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty, wrote the thirty-sixth chapter of The Scholars: "This man is very different. Not only did I not study, but I also had no morale. "
James
Originally an official who taught Confucian classics. "Once"? Scholars: "Gao is also guided by the history of ancient Chinese literature such as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. Although he did not make a scholar, he was promoted to a lecturer. "
oracle
Initially, it was the official name of Shi Jing Primary School and Wushu in Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the county set up "County Confucianism" as the highest institution of learning in a county, with a teacher and several instructors. Discipline refers to the assistant who assists the Oracle. Most of the imperial edicts were from Jinshi origin and were directly appointed by the imperial court. "Ming history? Official wishes ... >>