Before 1970s, Malaysia's economy was dominated by agriculture and depended on the export of primary products. Since 1970s, we have constantly adjusted the industrial structure and vigorously developed the export-oriented economy. Electronic industry, manufacturing industry, construction industry and service industry have developed rapidly. At the same time, the implementation of the "New Economic Policy", which gives priority to Malays and aborigines, aims to achieve the goal of eliminating poverty and restructuring society.
Since 1987, the economy has maintained a high-speed growth of more than 8% in 10. 199 1 put forward the cross-century development strategy of "Grand Vision 2020", with the goal of turning Ma Jiancheng into a developed country in 2020. We attach importance to the development of high technology and have launched projects such as "Multimedia Super Corridor" and "Bio-Valley".
1998 was hit by the Asian financial crisis, and the economy experienced negative growth. Through policies such as stabilizing the exchange rate, restructuring the debts of banks and enterprises, and expanding domestic demand and exports, the economy basically recovered and maintained moderate growth. Since the second half of 2008, affected by the international financial crisis, domestic economic growth has slowed down and exports have declined. In response to the crisis, the government has successively introduced RM 7 billion and RM 60 billion stimulus measures. After taking office in 2009, Prime Minister Najib took a number of measures to stimulate economic and domestic demand growth. Nowadays, the economy has gradually shaken off the impact of the financial crisis, and the momentum of stabilization and recovery is obvious. In 20 10, the tenth five-year plan with the theme of "economic prosperity and social equity" was announced, and the "new economic model" was launched to continue to promote economic transformation.
International trade has promoted the navigation routes adjacent to the Straits of Malacca, which is a key link in manufacturing. Malaysia is an exporter of agriculture and natural resources, and oil is the main export product. Malaysia used to be the largest tin producer in the world, and its rubber was palm oil. Manufacturing has a great influence on the national economy, although Malaysia's economic structure has begun to move away from manufacturing. Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world.
Kuala Lumpur's stable macroeconomic environment, inflation rate and unemployment rate of 3% or less, and abundant foreign exchange reserves and small foreign debts make it very unlikely that an economic depression similar to the Asian economic crisis 1997 will happen again in Malaysia.
The main stock markets in Malaysia are Malaysia Stock Exchange and MASDAQ. Malaysia is the largest producer of disk drives in the world. The sales of Puteng Automobile at home and abroad are also increasing day by day. Heavy industries such as steel are still one of Malaysia's economic pillars. Latex and rubber industries are Malaysia's economic advantages. Main economic data of Malaysia in 20 13 years: gross domestic product (GDP) 3166 billion USD, GDP growth rate 4.7%, per capita GDP 10553 USD, inflation rate 2. 1%, and total foreign trade 440 1 billion USD. The table data reference comes from:) The Malaysian government encourages the processing industry which mainly focuses on domestic raw materials, focusing on the development of electronics, automobiles, steel, petrochemicals and textiles. In 2006, the sales revenue of manufacturing industry was RM 511300 million, increasing by1/0.2%. The number of employed people is 6,543,800+0,800. Malaysia's industry is mainly a processing industry based on raw materials. In recent years, it has developed very rapidly in electronics, automobiles and steel. Malaysia's industry has developed rapidly, and the number of people engaged in industry has gradually increased. Nowadays, Malaysia regards export orientation as the top priority of economic development, develops industry into technology-intensive industry and increases the added value of industrial products. So great progress has been made in architecture, manufacturing and electronics.
Malaysia is in a leading position in the production and export of semiconductors, audio-visual equipment, air conditioners, rubber products and artificial petroleum products. After years of rapid development, Malaysian industry has formed a fairly complete industrial system. Malaysia's industry is relatively developed in automobile, electronics and machinery manufacturing. Domestic cars enjoy a high reputation in East Asia. Malaysia also pays attention to promoting information technology, and through the ambitious multimedia super corridor plan, it has greatly opened up the communication market, online information services, e-commerce and digital broadcasting technology. Malaysia's manufacturing industry is the largest production sector in Malaysia. In the past 30 years, Malaysia's manufacturing industry has developed rapidly. In 20 10, the total output value of manufacturing industry was about $26410.70 billion, and the added value was $539 1 0.0 billion, accounting for 22.5% of GDP. Malaysia's manufacturing industry is dominated by food manufacturing, electronic appliances, wood products, oil refining, rubber products and non-metallic mineral products.
In the manufacturing industry, refined petroleum products, chemical products, electronic components and circuit boards, animal and vegetable oils (mainly palm oil products) were the main industries that contributed to Malaysia's GDP in 20 10. The industrial added value of these four industries is $23.87 billion, accounting for 44.2% of the manufacturing industry.
Electronic manufacturing industry
Malaysia's electronics manufacturing industry has developed rapidly and has grown into an important pillar industry of the national economy. Malaysia's electronics manufacturing industry mainly covers electronic components and circuit boards, consumer electronics, computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment and other fields. In 20 10, the total output value of Malaysian electronics manufacturing industry was US$ 53.97 billion, with an added value of US$ 9.64 billion, accounting for 7.9% of manufacturing industry14,000 employees. Among them, the total output value of electronic components and circuit board manufacturing industry is $ 284. 1 billion; The total output value of consumer electronics manufacturing industry is $654.38+$02.58 billion; The total output value of computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing industry is 9.41billion USD; The total output value of communication equipment manufacturing industry is $3.57 billion. Global 1/3 semiconductor is assembled in Penang, Malaysia. Many electronic suppliers, buyers and manufacturers gathered in Penang, making Penang known as the "Oriental Silicon Valley" today.
automotive industry
In Malaysia, the automobile industry is considered as one of the most important strategic industries. 20 1 1 year, Malaysia's automobile sales reached 600,000 vehicles, ranking behind Indonesia and Thailand, making it the third largest automobile market in ASEAN. There are three main automobile manufacturers in Malaysia: Proton, Pedova and Kia of Korea. Among them, Proton is the symbol of Malaysia's national automobile industry and the largest automobile company in Malaysia, while Parodo was founded in Malaysia, 1993, mainly cooperating with Daihatsu and Toyota, and is the second largest national automobile brand in Malaysia. Malaysia's automobile market is controlled by Malaysia's national automobile. Proton and Payraudeau account for 90% of the national automobile market every year, which is a major feature of Malaysia's automobile market. In addition, another feature of Malaysia's auto market is that the sales volume of passenger cars is much higher than that of commercial vehicles. 20 1 1 year, the sales volume of passenger cars in Malaysia reached 535,000, while that of commercial vehicles was only 65,000. The data shows that the total output value of Malaysia's automobile industry in 20 10 reached US$ 7.03 billion, including US$ 6.97 billion for passenger cars and US$ 60 million for commercial vehicles. Agriculture is dominated by cash crops, mainly oil palm, rubber and tropical fruits. The grain self-sufficiency rate is about 70%. In 20 10, the total agricultural output value was104.6 billion ringgit, accounting for 7.3% of the gross national product, and the employed population was14.75 million. Rich in tropical trees. Fishing is mainly offshore fishing, with an annual catch of 526,000 tons in 201/kloc-0.
In September 2006, the Malaysian government submitted the 2007 budget to the National Assembly, in which the total revenue was RM 654.38+0348 billion and the total expenditure was RM 654.38+0594 billion. The budget deficit as a percentage of GDP decreased from 3.5% in 2006 to 3.4% in 2007.
By the end of 2006, the total foreign debt was $565,438+200 million euros. As of March 2007, Malaysia's foreign exchange reserves were US$ 87.3 billion, which was 9. 1 times of short-term foreign debt, covering 8 1 month's imports. address
Malays don't have fixed surnames, so they don't use surnames. Malay names can be divided into two parts. The first part is their names, separated by "bin" or "binti" and sometimes omitted. The second part is the name of their father. Man: Just use "bin" in the middle, and "binti" for women.
In informal situations, the more intimate names for the younger generation are Adik or dik, which means brother or sister, and the names can be omitted. For older men, it can be called pakkik, which means uncle; for women, it can be called Makcik, which means aunt.
In daily situations, Encik is used to address men, meaning Mr. so-and-so, and cik is used to address women, meaning Ms. so-and-so.
On more formal occasions, Puan is used to address men and Puan is used to address women. In addition, people with titles can call them directly or add their own names to them. Such as Datuk and Tanseri.
A gift for the first meeting.
The traditional Malay greeting ceremony is very unique. When they meet, they will hold each other's hands with both hands and rub each other, and then move their right hands to their hearts. For unfamiliar women, don't just reach out and ask for a handshake. Men should nod or bow slightly to women and take the initiative to extend oral greetings. But now Western handshake is the most common greeting in Malaysia, which can be used by Malays, China or Indians.
have a meal
Malays avoid eating pork and drinking alcohol. When dining in a Malay restaurant, if you see a big kettle on the dining table, don't mistake it for a teapot for drinking water. In fact, the water in it is used for washing hands. Malays usually grasp food with their right hands, so washing hands before and after meals is the etiquette at Malay table.
Make an interview
In Malaysia, you must take off your shoes before entering the homes of Malays, China or Indians, unless the owner allows you. When visiting a Malay family, if the host arranges to sit on a mat on the floor, men should sit cross-legged while women should sit with their legs tilted to the left.
Other taboos or etiquette
Don't point your index finger at others. If you want to indicate the direction, you can only use your thumb. Don't use your left hand when greeting, shaking hands, giving gifts or receiving things with Malays. It is disrespectful to pick up things or say hello with your left hand. Malays are afraid of people touching their heads. No one can touch anyone's head except the teacher or the religious ceremony. Don't show your feet in front of others. Pointing them at others is an insult.
The traditional clothes of Malay men and women are: men wear collarless shirts, trousers, short sarong around their waists, a "loose ancient" hat and leather shoes. A lady's dress is also a blouse and sarong, as wide as a robe, and is covered with a monochromatic bright scarf. In Malaysia, people generally don't wear yellow clothes except members of the royal family. For the convenience of work, migrant workers generally wear light-colored suits, and only wear traditional clothes when they come home from work or visit relatives and friends or major festivals. On various formal occasions, men can wear long-sleeved Buddy shirts in addition to national costumes or suits. Batty shirt is a long-sleeved shirt made of batik cloth, which is thin and cool. Now it has gradually replaced the traditional Malay costume and become Malaysia's "national costume". The official language of Malaysia is Malay, which is a standardized Malay language. English was the official language for a long time, although Malay became the main language after the racial riots in 1969. English is still an active second language in many areas of Malaysian society. Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English (MySE), is a form of English derived from British English, although this name is rarely used formally unless it is related to education. Malaysian English is also widely used in enterprises, which is a colloquial English form and is greatly influenced by Malay, Chinese dialect and Tamil. The government does not encourage the wrong use of Malay, and fines public signs that mix Malay and English.
Because Malaysian Chinese insist on defending the Chinese curriculum in Chinese primary schools, Chinese independent middle schools and junior high schools, and with the support of Chinese newspapers and media, as well as Chinese social organizations (Chinese education, Chinese media and social parties are collectively called the three spiritual pillars of Malaysian Chinese), they can generally talk fluently in Chinese. In daily life and informal occasions, most Chinese in Malaysia are used to "Raja Chinese", which is a mixture of various dialects, English and Malay. Use standard Chinese in schools, radio and television, public formal occasions or speeches in China. However, some Cantonese dialect radio stations, such as 988 and MyFM, will speak dialects at certain times to prevent Chinese people from forgetting their roots.
Chinese have moved to Malaysia for hundreds of years, and their ancestral homes are mostly distributed in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. In various dialects, they also came to the south with their ancestors and continued to spread in Malaysia. Dialects that people still use are arranged from north to south according to their ancestral homes, including Minqing dialect, Xinghua dialect, Minnan dialect, Hakka dialect, Chaozhou dialect, Cantonese, Hainan dialect, Guangxi Cantonese and so on. In rural areas, the same dialect group is relatively concentrated, and a single dialect will appear. In urban areas, although there are one or two strong dialects, most people are familiar with all kinds of dialects and can change their answers quickly.
In order to standardize the use of Chinese in Malaysia, the Chinese Standardization Committee was established on February 6, 2004 at 5438+03. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Finance of Malaysia, as of August 2003, personal deposits in Malaysia accounted for 58% of the total bank deposits, with an annual growth rate of 6%. According to the statistics of Malaysia's Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia, as of June 2004, there were 4.547 million fixed-line users; The number of mobile phone users is124.08 million. The urban and rural fixed-line telephone ownership rates are 23% and 12% respectively, and the mobile phone ownership rate is 53% and 12% respectively. As of April 2006, there were 4.2 million computer users in Malaysia, 40% of whom used the Internet.
Malaysia ranks 99th in the world in terms of house price, but 9th in terms of rent. Compared with the high cost of Singapore, Malaysia not only has an ideal geographical location, but also has many preferential policies. "Malaysia's Second Home Project" (MM2H) attracts a large number of foreigners to settle and invest in Malaysia with its low threshold, simpler procedures and preferential treatment. 20 1 1 year, Ma Jiaping's per capita disposable income is RM 4025 per month. By 20 10, there are 32,979 doctors and 37 hospitals in China. 1986 Ma found the first case of AIDS. By June 2006, Ma * * * had found 5830 AIDS patients. In 20 10 years, the average life expectancy of men is 710.9 years, and that of women is 77 years. The infant mortality rate is 6.8‰.
According to the statistics of Malaysian Ministry of Health, in 2003, there were 1 doctor for every 1.377 people in China, with 34,089 beds. Life expectancy in 2006 was 74. 1 year. There are about 50 newspapers published in 8 languages in Malaysia. The main newspapers are: Malay Courier, Daily News, Motherland and Malay Herald. English versions of New Straits Times, Star and Malay Post; Sin Chew Daily, Guanghua Daily and Nanyang Business Daily.
Malaysia National News Agency (hereinafter referred to as Ma Tong News Agency) is a semi-official news agency. Radio Malaysia is a government-run radio station established at 1946. It has six broadcasting networks, broadcasting in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil. Voice of Malaysia Radio was established in 1963 and broadcasts in 8 languages, including Malay, English, Indonesian, Burmese, Tagalog and Thai.
Malaysia Television is a government-run station, which was built in 1963. It has two public TV channels (state-owned TV stations), TV 1 and TV2. TV 1 broadcasts programs in Malay, and TV2 serves audiences of all ethnic groups in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil. In addition, it also owns four leading private wireless TV media groups. Its subsidiaries include Octave Space TV (8TV) in Chinese and English, National TV (NTV7) and TV3 and TV9 in Malay. The major media groups and Malaysian TV stations have not opened up free TV channels mainly in Chinese, and the programs broadcast by the six existing free TV channels in Malaysia need to be used with Malays and Indians. In addition, Malaysia established Astro Group at 1996, which mainly provides management services for subsidiaries, including pay TV services and radio broadcasting services. The Malaysian government strives to shape the national culture based on Malay culture, implements the "national education policy" and attaches importance to the universal education of Malays. Chinese education is relatively common and has a relatively complete Chinese education system. In 2007, the literacy rate of the population aged over 15 was 9 1.9%, and the enrollment rate was 7 1.5%. There are more than 470 public libraries in China, with a collection of 1 1.3 million volumes.
There are three types of primary schools. The first is a primary school with Malay as the main language; Then there are ethnic primary schools with Chinese or Tamil as the main language. There are two kinds of middle schools, namely, five-year ethnic middle schools and six-year independent Chinese middle schools with Chinese as the education system. Junior high school is generally a five-year program, that is, from grade one to grade five, but there are preparatory classes for middle schools and preparatory classes for universities. Grades are divided into junior high school and high school. In junior high school, the system of applying for PMR is divided into science, business and liberal arts, while in senior high school, applying for SPM, in national universities, there are two kinds of preparatory classes, namely, Form VI and preparatory classes. Form 6 applies for STPM, and the preparatory class is evaluated by semester. There are 6 1 independent secondary schools in Malaysia, each of which is divided into two grades: high school and junior high school. Malaysian Chinese Independent Middle School has a unified curriculum for junior high school students who apply for the unified examination of junior high school and senior high school in the third and third grades of junior high school, and classes in senior high school are divided into disciplines. Subject classes are generally divided into science, arts and sciences, and business. Conditional independent middle schools also offer technical and vocational education classes. From middle school to university, there are different ways, that is, A-Level, basic college courses, professional diplomas provided by private colleges.
1997 the Malaysian government has passed the private education law, which provides legal protection for the development of private higher education. Malaysia has 10 higher public universities and 4 foreign university branches. There are 652 private colleges (79 of which offer dual courses such as 3+0.2+ 1). Private educational institutions enroll hundreds of thousands of students every year. In order to ensure the quality, the Malaysian Ministry of Education has set up the Private Education and National Academic Accreditation Agency (LAN) to supervise and manage the courses, tuition fees and teachers' level of private educational institutions. The famous public university in Malaysia is the University of Malaya, ranking 32nd in Asia at 20 13QS and 167 in the world. National University of Malaysia, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, etc. They are all Asian universities in the top 20 13QS 100, and five Malaysian universities are among them. Badminton in Malaysia is excellent, and it ranks among the top five countries (Denmark, Chinese mainland, South Korea, Indonesia and Malaysia). There have been talented people throughout the ages, including Li Zongwei, China and men's singles players. From 1998, he represented Malaysia in foreign competitions, and won the first champion of Malaysian satellite badminton competition in 2003. People often compare it with Dānlín in China, Taufik in Indonesia and Peter Gade in Denmark, calling it the "Four Kings". Li Zongwei is still a strong opponent of China badminton men's singles.
Malaysia has not won an Olympic gold medal so far. Badminton is the only event in Malaysia that won an Olympic medal. 1992 At the Barcelona Olympic Games, Rashif and the Gelerni brothers won bronze medals in men's doubles. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, Xie Xunbi and Jinfu Ye won the silver medal in men's doubles and Rashid won the bronze medal in men's singles. Li Zongwei and Dānlín both reached the men's singles finals in 2008 and 20 12 consecutive Olympic Games, and Li Zongwei unfortunately won the silver medal twice in a row.
Malaysian athletes won 8 gold medals, 17 silver medals and 17 bronze medals at the 2006 Doha Asian Games, which set the best results in the history of the Asian Games for the Malaysian delegation. The above eight gold medals came from bowling (3), badminton (1), martial arts (1), sailing (1) and squash (2).
The Malaysian Football Association officially launched the Malaysian Super Football League in 2004, hoping to improve the football level in Malaysia with the help of related football leagues. Malaysia Airlines is mainly operated by Malaysia Airlines, with more than 1 10 aircraft and13 routes, of which 80 are international routes. 1996165438+1October, the second airline, AirAsia, was put into operation. There are 37 airports in China, including 5 international airports: Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Penang, Langkawi, Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. * * * Malaysia has 1 18 airports, 38 of which have hard-surfaced runways. Malaysia's national airline is Malaysia Airlines, which provides international and domestic flights. In addition, there are two Malaysian airlines flying.