Tang Gaozong respectfully called Tao Te Ching a classic. When Xuanzong was in the Tang Dynasty, he even respected this scripture as a moral truth.
Overseas, the influence of Tao Te Ching is greater than that of The Analects. To westerners, Laozi's thought is not only the spiritual wealth of China people, but also the spiritual wealth of all mankind, and the earliest pioneer of human freedom.
With the roar of the Opium War, the British and French fleets pried open the locked door of the decadent Qing Dynasty, and a number of China's classic works were directly translated and disseminated by missionaries, westerners in China, sinologists and even China literati living in Britain and the United States.
Since19th century, with the appearance of French translation, English translation and German translation, there are nearly 300 foreign language versions of Tao Te Ching, involving dozens of languages. As an outstanding achievement of human civilization, Tao Te Ching is recognized and sought after by European intellectuals. The Chinese Academy of Art and the Permanent Mission of China to UNESCO held "Singing in Harmony with the Heaven-Understanding the Tao Te Ching" at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. Ambassadors from more than 50 countries and UNESCO staff spoke highly of Tao Te Ching, which is a monument in the cultural history of China. "Tao Te Ching is the shortest book in China's classical philosophy, with the richest thoughts and intentions.
All living civilizations are uncertain, and all healthy civilizations are changing with each passing day. The cultural construction of heterogeneous integration seems to be more and more widely recognized. In the near future, there will be a situation in which you have me and I have you.
Mawangdui silk book is a silk book unearthed from the No.3 tomb of Mawangdui Han Tomb, including Yijing, Laozi, Four Classics of Huangdi, Letters of Warring States and Prescriptions for Health Preservation, among which Yijing and Laozi are quite different from the current edition.
There are two kinds of manuscripts of Laozi unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb, which researchers call A and B..
Silk Books Unearthed from No.3 Tomb of Mawangdui Han Tomb in China. 1973 12 Han Tomb No.3 Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province was unearthed.
One volume of Laozi and the four ancient lost books after the volume are copied into a long volume, with 463 lines, about 13000 words.
When the first four ancient lost books and the second edition of Laozi were unearthed, the hem was broken and divided into 32 pieces. After conjugation, * * * has 252 lines, about 16000 she characters, which some scholars believe was written in the Western Han Dynasty.
The two manuscripts of Laozi are basically the same, but compared with this one, there are great differences in words and chapters. The entrances and exits of Mawangdui and Jinben are not detailed or listed here.
A Comparison between Lao Zi by Mawangdui and Lao Zi by Guodian Bamboo Slips;
Guodian Chu Bamboo Slips, also known as Guodian Chu Tomb Bamboo Slips, are bamboo slips in Guodian No.1 Chu Tomb in Jishan Town, Shayang County, Hubei Province, China. /kloc-0 unearthed in June, 1993,/kloc-0 published in June, 1998, and is now in the Hubei Provincial Museum. According to textual research, Guodian bamboo slips were copied into a book no later than 300 BC, which is about equivalent to the middle of the Warring States Period. This is the earliest original work found in China so far:
There is a sentence in chapter 19 of this edition of Laozi: "Abandoning wisdom and wisdom will benefit people a hundred times; Desperate, the people are filial; Never give up profits, thieves have nothing. These three people think that there are not enough words, so the order belongs to them. See simplicity, think less, and want less. "
Version A and version B of the silk book are similar to this article, although there are differences in wording, but the content is the same.
Lao Zi, a bamboo slip of Guodian Chu, wrote: "Never give up arguing wisely, and the people will benefit a hundred times. Never give up profits, thieves die. Never fake and abandon fake, and the people will resume their season. The three words are not enough to distinguish, or make, or belong to. Look at the light and keep it simple, and have less selfish desires. "
The great difference between "abandoning wisdom debate" and "abandoning wisdom", "abandoning falsehood and confusion" and "abandoning righteousness" is one of the remarkable differences in the Chu version of Lao Zi by Guodian.
There are two views on the interpretation of the simplified version of "abandoning wisdom debate":
People still think that Taoism insists on ignorance and opposes wisdom, while Lao Dan suppresses scholars.
The second point of view is that "abandoning intellectual debate" means abandoning emperors and literati who are attached to rulers, restoring public administration to the people and benefiting the people more.
Similarly, books about the pre-Qin period were forged by people after the Han Dynasty, and there are two views:
For example, Qiu Xigui, an expert at Fudan University, said:
"In the past, influenced by the thought of doubting the ancient times, some people thought that many pre-Qin books were forged by people after the Han Dynasty. After Mawangdui's silk books were unearthed and sorted out, I realized that some books that were considered forged were indeed works of the pre-Qin era. "
Yang yi said that the ancients suspected the ancient trend of thought, and it was fulfilled, as evidenced by history:
Wang Niansun in Qing Dynasty had long suspected that the inexplicable word "Jia" was a mistake of the word "Wei". Sure enough, in the corresponding chapter of Silk Book A, it is indeed like this: "Husband and soldiers are ominous (also), things are evil, and those who want them will flourish." Although the "careerist" in the back is suspected of a clerical error, the mistake of "being a good soldier" in popular books has been strongly overthrown. If we carefully compare these examples, we can still find some that are enough to prove the value of Silk Book A.
As a result, the original situation that has not changed for two thousand years, Lao Tzu's anti-intelligence evidence has been forged and altered:
Chapter 18: Abandoning the old ways is meaningless; When wisdom comes out, there is no big mistake; How can there be filial piety if the six parents are not harmonious? The country is at a loss and has no loyal subjects.
... "Yan", which means yes. Both bamboo slips and silk books are based on safety, and the first two sentences of Fuben are "Yan". Such words are somewhat unfamiliar to later generations, and Hepburn, Ben, and Wang Ben all deleted them.
There is no such thing as "wisdom comes out, but there is no great fallacy".
According to Guodian bamboo slips, Chapter 18 of Tao Te Ching should be:
Therefore, the road is abandoned, and there is righteousness; Six parents are not in harmony, and there are seasons (filial piety); In osawa, there are loyal ministers.
"Yan" has the meaning of "nai" and also has the meaning of "qi" and "being". The word "An" never means "Nai", but mainly means "Qi" and "Being". There is no such thing as "wisdom comes out, how can there be a big mistake"? It was tampered with by later generations.
Without this sentence, the antonym of anti-intelligence and anti-benevolence that Laozi has always emphasized is difficult to establish. Confucianism, on the other hand, points out that Taoism despises etiquette and holds a negative attitude towards etiquette and morality. Did Taoism misread it for two thousand years? Is there a lot of unrecorded history in the history books, and this kind of history is the truly influential story?
Compare the contents of Confucian items:
Buddhism destroys Confucianism.
Shishi wrote scriptures to denigrate Confucianism,
According to legend, Confucius was called Confucius' son and bodhisattva, or, "My master is the ancestor of Sven for generations, but he is a child. The child is still young. Young people are small. He is a young teacher, why should he blame Confucianism for developing Buddhism? Monks are also called monks. Master Qiu is also taboo. Compare it, and ... Monks, disciples of Buddha, and master. He is a disciple of my teacher, so why blame Confucianism for developing Buddhism? "
Buddhism originally commented on Confucianism.
Master lianchi, a Confucian scholar who was recognized as the best before becoming a monk, wrote an article out of regret.
According to legend, Confucius is known as Confucius, Confucius and Bodhisattva. Or: "My master is the ancestor of Sven for generations, but he is a child. The child is still young. Young people are small. He is a young teacher, why should he blame Confucianism for developing Buddhism? Monks are also called monks. Master Qiu is also taboo. Compare it, and ... Monks, disciples of Buddha, and master. He is a disciple of my teacher, so why blame Confucianism for developing Buddhism? " That's not true. Children, pure and true. Manjusri is seven buddha's teacher, and Manjusri is a boy. Fubao is the ultimate bodhi in life, and it is called Fubao Boy. Even the forty-two sages and those who have "childlike innocence" all sigh with great virtue and are not small. Therefore, people who say they are adults do not lose their childlike innocence. If it's a monk, Sanskrit will do. Sanskrit monk, this cloud begging, also cloud breaking evil, also cloud evil. Comparison is not comparison, and hills are not hills. Gai only takes sounds, not words. If Sanskrit is absent in the south, this cloud belongs to fate. The south does not take the south of the north and the south, but takes nothing and nothing. Hey! If teachers and students are in the state of Zhu, they will promote Buddhism to all beings; In order for Sakyamuni to appear in Lubang, it is necessary to clarify the teachings of Confucianism and Taoism. It's all the same anywhere else. What a Great Sage does, he has no idea. For a Confucian, you can't destroy Buddhism, but for a Buddhist, you can destroy Confucianism.
Another example of sympathy is to use the spring and autumn brushwork to ignore the importance.