The whole plant has fluff. The stem is erect, about 1 m high, higher than the lower circle. The raceme is terminal.

Sesame production (14 sheets)

Flowers are solitary, or two or three flowers are clustered in leaf axils. Cylindrical, lipped, red, purple and white. Due to different varieties, the number of edges of long cylindrical capsules varies from 4.6.8. Seeds oblate, white, yellow, brownish red or black. White seeds have high oil content, and black seeds have the functions of nourishing liver and kidney, moistening dryness and relaxing bowels. Sesame oil contains a lot of essential fatty acids, and linoleic acid content is as high as 43.7%, which is higher than vegetable oil and peanut oil. Sesame oil can be extracted from the stems, leaves and flowers of sesame. [ 1]

A detailed map of sesame seeds

2 distribution editor

Native to Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China.

3 cultivation technology editor

Land consolidation and border preparation

Both summer sesame seeds and autumn sesame seeds are sown in the season with high temperature and large evaporation.

Sesame blossoms

Precise soil preparation and water conservation are the keys to the whole seedling. In the case of high soil moisture, the ground behind the pear field can be carefully raked horizontally and horizontally, and the ground can be raked horizontally to cover seeds after sowing. In the case of low soil moisture, you can sow the harrow and cover the ground with seeds immediately after harrowing, which can inhibit soil moisture conservation. Sesame is afraid of waterlogging, and its growing period is in a rainstorm period. Therefore, when planting a single sesame, the border should be -2-3 meters wide, and the border ditch, waist ditch and surrounding ditch should be opened flat to facilitate timely irrigation and drainage.

Sesame planting system

Sesame is often mixed with dwarf crops because of its erect stems and small shade area. For example, it is mixed or intercropped with sweet potatoes, peanuts, soybeans and other crops. Generally, a row of sesame seeds is made in the middle of the ditch between 65438 and 0-2 rows of sweet potatoes or a row of sesame seeds is intercropped with peanuts every 2-4 rows. Sesame is more drought-tolerant and beans are more moisture-tolerant. Mixed cropping of sesame and beans is beneficial to drought and flood control.

sow seeds

Sesame Photo Album (18)

1, and the suitable sowing date of summer sesame is from late May to early June. The suitable sowing date of autumn sesame is early and middle July, which can be later than late July under good heat conditions.

2. The sowing amount per mu is 400g, 350g for drilling and 250g for sowing as required. Sow less in fields with high soil fertility, few pests and diseases and high water content.

3. There are three sowing methods: on-demand, broadcast and drill. Sowing is a traditional sowing method in Jianghuai area, which is suitable for grabbing soil moisture and sowing. When sowing, the seeds are spread evenly, covered with shallow soil and emerge quickly, but it is not conducive to field management. Drill sowing can control row spacing and plant spacing, implement reasonable close planting, facilitate field management such as thinning and intertillage, and be suitable for mechanized operation. Sow 5-7 seeds per hole. No matter which sowing method, shallow sowing and even sowing, the depth is 2-3 cm.

Fertilizer practice

Fertilization technology: Organic fertilizer is the main base fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate and plant ash are added. Base fertilizer should be applied lightly. In acidic soil, lime and plant ash should be added to the base fertilizer. More phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied in areas with low phosphorus and potassium content in soil. Sesame topdressing, in addition to applying seedling fertilizer in poor soil areas or fields, is generally applied when branches appear, and single-stem varieties are applied from germination to flowering. Generally, 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is used to fertilize the roots, and it is sprayed in the sunny afternoon from the early flowering period to the full flowering period once every two days. Boron fertilizer should be applied in boron-deficient areas.

Under the condition of low base fertilizer and poor quality, forced fertilization at seedling stage must be applied early. Generally, 45-75 kilograms of urea should be applied topdressing per hectare before and after seedling growth. By the early flowering stage of sesame, phosphorus fertilizer 150-225 kg and potassium fertilizer 756438+050 kg can be applied to each hectare respectively. When applying urea 75- 150kg/hm2 at the initial flowering stage of sesame, spraying 1-2 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the later growth stage of sesame can delay leaf senescence, improve photosynthetic intensity and achieve the effect of increasing yield. Pay attention to the coordination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements when applying fertilizer, combine organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer, achieve the matching of base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and topdressing, apply fertilizer scientifically, and realize the early development, steady growth and no premature aging of sesame.

planting density

The planting density of single-stem varieties of summer sesame is 8000- 10000 plants per mu, and the branching varieties are 6000-8000 plants; Autumn sesame has a single stem variety per mu 10000- 15000 and a branched variety of 8000- 10000.

Tiantuan management

Border planting

1, plant seedlings before 3-4 true leaves, and interplant seedlings to a reasonable density.

2, intertillage weeding from emergence to flowering should be intertillage 3-4 times, not intertillage after closing the seeds, intertillage combined with soil cultivation, which is conducive to drainage and flood prevention and lodging prevention.

3. Drainage and irrigation of sesame is the most sensitive to soil moisture, which is not only afraid of waterlogging, but also resistant to long-term drought. So be sure to pay attention to irrigation and drainage.

4. Sesame should be harvested in time when it is ripe. Sesame is not suitable for storage because of its high oil content. Therefore, the water content of seeds should not exceed 7% when they are put into storage. [2]

4 Pest Control Editor

1, Rhizoctonia solani

Symptom: Rice sheath blight is a common and important disease in seedling stage. At the early stage of the disease, brown spots appeared on the stems of the seedlings, then spread around the stems, and finally the stems shrank into a line and the seedlings collapsed. Mild illness is still healthy and harmonious. The diseased cortex turns brown and shrinks. When the weather is dry or the soil is short of water, the lower leaves wither and die seriously.

Plant Morphology of Sesame (4 pieces)

The pathogen is Rhizoctonia solani, which belongs to subfamily fungi. Transmission route and pathogenic conditions: the pathogen overwinters in the soil with the diseased residues in the form of mycelium or sclerotia, and becomes the source of infection at the beginning of the following year. Temperature -00 1 or low temperature and rainy.

Control methods: Use varieties with strong resistance to WPA, such as Yangxin Sesame, Linyi Sesame, Huangxian Red Sesame, guanxian Sesame, Shanxian Sesame, Boshan Silingbai, Shuangfeng No.2 Zhongzhi No.3, etc. (1), and adopt high ridge cultivation. (2) Use 857 thiram powder or 257 duofu mixture and 57 carbendazim, with grain weight of 5607.

2. Sesame red root rot

The main symptom is that the stem base is damaged and there is brown spot at the stem base. At the initial stage, the boundary between diseased tissue and healthy tissue is not obvious, and the posterior root epidermis is brown and rotten. When the skin of the root is peeled off, the inside is red. In severe cases, the leaves of the whole plant gradually wither and the diseased plant dies. Occurred in sesame planting areas in Hubei and Henan.

The pathogen is unknown. Transmission route and onset conditions The disease mostly occurs in low-lying waterlogged areas with too much soil moisture, or root rot caused by root suffocation after flooding, and the physiological function is weak, resulting in plant wilting and death.

Control method: plant sesame in high ridge or high dry land. Rainwater shall be drained in time to prevent water accumulation.

3. Sesame mosaic

Symptoms: The disease is very common in Henan Province, with an annual incidence of 7-57. The diseased plants have mosaic, shriveled, twisted and dwarfed stems, which are generally not firm or thin and have small seeds. Flowers and leaves turn yellow when they swell.

Transmission route and pathogenic conditions: the virus can be transmitted through sap and aphids in a lasting way, but not through seeds. It can infect soybean systematically, showing mosaic diseases such as heartleaf tobacco and sansheng tobacco. When infected with tomatoes and beets, the leaves will wither and curl. Does not infect kidney beans, cowpeas, mung beans, watermelons, Datura stramonium, amaranth quinoa, and false acid pulp. The virus does not react with antiserum of watermelon mosaic virus, turnip mosaic virus and potato virus.

The pathogen is temporarily called sesame mosaic virus and belongs to potato virus group. The virus particles are linear. Size. The cytoplasm or chloroplast of diseased tissue contains crystalline, wind-wheel-shaped and coiled cylindrical inclusions.

Control method: See Sesame Yellow Mosaic Disease.

4. Sesame leaf change disease

Symptoms are also called "Sesame Man". China was discovered in Guangdong on 1920. Infected plants are dwarfed, leaves become smaller and clumpy, internodes are shortened, flower stalks are elongated, petals turn green, stigma is elongated, leaves grow, and infected plants cannot bear fruit. The loss rate is around.

This pathogen is called Bacteroides. Under the electron microscope, spherical and oval thalli were observed in the phloem sieve cells of the diseased plants. Transmission routes and pathogenic conditions According to research in India, the vector is a leafhopper. This pathogen can harm other kinds of sesame, mustard and pig dung beans. The occurrence of the disease is related to the number of leafhoppers, population density and sowing date. Early sowing date, large density of leafhoppers, easy to get sick.

Prevention and control methods: Foreign countries use phorate or monocrotophos granules to treat the soil and spray endrin to inhibit the spread of the disease.

5. Sesame angular spot

Many diseased spots often cause the nearby tissues to shrink, thus deforming the leaves. Black stripes are produced on the stems and petioles, and the surface of the diseased spots in the later stage is covered with a film formed by the drying of bacterial glue secretions. After the top of sesame was damaged, it could not continue to develop, and the lesion of capsule was dark brown, nearly round or irregular. The seeds in diseased capsules are usually dark brown and withered. The angular leaf spot of sesame seedling is widely distributed in sesame producing areas, causing early defoliation and affecting yield and quality. Sesame bacterial angular leaf spot is a disease caused by bacteria with 2 ~ 5 flagella. Leaves, petioles, stems, fruit stalks and capsules are all infringed. Disease can occur at seedling stage, and injured seedlings often die at seedling stage. At first, the diseased spots on the leaves are water-soaked spots, which gradually expand into brown to grayish brown polygonal spots, and finally they are often dark brown with yellow halo around them. Lesions are often connected in series along veins in strips. When wet, bacteria overflow from the diseased spot, and when dry, it will cause perforation.

Prevention and control methods:

Comprehensive control measures should be taken to prevent and control the disease, mainly agricultural control, supplemented by chemical control. Specifically grasp the following links:

(1) Seed disinfection.

Soaking seeds with hot medicine or warm soup can eliminate pathogenic bacteria on seeds and reduce the source of primary infection. Choose warm water at 48 ~ 53℃ for 30 minutes, or copper sulfate 200 times for 30 minutes, or streptomycin sulfate 5 million units 500 times 15 minutes, or 20% quinazolol wettable powder 1500 times 15 minutes. The seed soaking method with constant temperature and hot medicine is better than that with conventional warm soup.

(2) Pay attention to finding disease-resistant varieties or disease-resistant individual plants, and select high-yield disease-resistant varieties.

(3) Strengthen management, pay special attention to cultivation and disease prevention. Formulated fertilization; Scientifically control water, clear ditches in time after rain, drain stains and reduce humidity; Clean the fields, collect sick leaves and burn them.

(4) Spraying drugs in time to prevent diseases.

In areas where the disease often occurs, 1 ~ 2 times should be sprayed before the onset of the disease, and continuous spraying should be used to block the heart of the disease at the initial stage of the disease. The medicament can be 1: 1: 100 lime equivalent Bordeaux solution, 12% green milk copper emulsifiable concentrate, 600% copper oxychloride suspension, 800% bactericide suspension or 65438+20% quinazol wettable powder. Or 4000 times of 12% agricultural streptomycin sulfate solution or 800 times of 47% jialenong wettable powder solution, spray 2 ~ 3 times every 7 ~ 15 days, 1 time, first dense and then sparse, alternately apply, spray evenly and spray fully.

Sesame pests include black cutworm, thorn moth, Spodoptera litura, scarab, firefly and so on. , 75kg of 80% dichlorvos emulsion 100mL or 90% crystal trichlorfon 150g water can be sprayed per mu. [3]

5 Chinese medicine attribute editing

Medical classic records

According to Shennong's Materia Medica, sesame is mainly used for "nourishing five internal organs, benefiting qi, promoting granulation and filling marrow."

Picture of Sesame (3 1)

Bao Puzi: Anti-rheumatism and anti-aging.

Compendium of Materia Medica: flax takes oil, white wins, and black is easy to take.

"Materia Medica from the New": linen clothes make people's intestines slippery, and those who are not solid should not eat them.

"Materia Medica Seeking Truth": loose stool, impotence, slippery and leucorrhea are all taboo.

Tao Hongjing, an ancient health care scientist, once said: Of the eight valleys, only this is good, the immortal family is the bait, and breaking the valley is the longevity.

In ancient China, sesame has always been regarded as a food to prolong life. Su Dongpo, a great poet in the Song Dynasty, also believed that sesame could strengthen the body and resist aging. Steaming flax nine times, peeling poria cocos and using less white honey as pasta are the keys to longevity.

food therapy

Sesame is sweet and flat, and enters the liver, kidney, lung and spleen.

Has the effects of enriching blood, improving eyesight, expelling pathogenic wind, moistening intestine, promoting fluid production, promoting lactation, nourishing liver, caring hair, strengthening body and resisting aging.

Can be used for treating asthenia, dizziness, tinnitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cough, fatigue, premature gray hair, anemia, chlorosis, body fluid deficiency, dry stool, hypogalactia, and hematuria.

Sesame contains a lot of fat and protein, as well as sugar, vitamin A, vitamin E, lecithin, calcium, iron, magnesium and other nutrients. Linoleic acid in sesame can regulate cholesterol.

Selection of traditional Chinese medicine prescription

Sesame crystal sugar water for treating night cough

Raw sesame 15g, rock sugar 10g. Sesame and rock sugar are put in a bowl and drunk with boiling water; Moistening lung and promoting fluid production, treating night cough without phlegm. Note: 1 Mashed sesame, 50g ginger and boiled juice also have the above effects.

Practical guidance

1. Sesame can be pressed into sesame oil (sesame oil) to eat or make cakes; Peeled seeds are called hemp seeds, which are often used as accessories in cooking.

2. Sesame has a slightly hard film outside. Only grinding can make the human body absorb nutrients, so the whole sesame should be treated well before eating.

Don't fry when frying.

Cooking purposes: Cooking materials, such as the stuffing of cakes, the fabric of snacks and biscuits, can also be used as raw materials for dishes.

6 Industry Status Editor

In recent years, China's sesame production has dropped sharply, reaching 895,000 tons in 2002, and 20 1 1 dropped to 580,000 tons. However, with the improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of health awareness, the consumption of sesame and its products is increasing. Due to the widening gap between supply and demand, sesame imports have increased year by year, with an average annual growth rate exceeding 10%. In 2065,438+065,438+0, the import volume reached 389,000 tons.

Based on the development status of sesame industry, the policy environment, sesame production status, sesame consumption prospect, sesame trade status and sesame product development potential of sesame industry in China were deeply studied, and the overall sesame industry chain was grasped macroscopically.

7 diet nutrition editor

knowledge

Sesame is divided into black and white. White sesame is more suitable for eating, and black sesame is more suitable for nourishing. Sesame can be eaten or used as oil. ancient times

sesame

Tao Hongjing, a health expert, rated it as "the best among the eight valleys". In daily life, people eat sesame products: sesame paste and sesame oil. The eating method of whole sesame is not very scientific, because sesame has a slightly hard film outside, and only by crushing it can it absorb the nutrients. Therefore, after the whole sesame is fried, it is best to crush it with a food processor or a small stone mill before eating.

Whitening freckle removing

250g of walnut kernel, 250g of black sesame, 200ml of milk, 20ml of soybean milk, proper amount of sugar, and egg 1. The method is also very simple. Grinding walnut kernel and black sesame into powder, mixing with milk, soybean milk and white sugar, boiling in a pot, beating eggs, and cooking while stirring until the eggs are cooked thoroughly.

Walnut kernel contains fatty oil, protein, sugar, carotene, vitamin B 1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc, chromium and manganese. Sweet in taste and warm in nature, it has the functions of tonifying kidney, strengthening waist, warming lung and relieving asthma, moistening intestine and relaxing bowels.

Black sesame contains 60% fatty oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, arachidic acid, vitamin E, folic acid, nicotinic acid, protein and a lot of calcium. Sweet in taste and flat in nature, it has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, moistening dryness and smoothing intestines.

Nutritional analysis

1, sesame contains a lot of fat and protein, as well as dietary fiber and vitamin B 1. B2, niacin, vitamin E, lecithin, calcium, iron, magnesium and other nutrients;

sesame

Linoleic acid in sesame can regulate cholesterol.

2. Sesame is rich in vitamin E, which can prevent the damage of lipid peroxide to the skin, offset or neutralize the accumulation of harmful free radicals in cells, make the skin white and moist, and prevent various skin inflammations.

3. Sesame also has the effect of nourishing blood, which can treat dry and rough skin and make skin delicate, smooth and ruddy.

nutritional ingredient

(included in each 100g)

Component name

content

Component name

content

Component name

content

Edible part

100

Moisture (gram)

5.7

Energy (kcal)

53 1

Energy (kilojoule)

2222

Protein (gram)

19. 1

Fat (g)

46. 1

Carbohydrate (g)

24

Dietary fiber (g)

14

Cholesterol (mg)

Ash (g)

5. 1

Vitamin a (mg)

Carotene (mg)

Retinol (mg)

Thiamine (μ g)

0.66

Riboflavin (mg)

0.25

Nicotinic acid (mg)

5.9

Vitamin c (mg)

Vitamin E(T) (mg)

50.4

A-e

(β-γ)-E

49.04

δ-E

1.36

Calcium (mg)

780

Phosphorus (mg)

5 16

Potassium (mg)

358

Sodium (mg)

8.3

Magnesium (mg)

290

Iron (mg)

22.7

Zinc (mg)

6. 13

Selenium (microgram)

4.7

Copper (mg)

1.77

Manganese (mg)

17.85

Iodine (mg)

For the public.

The general population can eat it.

1, suitable for patients with dizziness, blurred vision, backache and leg weakness, tinnitus and deafness, alopecia and premature gray hair caused by liver and kidney deficiency; Suitable for women with insufficient postpartum milk; Suitable for people with weakness, anemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, senile asthma, tuberculosis, urticaria and habitual constipation; Suitable for diabetes, thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic neuritis, peripheral nerve paralysis, hemorrhoids and hemorrhagic quality.

2. loose stool with chronic enteritis and diarrhea should not be eaten; According to past experience, men with impotence and nocturnal emission are forbidden to eat.

Matching should be avoided.

First, proper gold collocation.

Sesame+Mulberry = reducing blood lipid

Sesame+rock sugar = moistening lung and promoting fluid production.

Sesame+lemon = rosy complexion, preventing anemia.

Second, the taboo collocation of mutual restraint

Sesame+chocolate = affects absorption and digestion.

Procurement and storage

The storage container for sesame seeds should be sealed, and then put in a cool and dry place, and avoid direct sunlight. If sesame seeds are fried dry, it is more conducive to storage.

Therapeutic value

The seeds of flax herb sesame. Also known as flax, oil hemp, great victory, sesame. Marijuana is grown all over China. Harvesting when the fruit is ripe, drying in the sun, and burying seeds for later use; The seeds are black, white and light yellow. Generally divided into black fat hemp and white fat hemp, the former is better.

[Attribute] Sweet in taste and flat in nature. It can tonify liver and kidney, nourish essence and blood, moisten intestines and relieve constipation.

[Reference] contains a lot of fatty oils, mainly glycerides such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and arachidic acid; It also contains sterol, sesamin, sesamol, vitamin E, folic acid, nicotinic acid, sucrose, lecithin, protein and a lot of calcium.

Oral administration of seed extract in rats can reduce blood sugar and increase glycogen content in liver and muscle. However, when a large dose is given, the glycogen content decreases.

【 Usage 】 Used for liver and kidney deficiency, essence and blood deficiency, premature graying, dizziness and tinnitus, soreness of waist and knees, and weakness of limbs; Postpartum blood deficiency, lack of milk; Blood deficiency and body fluid deficiency, intestinal dryness and constipation.

[Usage] Stir-fry, grind into powder, grind sauce, get oil, etc.

【 Precautions 】 Stool and diarrhea should not be taken.

[attachment]

Fat hemp japonica rice porridge: 30 grams of black fat hemp and 60 grams of japonica rice. Add water to cook porridge. You can also season with sugar.

From Compendium of Materia Medica. This prescription mainly uses fat hemp to tonify liver and kidney and strengthen bones and muscles. Can be used for treating liver and kidney deficiency, weakness of bones and muscles, and weakness of limbs.

Advantages of black sesame

Black sesame is sweet and flat, and has the functions of nourishing liver and kidney, nourishing blood and moistening dryness. Especially suitable for middle-aged and elderly friends with alopecia, premature graying, dry skin and constipation caused by liver and kidney deficiency. Modern medical research shows that black sesame contains protein, fat, vitamin E and vitamin B 1. B2. Various amino acids and trace elements such as calcium, phosphorus and iron can delay aging.

In addition to the well-known function of blackening hair, black sesame powder actually has a good antioxidant function. Because sesame is rich in lecithin, protein, vitamin E, linoleic acid and so on. Regular use can replenish blood and relieve constipation. For MM who loves beauty, it is definitely a daily essential health care and beauty food.

Sesame is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which is beneficial to the development of fetal brain.

Skin care and beauty: Eating sesame seeds often can keep the skin soft, delicate and smooth. For people with habitual constipation, the residual toxins in the intestines will harm the liver and cause rough skin. Sesame can moisten intestines to treat constipation and has the effect of moistening skin. People who lose weight by dieting will have dry and rough skin because of insufficient nutrient intake.

Weight loss and body shaping: Sesame contains substances that prevent people from getting fat, such as egg yolk, choline, muscle sugar, etc., so sesame will not get fat if it is eaten too much. While dieting to lose weight, rough skin can be improved if you eat sesame seeds.

Ufa: The book "Materia Medica Readable" once mentioned: black sesame, white hair makes black, nine steamed grandchildren, jujube balls. That is to say, steaming black sesame seeds, drying them in the sun for nine times, and then mixing them with black jujube meat to make pills can make white hair black, but the curative effect varies from person to person, for reference only. Chinese medicine believes that the nutritional source of hair is blood. If the hair turns white or falls off easily, it is mostly because of liver blood deficiency's weak kidney. Therefore, the traditional Chinese medicine method is to tonify the liver, blood and kidney qi, combine six flavors with Ginseng Yang Rong Decoction, and add Polygonum Multiflori Radix, Herba Epimedii and Cortex Acanthopanacis for conditioning. Do not eat cold drinks and greasy food on weekdays, go to bed before eleven o'clock every night, and do not stay up late to improve the problem of white hair.

8 medicinal value editor

According to the doctor's clinical practice, sesame flowers in open season have a unique effect on removing boils on human skin. Methods: In the season of sesame blossom, several pieces were picked every day to wipe the boils for several days, and the boils degenerated and disappeared.

Sesame has anti-arthritis and moisturizing effects, and is also good for the nervous system. It can also help digestion and accelerate blood circulation. Sesame oil can be used as high-quality massage oil. Black sesame has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, caring skin and slimming, and can also blacken hair. [4]