: Pre-Qin also held a negative view:
(1) Fuxi collects river maps and draws eight diagrams. "Biography of Shangshu Gu Ming Kong Anguo": "Fuxi is the king of the world, and the dragon and horse are out of the river, so painting eight diagrams is called a river map." "Han Li Wen Jia": "Fuxi and the world are one, and it is appropriate for heaven to write about birds and beasts, and it is appropriate for the land to write about He Tuluo, so it is appropriate to make changes." "History of the Five Elements": "Liu Xin thought that Fu was the queen of heaven and was influenced by the river map, so he could figure it out and the rumors were true."
(2) The Yellow Emperor collected the river map and wrote "Returning to Tibet". Chronology of Bamboo Book: "In the autumn and July of the 50 th year of the Yellow Emperor, Gengshen, the phoenix bird arrived, and the emperor sacrificed Luoshui." Note: "The dragon figure goes out of the river, the turtle book goes out of Luo, and the scarlet letter is given to Xuanyuan." "Huangdi Neijing": "Huangdi has Xiong's family, a river is long, and Luo Gui is the head of Zhongkun. The so-called "return to Tibet" is also called. So, I returned to the collector. "
(3) Emperor Yao gets a dragon horse map. Fu Ruizhi, Book of Song Dynasty: "In the seventieth year of Emperor, he built altars in Hehe, Luohe, Shunhe and news agencies. And the dragon horse in the province was crowned with the scarlet letter, and the green turtle stopped at the altar and vomited a picture. Armor is like a turtle, and its back is nine feet wide. The picture shows white jade, ruby is the word, mud is gold, and it is about a special rope. "
(4) The negative river map of Huanglong in Shun Di. Fu Ruizhi, a Song book, said, "Shun set up an altar on the river, and Huanglong lost the picture. The picture is 33 feet long and 9 feet wide. Out of the altar, it is red and green. "
(5) Dayu received Luo Shu. Chronology of Bamboo Book: "Xia Yuhou's family." Chen's note: "When Yao was in the river, a white fish grew up and said," My river is good. Hu Yu said: Wen lives to control water. The text gave the map of Weihe River, and the text was used to control water ... Luo Shu Gui Shu was for Hong Fan. "History of the Five Elements": "Liu Xin thought that Yu ruled the water, gave Luo Shu, learned the law, and made nine realms. "
(6) Tang Cheng to Rode Chiwen. "Song Shu Fu Rui Zhi": "Go to Luo, watch the Yao altar, there are black turtles, write in red pen."
(7) Wang Wen received Luo Shu and Ying Hetu.
(8) When a king looks at the river and Luoshui, he gets a dragon map and a turtle book. But what are the river map and Luo Shu? Before the Song Dynasty, ancient books and documents were never published. It was not until Chen Tuan in the Song Dynasty that the river map, Luo Shu, congenital map and Taiji map, which had been lost for more than two thousand years, were passed on to future generations. This is a controversial issue for generations. Around its source, later generations still have the following viewpoints: ① It comes from Taoist alchemy. ② From the observation of the Milky Way. ③ Observed from paleoclimate and orientation. (4) from the ancient calendar referred to by Beidou bucket handle, and thus produced. ⑤ The tail trajectory of comet originated from Luoshu. ⑥ The number of river maps originated from the number of heaven and earth in the Book of Changes, and Luo Shu also originated from the Book of Changes. The above statement is still a family statement and has not been recognized.
Three: Hutuluo legends are scattered in various historical books, but there are different opinions. Here are some common sayings.
One of the legends is:
According to legend, during crouching, the parishioners in crouching "tied ropes and fished in nets" and raised livestock, which promoted the development of production and improved people's living conditions. Therefore, good luck is a godsend. There is a kind of beast, the dragon carries a horse. It has wings and is eight feet and five inches high. It was approved by Longlin and Ling Bo to tread water, like treading water, carrying map points, entering the Tuhai River from the Yellow River (now Baihe and Songzhuang Township, Mengjin County, Luoyang City) and swimming in the Tuhai River. People call it the dragon horse. This is what later generations often say, "the dragon bears the horse." After seeing it, Fu drew a pattern according to the acupoints of the dragon horse. Then, another turtle appeared from Luoshui. Fu got this book with symbols and painted it as gossip. This is what is recorded in the first chapter of Yi * copula. "Rivers paint, Luo writes, and saints write." That is, what Fu said is "gossip, to understand the virtues of the gods and to love everything". Therefore, later generations built a negative figure temple, called the house. In memory of Fu's achievements in pioneering civilization.
The second legend:
It is said that the Yellow Emperor was deeply loved by the people when he was in the Yellow Emperor. At the same time, it also touched the gods, so the weather was good, the grain was abundant, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. One day, the gods told the Yellow Emperor that there was a book of dragons and turtles in Luoshui. If you get it, the world will be better governed, so the Yellow Emperor led the people to cruise Luoshui. One day, when it was foggy, I vaguely saw a big fish trapped on the beach. The Yellow Emperor sympathized with the experience of this big fish, but he couldn't think of any good way, so he ordered five animals to be killed and sacrificed to the Emperor of Heaven, and personally knelt down to ask for help from the Emperor of Heaven. Heavenly Emperor was moved. After seven days and seven nights of heavy rain, Luoshui soared and the big fish was rescued. After the big fish left, the Yellow Emperor got the Hutuluo book, namely "Scenery of the River Map", which recorded all kinds of knowledge needed by human beings in hieroglyphics. This is the legendary "Luo Xian". According to legend, the place to get this book is in the south of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties, at the intersection of the old Ilo River.
Legend 3:
When the time came, Yao led the leaders to travel eastward to Luoshui. When the sun went down, I accidentally sank the jade into Luoshui, and suddenly I saw a light flashing on Luoshui, and a turtle came out and disappeared. So Yao built an altar beside Luoshui, chose an auspicious day, and seriously sank the jade into the bottom of the river. If you tilt slightly, the bottom of the river will be radiant, and then a cloud will fly, with the sound of spraying and spitting water inside. After a gust of wind, the clouds cleared and it was calm. There is a big turtle shell floating on the water, which is nine feet wide and green. The flat part of the shell is distinct in arts and sciences, with stars and seven political degrees, which records the rise and fall of emperors in previous dynasties. Since then, Yi language has spread among the people. This is the legendary "Gui Ling".
The fourth legend:
According to legend, when Yu Shun, Shun Li, sank in Luoshui, the water suddenly turned red, and the turtle came out with a book. Then a roll of Huanglong, a book in the middle of Shu, gave a red pen to Shun. This is the legendary "Huanglong negative book".
The fifth legend:
Legend has it that when Yu was in charge of water control, Yu came to Luohe and saw the negative character of the tortoise, which was listed on the back, from one to nine, so Yu was the first to become a nine-domain. The Book House Yuan Gui * Imperial Office also said that "Yu Xia was the son of heaven, wrote a turtle book with 65 words, which was Hong Fan, and this so-called book publisher was also". In other words, Dayu has made great contributions to water control, and his virtue in the world is praised by all the people. There is a turtle in Luohe, which is 1.2 feet long and has 65 red characters on its back. Some people say that this is the "Hong Fan" in the history books and the nine laws governing the country.
Li Jiao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "Song of Luo": "A turtle is like a square, and the green word becomes again", praising Luo Gui for seeking negative books and bringing light to the Chinese nation. Turtle Book may be what we now call "Oracle Bone Inscriptions".
Textual research on authenticity-book dispute
Also known as the "Heluo dispute". Since the Song Dynasty, there has been controversy about the authenticity of the Book of Hutuluo and whether the Eight Diagrams are painted according to the river map. The theory of "river painting, Luo writing and sage writing" was put forward, which was basically established in the documents from the pre-Qin and Han dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. But the Heluotu style has long been lost, at least in the late Tang Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, Chen Tuan was handed down from generation to generation with Hetu, Luoshu, Congenital Map and Taiji Map, which caused a debate between decent (calligraphy school) and negative (doubt school). There is a difference between "Figure 9, Book 10" and "Figure 10, Book 9" of the school of calligraphy. The former thought it was representative, while,,, Zhu,,, Xue, and attacked his theory. The latter is represented by Zhu and Cai. The former had a great influence in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, while the latter was a common saying of later generations. Both of them firmly believe that the river draws a picture, Luo writes a book, and the sage draws a divination. Ancient skeptics regarded rivers and Luo as grotesque and absurd, and attacked them wantonly. Its founder was Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his Yi Tong Wen Zi denied Fuxi's gossip about the river map and thought that the river map was not before Yi. In Yuan Dynasty, Qian's Book of Changes thought that the Book of Changes was composed of Yi numbers because of the Book of Changes, not because of the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes. Chen Yuan Yingrun's Book of Changes points out that the congenital image is the practice of Taoism in the name of the Book of Changes, not the original intention of the Book of Changes. In the Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi's Theory of Images and Numbers in the Book of Changes and Huang Zongyan's Book of Doubts also believed that the book theory actually came from Taoism and had nothing to do with the Book of Changes. Hu Weiwei's Bian believes that Luo Shu originated from Zheng Xuan's annotation and Nine palace map's annotation on the official branch book, and the river map also plays "The number of heaven and earth is fifty-five" in the copula of Zhouyi. In addition, Mclynn Killman Liu's Book of Changes, Mao Qiling's Book of Hutu Luo Yuan in Qing Dynasty and Zhang Huiyan's Notes on Yi Tu all think that Book of Changes was not burned in Qin Dynasty and books should not be lost. Among them, he thinks that Heluo is an alchemy of Taoist health, or that Heluo is just a matter of drawing hexagrams, not just drawing hexagrams. There are many difficulties. At the same time, the affirmations strongly advocated Heluo, which not only refuted the skeptics' remarks, but also made many achievements in the research and interpretation of Heluo. Song Shu School insisted on its own position and promoted it. Wang Anshi and Su Shi also disagreed with Ouyang Xiu's point of view. Yuan Hu, Yi Gui, Wu Cheng and others refuted the theory of doubting the ancient times and made a useful analysis. There are many works on analyzing Heluo in Qing Dynasty. Li Guangdi's Zhouyi Eclectic Theory, Xu Hu's Zhouyi Letters and Jiang Yong's Heluo Jingyun are all excellent works. From the Republic of China to liberation, the two factions struggled constantly. Hang Xinzhai and Huang expounded the meaning of Heluo, which many predecessors did not have. Gu Jiegang is a representative of the modern school of ancient skepticism, and his "Huang Sankao's Letter to the River Turow" completely denied Heluo. 1in the spring of 977, Taiyi Jiugong Zhanpan was found among the cultural relics unearthed from the Western Han tombs in Shuanggudui, Fuyang County, Anhui Province, and its schema was completely consistent with Luo Shu, indicating that the books of the Song Dynasty were by no means fabricated. It is generally believed that Luo Shu existed at the latest in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, but there is still controversy about the source and books of He Tu and Zhouyi.
[Summary] Hutuluo expresses a mathematical thought. As long as we analyze it carefully, we can know that digitalization and symmetry are the most direct and basic characteristics of books, and the mathematical relationship between "harmony" and "difference" is its basic connotation. It is completely possible to prove or deduce the Luoshu of the river map by mathematical methods, and prove that the river map and Luoshu are homologous. It can also be found that the book of confused Luo Shu is related to abacus and swastika to a certain extent.
Hetuluo's calligraphy is two diagrams with black spots or white spots as basic elements, which form several different combinations in a certain way and are arranged into a matrix as a whole, as shown in the figure.
The most famous source of Hutuluo's calligraphy comes from the sentence "River paints a picture, Luo paints a book, and saints paint it" in Yi Zhuan Jie. Based on this, it is considered that gossip comes from these two pictures, which has become one of the important topics in the study of Yi ology. Because all previous dynasties thought that "the dragon and the horse were defeated by the body and the turtle was defeated by the back", it has been cloaked in mystery for hundreds of years and is recognized as the eternal mystery of the source of Chinese culture.
When we examine and sort out the historical traces of Hutuluo, we will find some * * * knowledge:
-The Book of Hutuluo was recorded in ancient books of pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties. "Shangshu Gu Ming" said that "Dayu, Yuyi, Celestial Sphere and River Map are in the east sequence"; "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han" said: "Confucius said: Before the wind bird arrived, the river did not draw pictures, and I was married!" ; "Guanzi Chen Xiao" said: "In the past, the people were appointed by the dragon turtle, and the river made a picture, Luo made a book, and the land made yellow. There is no one in Sanxiang today. " Later, it was mentioned many times in the works of Liu Xin, Kong Anguo, Yang Xiong and Ban Gu in the Han Dynasty.
As for what the book Hutuluo looks like, there is no clear statement in each book.
-He Tuluo was discovered in the early Song Dynasty. They originated from Chen Tuan, a Taoist priest in Huashan Mountain in Song Dynasty. The schema he put forward is called "Dragon Map Easy", and the Preface to Dragon Map is contained in, which talks about the three changes of dragon map, namely, one becomes the number of heaven and earth that are not combined, the other becomes the number of heaven and earth that are combined, and the third becomes the negative shape of dragon and horse. Finally, two schemata of the Book of Hutuluo were formed. However, after the Three Changes of Longtu, Chen Tuan did not mention the name of Hutuluo. Liu Mu, a scholar of Yi Studies in the Northern Song Dynasty, named these two pictures for the first time. He studied the book "Long Tu Yi" from Chen Tuan and wrote "Yi Shu Gou Yin Tu", so the book "He Tu Luo" is known to the world. At that time, there was a debate about whether to adopt "Figure 10, Book 9" or "Figure 9, Book 10", and it was finally decided on Figure 10, Book 9, which has continued to this day. Elephant mathematicians in the Song Dynasty believed that gossip originated from these two schemata, thus forming a school in the history of Yi Studies, and explaining the origin of gossip with the help of Hutuluo.
-Luo Shu and Nine Rooms in Mingtang recorded in The Great Wear of Li Ji in the early Han Dynasty are exactly the same as the nine palaces recorded in Ganchidu in the late Western Han Dynasty. Tang Ming appeared at the end of primitive society. It is a building with ritual and sacrificial functions in ancient social life in China, which has always been valued by rulers of all dynasties. .
In a word, judging from the existing historical materials, the source of Hutuluo is ancient and chaotic, and there is no clear and reliable answer.
How to correctly understand the book Hutuluo?
First of all, analyze the book Hutuluo.
Intuitively examining the book Hetuluo, it is not difficult to find that these two pictures have two obvious characteristics: digital and structural symmetry:
First, digitalization. The concept of number is directly and vividly contained in the book. "○" means1; "●●" means 2; ..... and so on, the river chart contains 1 ~ 10 * * 10 natural number, and Luoshu contains 1 ~ 9 * * 9 natural number. Among them, the number of black dots is even and the number of white dots is odd, which expresses the concept of parity of numbers. So digitalization is one of the basic contents of Hutuluo's book.
Second, symmetry. The structural distribution of the two schemes is symmetrical, which is embodied in two aspects: first, the structural form of each number composed of black dots or white dots is symmetrical; Second, the overall structure is symmetrically distributed. The river chart is divided into five groups, with two numbers as one group and [5, 10] as the center, and the other four groups [7, 2], [9, 4], [6, 1] and [8, 3] are evenly distributed around in turn. Luoshu is centered on the number 5, and the other eight numbers are evenly distributed in eight directions.