China mathematician and academician of China Academy of Sciences. Fujian Minhou people.
Chen Jingrun was born in a small clerical family, ranking third with his brothers and sisters. Because there are many children at home, my father's income is meager, and family life is very tight. So Chen Jingrun seems to be a burden to his parents from birth, a person who thinks he is unwelcome. After school, I was often bullied because I was thin and weak. This special life situation has shaped him into an extremely introverted and inarticulate person, and his fascination with mathematics has made him develop the habit of thinking alone and building a car behind closed doors, so he is considered a "freak" by others. Chen Jingrun chose to study mathematics all his life, which was related to Professor Shen Yuan. There, Chen Jingrun first learned about Goldbach's conjecture, that is, from there, from the first moment of Chen Jingrun, he was determined to take off the jewel in the crown of mathematics. 1953, he graduated from Xiamen University and stayed in the library to work, but he never forgot Goldbach's conjecture. He sent his math paper to Professor Hua, who appreciated his talent and transferred him to the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences as an intern researcher. From then on, under the guidance of Hua, he was lucky enough to enter Goldbach's conjecture. 1966 In May, a dazzling new star flashed over the global mathematics world-Chen Jingrun announced that he had proved "1+2" in Goldbach's conjecture; 1972 February, completed the modification of "1+2" certificate. Incredibly, foreign mathematicians use large high-speed computers to prove "1+3", while Chen Jingrun relies entirely on paper, pens and skulls. If this is puzzling, then the six sacks of manuscript paper he used to simplify the proof of "1+2" is enough to explain the problem. 1973, he published the famous "Chen Theorem", which is considered as the glorious culmination of the screening method.
For Chen Jingrun's achievements, a famous mathematician abroad once marveled and was deeply moved: he moved mountains and poured seas!
Zu Chongzhi (AD 429-500) was born in Laiyuan County, Hebei Province during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. He read many books on astronomy and mathematics since childhood, studied hard and practiced hard, and finally made him an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in ancient China.
Zu Chongzhi's outstanding achievement in mathematics is about the calculation of pi. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, people used "the diameter of three weeks a week" as pi, which was called "Gubi". Later, it was found that the error of Gubi was too large, and the pi should be "the diameter of a circle is greater than the diameter of three weeks". However, there are different opinions on how much is left. Until the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Hui put forward a scientific method to calculate pi-"secant" which approximated the circumference of a circle with the circumference inscribed by a regular polygon. Liu Hui calculated the circle inscribed with a 96-sided polygon and got π=3. 14, and pointed out that the more sides inscribed with a regular polygon, the more accurate the π value obtained. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, Zu Chongzhi devoted himself to research and repeated calculations. It is found that π is between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, and the approximate value in the form of π fraction is obtained as the reduction rate and density rate, where the six decimal places are 3. 14 1929. There's no way to check now. If he tries to find it according to Liu Hui's secant method, he must work out 16384 polygons inscribed in the circle. How much time and labor it takes! It is obvious that his perseverance and wisdom in academic research are admirable. It has been more than 1000 years since foreign mathematicians obtained the same result in the secrecy rate calculated by Zu Chongzhi. In order to commemorate Zu Chongzhi's outstanding contribution, some mathematicians abroad suggested that π = be called "ancestral rate".
Zu Chongzhi exhibited famous works at that time and insisted on seeking truth from facts. He compared and analyzed a large number of materials calculated by himself, found serious mistakes in the past calendars, and dared to improve them. At the age of 33, he successfully compiled the Daming Calendar, which opened a new era in calendar history.
Zu Chongzhi and his son Zuxuan (also a famous mathematician in China) solved the calculation of the volume of a sphere with ingenious methods. They adopted a principle at that time: "If the power supply potential is the same, the products should not be different." That is to say, two solids located between two parallel planes are cut by any plane parallel to these two planes. If the areas of two sections are always equal, then the volumes of two solids are equal. This principle is based on the following points. However, it was discovered by Karl Marx more than 1000 years ago. In order to commemorate the great contribution of grandfather and son in discovering this principle, everyone also called this principle "the ancestor principle".
Su Yu 1902 was born in a mountain village in Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province in September. Although the family is poor, his parents scrimp and save, and they have to work hard to pay for his education. When he was in junior high school, he was not interested in mathematics. He thinks mathematics is too simple, and he will understand it as soon as he learns it. It can be measured that a later math class influenced his life.
That was when Su was in the third grade. He was studying in No.60 Middle School in Zhejiang Province. Teacher Yang teaches mathematics. He has just returned from studying in Tokyo. In the first class, Mr. Yang didn't talk about math, but told stories. He said: "In today's world, the law of the jungle, the world powers rely on their ships to build guns and gain benefits, and all want to eat and carve up China. The danger of China's national subjugation and extinction is imminent, so we must revitalize science, develop industry and save the nation. Every student here has a responsibility to' rise and fall in the world'. " He quoted and described the great role of mathematics in the development of modern science and technology. The last sentence of this class is: "In order to save the country and survive, we must revitalize science. Mathematics is the pioneer of science. In order to develop science, we must learn math well. "I don't know how many lessons Sue took in her life, but this lesson will never be forgotten.
Teacher Yang's class deeply touched him and injected new stimulants into his mind. Reading is not only to get rid of personal difficulties, but to save the suffering people in China; Reading is not only to find a way out for individuals, but to seek a new life for the Chinese nation. That night, Sue tossed and turned and stayed up all night. Under the influence of Teacher Yang, Su's interest shifted from literature to mathematics, and since then, she has set the motto "Never forget to save the country when reading, and never forget to save the country when reading". I am fascinated by mathematics. No matter it is the heat of winter or the snowy night in first frost, Sue only knows reading, thinking, solving problems and calculating, and has worked out tens of thousands of math exercises in four years. Now Wenzhou No.1 Middle School (that is, the provincial No.10 Middle School at that time) still treasures a Su's geometry exercise book, which is written with a brush and has fine workmanship. When I graduated from high school, my grades in all subjects were above 90.
/kloc-At the age of 0/7, Su went to Japan to study, and won the first place in Tokyo Technical School, where she studied eagerly. The belief of winning glory for our country drove Su to enter the field of mathematics research earlier. At the same time, he has written more than 30 papers, and made great achievements in differential geometry, and obtained the doctor of science degree in 193 1. Before receiving her doctorate, Su was a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics of Imperial University of Japan. Just as a Japanese university was preparing to hire him as an associate professor with a high salary, Su decided to return to China to teach with his ancestors. After the professor of Zhejiang University returned to Suzhou, his life was very hard. In the face of difficulties, Su's answer is, "Suffering is nothing, I am willing, because I have chosen the right road, which is a patriotic and bright road!" "
This is the patriotism of the older generation of mathematicians.
Chen Jingrun became an internationally renowned mathematician and was deeply respected by people. However, instead of being complacent, he attributed all the credit to the motherland and the people. In order to safeguard the interests of the motherland, he did not hesitate to sacrifice his personal fame and fortune.
1977 One day, Chen Jingrun received a letter from the president of the International Federation of Mathematicians, inviting him to attend the International Congress of Mathematicians. There are 3000 people present at this meeting, all of whom are world-famous mathematicians. Chen Jingrun is one of 10 mathematicians designated by the congress to give academic reports. This is a great honor for a mathematician and is of great benefit to enhancing Chen Jingrun's international reputation.
Chen Jingrun didn't make a good claim, but immediately reported to the party branch of the institute and asked the party for instructions. The Party branch reported this situation to the Academy of Sciences. The Party organization of the Academy of Sciences was cautious about this issue, because China's seat in the International Federation of Mathematicians had been occupied by Taiwan Province Province.
The leader of the hospital replied: "You are a mathematician, and the party organization respects your personal opinion. You can write back to him yourself. "
After careful consideration, Chen Jingrun finally decided to give up this rare opportunity. In his reply to the president of the International Federation of Mathematicians, he wrote: "First, China has always attached importance to developing academic exchanges and friendly relations with countries around the world. I personally thank the President of the International Federation of Mathematicians for his invitation. Second, there is only one China in the world, the only one that can represent the interests of the broad masses of people in China is People's Republic of China (PRC), and Taiwan Province Province is an inalienable part of People's Republic of China (PRC). I can't attend because Taiwan Province Province currently occupies the seat of the International Federation of Mathematicians in China. Third, if China has only one representative, I can consider attending this meeting. " In order to safeguard the dignity of the motherland, Chen Jingrun sacrificed his personal interests.
From 65438 to 0979, Chen Jingrun went to the United States for a short-term research visit at the invitation of Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. The conditions at Princeton College are very good. In order to make full use of such good conditions, Chen Jingrun squeezed out all the time he could save, worked hard and didn't even go back to his place to eat lunch. Sometimes he goes out for a meeting and the hotel is noisy, so he hides in the bathroom to continue his research work. Because of his efforts, during his short five months in the United States, he not only attended meetings and lectures, but also finished the paper "The Minimum Prime Number in arithmetic progression", which pushed the minimum prime number from 80 to 16 at once. This research result was also the most advanced in the world at that time.
In a relatively developed country like the United States, Chen Jingrun still maintains a frugal style at home. He can get 2000 yuan from the institute a month, which can be said to be quite rich. Every noon, he never goes to the institute canteen for dinner. It's exquisite, and he can enjoy it completely, but he always eats the dry food and fruit he brings. He was so frugal that he lived in the United States for five months. Excluding rent, utilities and $65,438+0,800, he only spent $700 on meals. When he came back, * * * saved 7500 dollars.
The money was not a small sum at that time. He could have bought some high-end home appliances from abroad like others. But he gave all his money to the country. What does he think? In his own words: "Our country is not rich yet, so I can't just think about pleasure."
Chen Jingrun is such a very modest and upright person. Although he has made a name for himself, he is not complacent. He said: "I just climbed a hill on the road of science and haven't climbed the real peak yet." I have to keep working hard. "
Wang (1768- 1797), a female mathematician, is from Jiangning. She is the daughter of Wang Xichen, a scholar in Qing Dynasty. She wrote one volume, one volume, one volume, four volumes, five volumes, five volumes.
As can be seen from her works, she is a female mathematician engaged in astronomical and computational research. Calculation, also known as financing, strategy, strategy, etc. , sometimes an operator, is a rod-shaped calculation tool. Generally, a group of small sticks with the same length and thickness are made of bamboo or wood, as well as metal, jade, bone and other materials. When not in use, they are put in a special bag or operating cylinder, and placed on a special board, felt or directly on the table. The method of calculation with "calculation" is called "calculation", and the introduction of calculation into Japan is called "arithmetic". Calculation and preparation originated very early in China. There is a saying in Laozi that "those who are good at counting don't need to count". Now the earliest record is Sun Tzu's calculation, which was gradually replaced by abacus in the Ming Dynasty.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the British mathematician Napier invented a calculation method, which was introduced to China in the late Ming Dynasty, also known as "calculation". Mei Wending and Dai Zhen, famous mathematicians in Qing Dynasty, studied this. Dai Zhen called it "strategic calculation". Wang also devoted himself to studying this calculation method introduced to China from the west, and wrote three volumes to introduce the western calculation method to Chinese people. In her book, she supplemented and explained the western calculation methods to make them simple and clear. Napier's multiplication and division method introduced by Wang was easier for readers to understand at that time, but it was more complicated than China's multiplication and division method at that time. Therefore, mathematicians have been using China's calculation method instead of Western calculation. Today's readers regard the calculation methods, multiplication and division at home and abroad as antiques, and adopt the four written operations imported from abroad. This kind of written calculation began to be used in 1903, so the history of using written calculation in China is only 100.
Gao (1906- 1978), a native of Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, studied hard since childhood and especially liked mathematics.
After graduating from high school, he was admitted to the Mathematics Department of Peking University. Because of his excellent academic performance, he applied to Shanghai Datong University as a math teacher after graduating from 1930 University, and later became a professor and head of the Department of Mathematics. In classroom teaching, she follows the words in the Book of Learning: "A good singer makes people follow his voice, and a good teacher makes people follow his will." Therefore, high school mathematics teaching has always been serious and pragmatic, which is very popular with students.
He has been engaged in the teaching and research of mathematical analysis (formerly known as advanced calculus), advanced algebra and complex variable functions for a long time. She knows that advanced mathematics is more abstract than elementary mathematics, and laymen often regard it as a kingdom ruled by cold definitions, theorems and laws. Therefore, Professor Gao often tells students that the mathematical structure is rigorous and the proof is concise, which contains the beauty of mathematics. It's like a maze. As long as you study hard, you can find the right way out of the maze. Once you get out of the maze smoothly, the thrill of success will make you excited, and you will challenge a new and more complicated maze. This is the charm of mathematics.
She worked in Shanghai Datong University for less than five years, and her potential scientific research talent was quickly awakened. After studying the textbook assiduously and combining with the teaching practice, she wrote a paper "Clebsch Series Right and Wrong", which was serialized in Science Communication 1935 edited by Jiaotong University and was well received by her peers. After liberation, she wrote many popular science books, such as "On Limit and Determinant".
Gao was one of the few female predecessors when chinese mathematical society was founded. On July 25th, 1935, chinese mathematical society held an inaugural meeting in the library of Shanghai Jiaotong University. There were 33 people present, Gao being one of them. At this annual meeting, she was elected as a member of the chinese mathematical society Council and was re-elected for the second and third terms. 1951August, chinese mathematical society held its first national congress in Peking University, which was well attended. She is the only female representative among the 63 delegates at this meeting. In 1960s, she was elected as the vice president of Jiangsu Mathematics Society.
Xu Ruiyun, 19 15 was born in Shanghai, and 1927 was admitted to Shanghai famous public girls' middle school in February. Xu Ruiyun liked mathematics since he was a child, but he was more interested in mathematics when he was in middle school. So, 1932 entered the mathematics department of Zhejiang University after graduating from high school in September. At that time, the professors in the Department of Mathematics of Zhejiang University were Zhu, Qian Baoyu, Chen and Su. Besides, there are several lecturers and teaching assistants. The courses in the Department of Mathematics are mainly taught by Chen and Su. There were few students in the department of mathematics at that time. There were five students in two classes in the last session, and this time she was only a dozen.
At that time, Su was only 30 years old and looked very young, so some of Xu Ruiyun's classmates thought Su was a teaching assistant, but after listening to a class, they couldn't help exclaiming, "I didn't expect the teaching assistant to speak so well." This incident caused laughter in the industry. Under the guidance of Chen and Su, Xu Ruiyun studied hard, listened carefully and took notes carefully, and his exam scores were often full marks. 1In July, 936, Xu Ruiyun graduated with honors and stayed in the Mathematics Department of Zhejiang University as a teaching assistant. 1937 in February, 26-year-old Xu Ruiyun married 28-year-old biology assistant Jiang. After three months of marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Xu Ruiyun won a scholarship from humbert to study in Germany, and both of them went abroad by boat to study for a doctorate in Germany.
Xu Ruiyun was lucky enough to be admitted by Karakai Wu Li Du, a famous German mathematician, as her doctoral supervisor in mathematics. At that time, many students wanted to ask him to be a tutor, but he didn't agree. Xu Ruiyun, an oriental lady, became a closed disciple of Wu in Karakai because of her diligent study and solid math skills. Xu Ruiyun mainly studies the theory of trigonometric series. This subject originated from the main part of Fourier analysis of heat conduction in physics, which was one of the hot spots in international research at that time, but it was still blank in China.
In order to catch up with the advanced world level in analysis and function theory in the future, Xu Ruiyun forgot to eat and sleep, studied extensively, and spent most of his time in the library. 1940 At the end of the year, Xu Ruiyun received her doctorate, becoming the first female doctor of mathematics in the history of China. Her doctoral thesis "Fourier expansion of singular functions in Lebesgue decomposition" was published in German Mathematical Times 194 1.
After completing their studies, Mr. and Mrs. Xu Ruiyun left Germany to return to their alma mater in April 194 1. Both of them were hired as associate professors and formally boarded the platform for training talents in the war-torn rear area. Under difficult conditions, Chen and Su did not interrupt the two mathematics discussion courses of function theory and differential geometry founded by * * in Hangzhou. This is a form of scientific research in which we learn from each other and choose Yan Ying, and Xu Ruiyun also participated. In June1944165438+10, Joseph Needham, head of the British scientific delegation to China, visited the Department of Mathematics and the School of Science of Zhejiang University and repeatedly praised: "You are the Cambridge of the East!" This encouraged Xu Ruiyun to work hard. Cao Xihua, Ye, Jin Fulin, Zhao Minyi, Yang Zongdao and other students she taught at this time later became outstanding mathematicians and mathematicians. 1946, Xu Ruiyun was promoted to full professor at the age of 3/kloc-0.
From 65438 to 0952, Xu Ruiyun was transferred to Zhejiang Normal University and was appointed as the head of the Department of Mathematics. Since then, he has devoted himself to the hard work of establishing the Department of Mathematics. Under her leadership, within a few years, the department of mathematics has begun to take shape and the teaching quality has been continuously improved. About one-third of the first batch of undergraduate graduates passed the postgraduate examination. Their department has also become a model of the national counterparts and entered the forefront of the national counterparts. Xu Ruiyun didn't forget scientific research when he was building the department of mathematics. She translated Natsume Soseki's masterpiece The Theory of Real Variable Functions. The translation was published by Higher Education Press 1955.
Hu was born in an artistic family in Nanjing. His grandfather and father are painters. She was exposed from an early age, smart and studious, and had a strong sense of painting and music. Grandpa and Dad especially liked her. In primary school and middle school, she was not partial to subjects, and she was excellent in arts and sciences, which helped her to engage in mathematics later.
Although Hu has a wide range of hobbies, her ideal is not to be a painter, but to be admitted to a university for further study. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Hu was admitted to the Mathematics Department of this school, graduated from 1950, and applied for a master's degree from Professor Su, a famous mathematician of Zhejiang University and founder of differential geometry in China. 1952 faculty adjustment, Professor Su and her were transferred to Fudan University in Shanghai. Fudan is the birthplace of China's school of differential geometry, headed by Su, with talented people. Coupled with the encouragement and guidance of the older generation of mathematicians, as well as mutual encouragement and competition of peers, Ran Ran, a new star, Ran Ran, rose.
Hu has been engaged in the research of differential geometry for a long time and has made systematic, in-depth and creative achievements in the field of differential geometry. For example, for the deformation theory of hypersurfaces and the characteristics of constant curvature spaces, she developed and perfected the work of French differential geometry master Catan and others. In 1960- 1965, she studied the problem of homogeneous Riemannian space motion groups, gave a universal and effective method to determine the motion gap of Riemannian space, and solved the problem raised by Italian mathematician Fabini 60 years ago. She compiled this achievement into a book "Differential Geometry of Homogeneous Space" co-authored with her husband Gu Chaohao, which was praised by her peers. In her early years, she published the extension of the affine connection of * * yoke (1953), On a Feature of Projective Flat Space (1958) and On Motion Groups and Target Groups of Riemannian Space (1964) in the Journal of Mathematics, one of the highest academic journals in China. So far, she has published more than 70 papers and monographs. She has made great achievements in the research of projective differential geometry, complete motion group of Riemannian space, gauge field and so on, and has become a female mathematician with considerable influence and popularity in the world. Some of her achievements are at the international leading or advanced level. For example, in the research of harmonic mapping, her monograph "Soliton Theory and Application" develops the achievements of "Soliton Theory and Geometry Theory" and is in a leading position in the world.
1982 Hu and his collaborators won the third prize of national natural science; 1984, deputy editor-in-chief of Journal of Mathematics and vice chairman of Chinese Mathematical Society; 1989 was hired as the judge of "Chen Shengshen Mathematics Award" in China mathematics field; 1992 was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematical Physics of China Academy of Sciences (1994 was renamed as an academician). So far, Hu is the only mathematician elected as an academician.