About okra
Okra (scientific name: okra)
Moench): Also known as okra, croissant, coffee Huang Kui, eggplant and Abelmoschus manihot, it is also called "foreign pepper" among the people. Originated in Africa, it was introduced to China from India in the early 20th century, and it was mostly found in southern China. Its edible part is pod, which is divided into green and red. It tastes crisp, tender and juicy, smooth but not greasy, with unique flavor, and seeds can be pressed for oil.
Okra is millet. The root system is developed, the absorption is strong, the stems are upright and branched, and the root depth is more than1m.
Stem: the main stem is erect, with a height of 1-2.5m, a diameter of 5cm, red and green, cylindrical, short basal internodes, woody stems, several lateral branches at the basal internodes, and no lateral branches at the flowering nodes; Leaves palmately 5-lobed, alternate, with hairs or bristles on the leaves and slender and hollow petioles; The flowers are big and yellow and inserted in the axils of leaves.
Leaves: Leaves alternate, with coarse hairs on the upper and lower surfaces, palmately 3-5-lobed or shallowly lobed. The leaves in the lower part of the plant are round and wide, and gradually narrow from the upper part. There are also kinds of round leaves, such as castor leaves. The petiole is long and hollow, and there are white transparent particles on the back of the leaves.
Flowers: Flowers are axillary and begin to grow in the 4th 4- 10/0 section of the main plant. After that, each node usually grows a flower. Flowers are perfect, with yellow petals, usually five pieces, and deep red at the base. The flowering period is only a few hours, and it will wither in the afternoon. After the flowers wither, the tender fruits can be harvested in about 3-4 days. Palmately divided, with 5-7 lobes, the lobes lanceolate and the apex acuminate; The edge is obtuse and serrated, and the petiole is slender and hollow. The flower is 4-8 cm in diameter, the petals are white to yellow, and the petals have red or purple spots at their roots, which are gorgeous in color and have ornamental value.
Fruit: The fruit is a capsule, which is more than 10 cm long, with a sharp apex, slightly curved, slender like a horn or pepper, with thin leathery skin and a sharp apex. The color of the fruit varies from light green to dark green, but also purple. Fruit shapes can be divided into long fruit shapes or short fruit shapes, ranging from 5 angles to many angles, and also round. Fruits contain special sticky substances and have special fragrance or flavor. When the fruit is ripe, it turns black, lignified, longitudinally cracked, and there is a membrane separation between ventricles. There are more than 10 seeds in each ventricle (sub-chamber), which are spherical, slightly smaller than peas and grayish brown. Fruit length 10-25 cm, transverse diameter 1.9-3.6 cm. The surface of the fruit is covered with fine white fluff, and the fruit is lignified and inedible when it is ripe; The seeds are spherical, the size of mung beans, and the skin is thick and capillary. It contains many seeds. The seeds are spherical, gray-black, and the 1000-grain weight is about 55g.
Like warm climate, not cold-resistant, planted in deep fertile soil and sunny land. Okra is usually planted in March and germinates in 3-5 days. The seedling stage lasted more than 40 days and began to bear fruit in May. The growth cycle is generally more than 7 months.
Okra likes warm and sunny environment. Its cold tolerance is slightly different due to different varieties. Hibiscus and Hibiscus multiflora can overwinter in Beijing. Okra needs covering to protect it from wintering, or digging out its perennial roots.
Okra is stored in an unfrozen refrigerator for winter, so it is planted in large pots. The Yangtze River basin can be wintered in the open air. The requirements for soil are not strict. But not drought-tolerant.
Okra is propagated mainly by ramets, which can be carried out in spring and autumn. You can also cut off the branches of the current year for cutting in summer. Its seed skin is very hard. If sowing is carried out, the seeds should be soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid for 5 minutes in advance, and then washed with clear water before sowing, otherwise the embryo will be thick and will not break through the seed coat.
The area north of the Yangtze River is a perennial plant, which withers in winter and grows new branches in the following spring. Originated in Africa, it was introduced to China from India in the early 20th century. It is distributed in Jiangxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong (including Hainan Island) and other provinces in China, Pingxiang in Jiangxi, Wenshan in Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Nujiang and Baoshan. Low hills, grassy slopes, open spaces, sparse pine forests or dry barren land at an altitude of 900- 1600 meters are more common, with Pingxiang in Jiangxi being the most abundant, and also distributed in Vietnam and Laos. It is cultivated in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan.
Sowing in April in spring, the seeds are planted in holes, covered with 2 cm soil, and germinate 7- 10 days after sowing, and the germination is rapid and orderly. Seeds have the ability to sow themselves. When the seedling height is 10 cm, it can be thinned or transplanted. In June, leave seedlings per hole 1 plant. Fertilize 1 time every half month during the growing period to keep the soil moist. When the bud is formed, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are applied 1 times. Pay attention to setting supports when flowering to prevent the wind from lodging. Common leaf spot, rust, aphids and scarabs. Before the disease occurs, it can be prevented by spraying the same amount of Bordeaux mixture. Spraying pests with 500 times solution of 5% carbaryl wettable powder.
Okra is suitable for planting on the land with deep soil layer and loose and fertile soil layer. At the same time, apply sufficient base fertilizer. Generally, 2000 kg of soil manure and cake fertilizer 100 kg are applied per mu. Nursery seedlings are usually planted in sunny seedbeds or solar greenhouses from the end of March to mid-April. Seedbed soil is prepared according to the ratio of vegetable garden soil, decomposed organic fertilizer and fine sand of 6:3: 1, and the density is 10 cm. Because the shell of okra seed is hard, it should be soaked for 24 hours before sowing, and then germinated at 25-30℃ for 4-5 days, and the seedling age is 30-40 days, that is, sowing when the seedling grows to 3-4 leaves. The live broadcast is usually carried out from early April to mid-May, with row spacing of 15 * 40cm and 2-3 capsules per hole. Plastic film mulching cultivation can be sown 4-6 days earlier. When the seedlings grow to two leaves, they should be thinned, leaving only one strong seedling in each hole, and the seedlings should be fixed when there are 4-5 leaves.
Okra has developed root system and strong absorption capacity. When the plant height is 40-50 cm, 1 times fertilizer should be applied around the plant, combined with intertillage and soil cultivation. After the first two fruit harvests, topdressing urea 10 kg per mu. In the late growth stage, in order to prevent premature aging, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed on the leaves every 5-7 days 1 time for 2-3 times in a row.
Okra is drought-tolerant and can be watered less at seedling stage. Before flowering, it is necessary to properly cultivate the soil and squat to promote root extension. Water at any time during drought, and keep the border moist in summer. Generally 7- 10 days 1 time. Appropriate watering in the late growth stage. There is much water and high temperature in rainy season, which easily leads to waterlogging and root rot. It is necessary to clear the ditch and drain water in time.
Abelmoschus esculentus mainly bears the main vine, so the side branches should be removed in time to reduce nutrient loss. After fruit picking, properly remove the old leaves at the base to facilitate ventilation and reduce diseases. Pay attention to cultivating soil in rainy season to prevent plants from lodging.
The product harvested by okra is tender fruit. Premature harvest affects yield; If it is too late, the fiber will increase, the meat will age, the quality will decrease, and even the edible value will be lost, so it is very important to harvest it in time. Generally, the best commercial fruit can be obtained when the young fruit grows to 8- 10 cm 7-8 days after flowering. The harvest should be carried out in the evening, and it should be cut off at the fruit stalk to avoid damaging the branches. The harvesting period can last from late June to1early October 10.
Okra:
step
(1) planting time: from early April to late August, you can sow in the open field, and you can harvest tender fruits in the same year; Using large and small sheds to cover seedlings can sow in early March and harvest tender fruits in advance.
② Soil preparation and fertilization: Abelmoschus esculentus has strong adaptability to soil, but in order to obtain high yield, it must be planted in fields with fertile and loose soil, convenient irrigation and drainage, and sufficient sunlight, and continuous cropping with cotton and other malvaceae crops is prohibited. Before sowing or planting, turn over the soil, with the border of 1.4m wide, 40cm wide and 25-30cm deep. The ditch in the middle of the boundary
Fertilization: 2,000-3,000 kg of decomposed manure, 25-50 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and 0/5-20 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium/kloc-are applied per mu, and then the surface of the border is leveled.
(3) Sowing: direct seeding, that is, after frost breaking, two rows are sowed in each border, the hole spacing is 45-50 cm, and 2-3 seeds are sowed in each hole, and strong seedlings are reserved in one hole after emergence. In order to improve the ground temperature and early emergence, sowing in early spring can be covered with plastic film or small arch shed. [ 1]
In the north, there are two cultivation forms: flat border or high border. Sowing in the first half of May and harvesting in July.
Digging holes and applying base fertilizer
Dig 2 rows of holes in each border, with the planting row spacing of 70cm wide border of 50cm× 40cm and 2600 holes per mu; Border width 100 cm, row spacing of 60 cm× 60 cm, per mu 1700 nests. Apply 200-300g dry farmyard manure and 30g NPK compound fertilizer to each hole, and mix them evenly with the soil in the hole (the fertilizer should not be concentrated in the sowing hole to avoid burning seedlings).
sow seeds
Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 20℃~25℃ 12 hours, then dry them in the air and dry them at 25℃.
Germination is accelerated at 0 ~30℃ for 48 hours, and half of the seeds can be sown. On the prepared plot, dig holes according to the row spacing of 80 cm and the plant spacing of 50 cm. First, water is poured on the soles of the feet, and 2-3 seeds are sown in each hole, covering 2-3 cm with soil, and about 2,000 holes are planted per mu, and the amount of seeds is about 0.5 kg.
Sowing is usually carried out from the end of April to the beginning of May. Sprinkle three seeds in each hole in a triangle with a distance of 5 cm and a depth of 2 cm. After sowing, water the seeds. Emerge 5-7 days after sowing. When the seedlings grow to 10 cm, start thinning, leaving 2 plants in each hole.
Tiantuan management
When the first real leaf is unfolded, it is necessary to carry out the first thinning and remove the sick seedlings. When the second and third leaves are unfolded, a strong seedling should be left in each hole, and after the seedlings are fixed, the weeds should be plowed in time. In the future, we should often cultivate and weed, but also cultivate the soil to prevent plants from lodging. Okra is a kind of moisture-tolerant plant, with tall plants and high water demand. Water 1 time after seedling emergence, and water frequently during flowering and fruit setting to keep the soil moist, especially in July and August, when the high temperature weather is at the peak of fruit picking, the water demand is large. In addition, urea 15 kg or 500~600 kg of human excrement should be applied in seedling stage, fruiting stage and full fruiting stage for three times to promote high yield.
The root system of okra plants is developed and grows vigorously, and the demand for fertilizer and water is large, especially in flowering period, which will lead to poor fruit and reduced yield. Topdressing 1 time after seedling formation, and applying 2g NPK compound fertilizer to each hole. If the fertilizer is obviously insufficient, topdressing 1 time every 10 ~ 15 days in the future, and the amount of fertilization depends on the plant size, with 5g ~ 10g per hole. Irrigation should be increased in dry season to keep the soil moist.
Hit a side branch. If the water and fertilizer are sufficient, the axillary buds at the lower part of the okra plant can easily grow into lateral branches, which will not only lead to poor results, but also cause too many branches and leaves of the plant, which will affect the normal results of the main stem. Therefore, once the side branches appear, they should be removed in time, and the tender side branches can be fried.
Okra:
Okra can be planted in early spring or late autumn. When planting, fermented cattle, horse manure or dried chicken manure should be used as base fertilizer, and the base fertilizer should be fully mixed in the planting soil. Planting Yichun is shallow in autumn and deep in autumn. After planting, soil should be piled for cold protection and heat preservation. Water the first time immediately after planting in spring, the second time after five days, the third time after one week, and then once a month. Seedlings planted in late autumn can be piled up with soil and kept warm by watering once. In rainy days in summer, water should be removed in time. Okra likes fertilizer. After applying base fertilizer during planting, a small amount of NPK compound fertilizer can be applied in early April. Combined with frozen water in late autumn, apply rotten leaf fertilizer once.
The natural crown shape of okra is relatively loose, so it can be trimmed according to the needs of the garden during the maintenance process. First, we should pay attention to not affecting pedestrians; Second, the branches that are too long should be cut short to prevent the crown shape from being affected; Third, if no seeds are left after flowering, the residual flowers should be cut off in time to prevent excessive consumption of nutrients; Fourth, prune the dense branches to keep the plants ventilated and transparent; Fifth, the branches on the ground should be cut off before winter, so as to help pile up soil to prevent cold. [2]
Okra has fewer pests and diseases, and occasionally there are aphids, borers and cutworms. In the rainy season, there are many diseased spots on branches and leaves. After the weather clears up, lime should be sprayed near the base of the plant in time to prevent the spread of the disease.
There are few diseases and insect pests in okra, mainly virus diseases, mainly cotton bollworm, bridge builder, aphid, thrips and so on. , mainly to prevent viral diseases. Helicoverpa armigera and bridge builder mainly harm fruits, trichlorfon can be sprayed, aphids and thrips mainly harm fruit pods, and dimethoate can be sprayed on aqueous solution. Finally, it should be reminded that okra is a rare vegetable, and the market must be considered before introduction. [3]
Attention should be paid to prevent black cutworm from eating seedlings at seedling stage and early growth stage. Mi Le 0. 15 kg/mu can be applied to border. The field is mainly used to control aphids, which can be controlled by spraying "aphid mite" 3000 times.
Try to avoid using pesticides after flowering. Plutella xylostella mainly harms the leaves in the full fruit period, so it needs to be controlled with high-efficiency and low-toxicity special pesticides for vegetables.
The common disease of okra is leaf spot, which is a frequently-occurring and common disease of okra and generally harms the leaves of plants. The disease is caused by fungal infection, and its peak period is high temperature and humidity in summer. At the beginning of the disease, there are light black spots on the leaves. With the development of the disease, the spots gradually expand into patches, and finally connect into pieces, and fall off after rolling leaves. For the prevention and treatment of this disease, first, we should pay attention to balanced nutrition and not be partial to nitrogen fertilizer; Second, we should pay attention to the ventilation and light transmission of plants and trim the branches that are too dense in time; Third, if there are diseases, spraying 75% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times solution once every seven days for two or three times continuously can effectively control the diseases.
Scarab is a common pest of okra. If they are released, firstly, grubs should be controlled. 250 ml of 50% phoxim EC was sprayed around the plant with 2.5 kg of water. Second, you can trap and kill adults with insecticidal lamps; The third is to infect and kill the larvae with Metarhizium anisopliae.
Okra varieties
1. pentagonal shape: bred in Japan, the plant height is about 1m, the fruit is pentagonal, the fruit is dark green, shiny, with many fruits and good quality, and the yield per mu is about 2000kg.
2. Kariba: The fruit is angular, neat and dark green. The fruiting begins at a low node, and the fruiting continuity is strong and the fruiting rate is high. Suitable harvest time: fruit length 8- 12 cm, fruit diameter 1.7 cm. It's delicious and very popular. Suitable for greenhouse and open field cultivation and high temperature cultivation. The growth is vigorous, the fruit does not wither, the harvest period is long, and the yield per mu is about 3000 Jin.
3. Five Blessingg: The plant height is 1.5 ~ 2m, and both main branches and lateral branches can bear fruit. The fruit is green, smooth, pentagonal or even hexagonal. The leaves are completely split. The fifth section of the main branch begins to bear fruit. The yield per mu is about 3000 Jin.
4. Farmers were born early 1: Farmers provided seeds earlier than Five Blessingg.
1, precocious five jiao
2. Emerald
3. Crimson hairless multi-angle okra
4. Uranium tetrafluoride
5. Green arrow
6, high quality fifty cents
7.crimson okra
Nutritional value of okra
Okra is rich in vitamins and minerals. Every 100g of tender okra contains about 4mg of vitamin C, 0/.03 mg of vitamin E/kloc-0, and 3 10μ g of carotene. Okra is rich in trace elements such as zinc and selenium, which is very helpful to enhance the anti-cancer ability of human body. Secondly, there are viscous liquid substances in the fresh fruit of okra, including pectin, mucopolysaccharide and other polysaccharides. Mucopolysaccharide can enhance the body's resistance, maintain the smoothness of articular membrane and serosa in human joint cavity, reduce the accumulation of lipid substances in arterial wall and avoid the atrophy of liver and kidney connective tissue. Finally, okra has high water content and low fat.
100g The fresh and tender fruit of okra has a fat content of only 0. 1g, which is very suitable for women who want to lose weight. Moreover, it is rich in vitamin C and dietary fiber, and can also whiten the skin.