From: www.studyget.com.

It is very important for beginners to learn German well. I didn't learn German well at first, but it took me a while to catch up, so I had a better understanding. I wrote it today, hoping to help netizens who have just come into contact with German.

First of all, it should be clear that German, like other foreign languages, has no shortcut to learning, so no matter what method you use, you should thoroughly understand and master every grammar and knowledge point. Here is how to learn German for beginners, not to teach them to take shortcuts, but to let beginners take fewer detours.

1) Some digressions

Choosing a good school means meeting a good teacher. Usually, good teachers are in good schools. It is suggested that friends in Shanghai go to Tongji to learn German. Shanghai International Studies University also has good German teachers. My first German teacher was from Shanghai International Studies University. The teacher surnamed Chen (unfortunately, I can't remember the full name) taught very well. He is patient with underachievers like me. I persisted because of his encouragement, but he quit Shanghai about six months ago.

By the way, a good English foundation is more or less helpful for learning German.

2) Voice

Get down to business. Phonetics is very important, just like the cornerstone of a house, on which all grammar and vocabulary are piled. Because German pronunciation has more rules than English. Therefore, in the early stage of learning German, beginners will practice the pronunciation rules very solidly, which is helpful for advanced learning; On the other hand, the pronunciation is not accurate, and the result is: you can't read it, you can't read it correctly, and you can't remember it if you read it correctly. Einbespiel: My intensive class students now have at least 200 hours, but their pronunciation is also very different. As a boy, I have to admit that many girls in our class have much more standard pronunciation than other boys. One of the boys must mispronounce at least three of the four words when reading words. When listening to them, he really has an unspeakable taste, and he can't tell whether he enjoys reading words or suffers. Actually, there is no talent for pronunciation. Just practice more. Generally speaking, all questions about the rising and falling tones of words and sentences should be solved before 100 class. If this is impossible, I suggest you go back to your old job and learn English. There are many books on the market that teach German pronunciation. As long as it helps your pronunciation, it is a good book.

Common pronunciation errors:

A) Long sounds and short sounds cannot be distinguished. People who make such mistakes have serious pronunciation problems, so it is suggested to make up for them. Confusing situation: stellen, stehen the best, the best.

B)a, o, u and their vowels? 、? , ü is mixed. There is no excuse for this mistake except carelessness. But some people will put the "impure" vowel between the vowel and its vowel. In view of this situation, we can borrow a sentence from teacher Li Yang, "The vowel should be full", and then change the vowel to "full" when reading aloud.

C) The "fixed collocation" in pronunciation is not mastered skillfully;

For example: ismus, tion, sion, ment is still the old saying: read more books and practice more.

D) Many friends will ask how to pronounce uvular. Actually, I personally don't think it's necessary to pursue a very pure uvular, because many friends didn't have the concept of "uvular" before, so it's normal for uvular to be impure, and I haven't contacted the German teacher in uvular who asked students to send special standards. Uvular's practice method: when brushing your teeth, face the ceiling and rinse your mouth.

E) the light consonantization of voiced consonants b, d and g.

As long as there are no vowels after voiced consonants B, D and G, they can be pronounced as P, T and K accordingly. There is only one exception: -ig has its own pronunciation rules/? /。 Consonant combinations-th-and -dt only pronounce a /t/.

3) Word order

Whether a sentence is a single sentence or a clause, please make clear the subject, predicate and object of the sentence first (in a few cases, there is no object). Beginners will not be exposed to the first and second participles as adjectives, so it should not be difficult to find the subject-predicate object of a sentence. Usually the subject noun or personal pronoun is the first case, and the object noun or personal pronoun is the third and fourth case. I won't go into details about the case of es as the formal subject here, which is roughly the same as "it first" in English.

Don't say a single sentence

In the attributive clause (also called "direct expression" in some textbooks), the verb predicate firmly occupies the second component of the main sentence, that is, there is another component before the verb, which may be the subject, adverbial or object, and then the predicate verb, which is consistent with the direct expression of a single sentence. In clauses, verbs are usually placed at the end of sentences.

In addition, if the predicate verb is dominant in the third and fourth cases of the sentence and both are personal pronouns, the personal pronoun in the fourth case is placed before the personal pronoun in the third case.

Am I not? He is my friend.

4) The nature of nouns and the change of singular and plural numbers.

Most nouns in German have gender, so sometimes it is normal to remember the gender wrong. Just remember to correct it in time. When memorizing words, you should read the definite article and nouns together (most students can do it, but I haven't seen anyone who is too lazy to read the definite article when reading nouns), so it is not difficult to remember the nature of nouns. There are some tips:

Loanwords (if a noun starts with c, it must be a foreign word, and its pronunciation is often irregular, so it needs to be compared with phonetic symbols). When it represents a profession or a class of people, it is a masculine noun. In the semantic environment, if it means to engage in this kind of occupation, or if the object belonging to this collection is a woman, it will be used as a feminine noun:

Students, students of Kunde, passers-by

The loanwords in German nouns have special changes at the endings of the singular fourth case and the plural first and fourth cases, that is, -(e) n is added.

This student is a passenger from Weg.

The masculine noun suffixes ismus and lismus mean "ism"

Geh？ Marxist Socialism and Communism

Are socialism and capitalism Marxism?

Loanwords, as feminine nouns, have a fixed suffix:

-e:

Chemistry, Opportunity, Notes, Cycle

There are exceptions: China der Charme das Cafe.

Loanword suffixes -e and -ik:

Nouns with the suffix-ik -ie generally represent knowledge fields or study majors. This kind of noun is stressed at the end.

Mathematics (mathematics)

physicist

politician

Psychology (psychology)

biologist

Geography (geography) Geography (geographer)

Philosophy (philosophy)

-ion，-tion； -sion，-session:

Trade union, trade union, station, production, country, action, revolution, delegation

Pause, impression, task

Expand, revise

In addition, most loanwords are neutral or masculine nouns.

Tennis, tennis, tennis, tennis, tennis, tennis, tennis, tennis, tennis.

The following is a list of noun suffixes, and each suffix has a corresponding "sex"

(1) masculine noun suffix

-The principal of the workers' school is a capitalist communist.

-Enter the tenth moment of students (instant)

-And a professor of motor.

-Ismus.-Lismus (abbreviation)

⑵ neutral noun suffix

-Chen

-Rein

-Mendas experiment, Daras.

Contains a basic element (factor, impulse, opportunity)

(3) Suffix of feminine nouns

A noun representing speech activity: communion.

-tion

-t？ University? How about the quality? Capazit? t

-I like music and manufacturing.

Means "small and lovely"

This noun is commonly used in suffix list. I hope that friends who have just learned German can forget it as soon as possible after reading it. As BB said, it is easier for learners to memorize the rules of noun suffixes themselves. Only in this way can we master the change of sexual number lattice skillfully.

5) Change the grid

Beginners must spend energy to recite. Try to find a pattern yourself. For example, in definite articles, except for the masculine first type, der will only appear in the feminine and plural forms of the second and third cases.

For example, den always appears only in the masculine form of the fourth cell and the plural form of the third cell. The appearance of des will only be the second grid, and the appearance of dem can only be the third grid.

In addition, by carefully comparing the definite article list with the indefinite article list, we can find that in addition to the definite article der/ein in the first case, the neutral ein/das and neutral ein/das in the fourth case. The suffixes of other definite articles in the table are completely consistent with their corresponding indefinite articles.

Men and women

Death/death

G des/ a des/ an es der/ an er

D DEM/ an em DEM/ an em der/ an er

A study/a room/a room

The adjective change table is based on the above list of definite articles and indefinite articles. Adjective changes can't be remembered by reciting, even if you use the Ettinghaus mnemonic method-reciting it seven times in ten days, it's hard to remember it for a lifetime. To remember all the strong and weak mixed adjectives at the same time, I think it is the best way to practice German writing frequently.

6) Pronouns

There is nothing particularly difficult, just pay attention to the following two points:

(1) indefinite pronouns from EIN seems to be neglected in many basic textbooks. Mention here:

M N F pL。

One person, one world

A person's world

One person, one person.

One person, one person.

Example1)-HABITIHR Schon tickets? -No, we're not ready.

Welche replaced the plural noun Tickets without articles.

Example 2)- Eng, the coffee is Fertig. -Denk, who am I? I am very happy

Caanen is here to replace De Caffe with the fourth positive.

Example 3) The best student.

A person replaces a student.

(2) Relative pronouns

The case of a relative pronoun depends on its position in the clause.

7) Prepositions

Prepositions are used to connect sentence elements, which can determine the juxtaposition, opposition, accompaniment, extension and even subordination of sentence elements. Because of this, prepositions are extremely important. What I want to say here is that because there are a large number of verb-mediator collocation combinations in German, beginners need to remember the collocation forms of verbs and their possible prepositions from the beginning. Because of the need of the exam, it is not worth the loss to grab this important test center from scratch.

Phrases formed by the same verb with different prepositions can have completely different meanings.

The best Australian d includes ...

Bestehen auf D insists. ...

Best of all, ...

Jm。 über etw。 Kragen complained to JM that etwas gegen jn. Kragen sued and sued jn.

Well, a Kragen sighed.

8) Numbers, time and price

Please firmly establish the concept of numbers and time, because: whether in the usual reading choice, or in the listening comprehension of questions at all levels (not only German, English, etc. ). The concepts of numbers and time will appear repeatedly, and their manifestations may be: time, time, number of weeks, date, price of goods or change, telephone number and even room and house number. This type of question often accounts for two points in listening comprehension, and more likely it is three or four points. The score looks small, but for a score hovering near the passing line, it is definitely a small score. E Rolle's

Why is this problem? Because I think I'm doing badly in this respect. I can hear you clearly? Morgan, on the other hand, chose Vorgestern. Listen carefully, Viermark und fü nf Pfenning plus Zweimark, and you will choose 7.50 marks. I have been rethinking recently, which may be related to my living habits: I never have a concept of time in my daily life, I don't take a watch when I go out, I always let the clerk calculate the change when I buy things, and I don't even bother to add or subtract two digits in my daily life. No wonder it affects my grades in math and foreign language listening.