The process of translation can be roughly divided into three stages: beginning, extension and termination. Translation is mainly carried out in ribosomes in cytoplasm, and amino acid molecules are combined with specific transport -tRNA and brought to ribosomes under the catalysis of aminoacyl-trna synthetase. The generated polypeptide chain (that is, amino acid chain) needs to be folded correctly to form protein, and many protein need to be modified on the endoplasmic reticulum after translation to have real biological activity.
The free base takes mRNA as the direct template, tRNA as the carrier of amino acids, and ribosomes as the assembly place, which coordinate with each other to complete the process of protein biosynthesis. In the process of translation, every three codons on mRNA correspond to three anti-codons on tRNA, and these three anti-codons only correspond to one amino acid, but one amino acid can be represented by multiple groups of codons.
The activated tRNA enters the A position of ribosome to match mRNA, and peptidyl transferase establishes peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids. Then the amino acid at the P position leaves its tRNA to combine with the tRNA at the A position, and the ribosome slides forward relative to the mRNA, so that the original tRNA at the A position moves to the P position, and the original empty tRNA at the P position moves to the E position, and then is released before the next tRNA enters the A position.
Repeat the above process until the ribosome encounters one of the three stop codons, and the translation process is terminated. Protein is no longer prolonged, and a protein simulating tRNA enters the A position of the ribosome, releasing the synthesized protein from the ribosome.