Mahuidi
(China Academy of Art Leisure Culture Research Center, 100029)
Editorial Department of Research on Dialectics of Nature 10008 1)
Leisure is an important part of people's life and an important foundation for building a harmonious society. Leisure can convey a person's life state and mental attitude, and show a person's demeanor and personality cultivation. A good leisure state needs good etiquette, etiquette, morality and etiquette to nourish and nurture. A good "ceremony" needs the cultivation of leisure life. People who lack "courtesy" will lose their manners, manners and integrity in their behavior; A society lacking "courtesy" is hard to have order and efficiency, and it is hard to have harmonious interpersonal and social relations.
Keywords: leisure, courtesy, order, harmonious society
cite
Leisure is an important part of people's life, an important part of China's cultural tradition, and an important way to improve personal character cultivation, manners and temperament, and moral integrity. Leisure is especially closely related to "ceremony". Because leisure can convey a person's life state and mental attitude, and show a person's demeanor and personality cultivation. A good leisure state needs good etiquette, etiquette, morality and etiquette to nourish and nurture. A good "gift" needs to be cultivated and tested by leisure life. People who lack "courtesy" will lose their manners, manners and integrity in their behavior; Without "courtesy", it is difficult for a society to be orderly, efficient and harmonious. The 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization tells us that the formation of a good social order and the improvement of people's spiritual and moral quality depend on the perfection and perfection of the "ritual system".
As early as more than 2000 years ago, Confucius pointed out: "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand" (The Analects of Confucius? Ji). In Confucius' view, "if you don't learn etiquette", you will have no foundation in society and no qualification to be a man. So be sure to "reciprocate" ("The Analects of Confucius? Taber "). Moreover, etiquette is closely related to music, writing, counting, shooting and defense, and is the first of the "six arts".
What is the relationship between leisure and "ceremony"? What kind of value does "Li" have in a harmonious society? What kind of "ceremony" does leisure life in modern society need? What are the benefits of "courtesy" to today's ideological and moral construction? It is especially worth pondering in academic circles.
1, the origin and value of "Li"
Modern Chinese Dictionary explains that "Li" is "a ceremony formed in social life due to customs and habits for everyone to abide by". Other research literature (within the scope of collected literature) has basically the same explanation.
"Rites" originated from folk customs and primitive religious activities, covering a wide range, from national laws and regulations to personal codes of conduct, social norms, cultural systems, behavior patterns, etc., involving: crowning (adult ceremony), fainting (marriage), mourning, offering sacrifices, shooting, imperial drinking, natural gods and ancestral rituals. Rites are complex, meticulous and complicated, and constantly change with the changes of history, but the core ideas of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith" have never changed. The system and norms of "ceremony" have a history of thousands of years in China. Because China people's "ceremony" is full of piety, kindness, solemnity, loyalty, affection and sincerity, it has the reputation of "the state of etiquette".
China is one of the countries with the richest, most complete and systematic historical records and works on "Li" in the world. "Rites" developed quite intricately in the Zhou Dynasty, with the saying that "Rites are 300, Quli is 3,000" (Book of Rites? Ceremony "). However, most of the contents and forms of these ceremonies were developed later. As primitive and basic ceremonies, there are only eight categories, namely: "The ceremony of a husband begins with a crown, is based on faintness, and is more important than mourning, respecting the appointment at the court, and shooting in the countryside. This ceremony is also general. " (The Book of Rites? Faint ").
Confucian culture has had a far-reaching impact on China traditional culture, which embodies the construction of ancient "ritual" system in China. Now we can see The Book of Rites, including Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji. Zhou Li is about the official system of the Zhou Dynasty. Yili is about various ceremonies (such as coronation, weddings and funerals, sacrifices and other specific ceremonies); The Book of Rites is a record of Confucius students and their descendants learning the Book of Rites, which talks about the nature, significance and function of the ceremony. "Rite" is one of the Confucian classics, with poems, books, rites, I Ching, Yue, Spring and Autumn as the six classics. Confucius chose these classics as teaching materials when he was given lectures by his disciples. Music teaching can make people "broad and easy to be good"; The teaching of "rites" can make people "respect" ("Book of Rites? After the solution "), because," don't learn etiquette, there is no way to stand "("The Analects of Confucius? Ji), in Confucius' view, if you don't learn etiquette, you won't have a foothold in society. So be sure to "reciprocate" ("The Analects of Confucius? Taber ").
Confucian etiquette has its specific meaning. Crown ceremony was the responsibility of adults in Ming dynasty; Wedding is the difference between men and women, the meaning of husband and wife; Funeral is to pursue the distance carefully and to clarify the meaning of life and death; Sacrificial ceremonies make people honest and loyal. Among them, offering sacrifices to heaven is to return to the original, offering sacrifices to ancestors is to pursue filial piety, and offering sacrifices to hundreds of gods is to repay virtue; The ceremony of pilgrimage is in the meaning of Ming monarch and minister; The gift of asking questions makes the rulers respect each other; The ceremony of drinking in rural areas is to connect feelings and eat for all ages; Shooting ceremony can observe virtue from sports activities. These ancient gifts combine the values of folklore, religion, ethics, art and aesthetics. In addition to ethics, Confucianism also teaches music and poetry, which can promote people's kindness, sincerity and respect, live in harmony with each other and overcome negative things in human nature; It is not only of positive significance to stabilize society, cultivate people's hearts and improve interpersonal relationships, but also of inestimable value to people's leisure life.
In ancient society, although the etiquette system is a symbolic system, it has a strong social integration function and political function. The principles of order, moderation, communication and harmony in Li can determine the social structure, organize customs, control the use of property, and play a role in straightening out social relations and human order. Confucius said, "A gentleman's righteousness is quality, courtesy is behavior, inferiority is behavior, and faith is success." Gentleman. "("The Analects? Wei Linggong ") this also shows the benevolence and etiquette, benevolence and righteousness is the essence, etiquette is the form.
Taking the ancient "crown ceremony" as an example, it is actually an advanced form of adult ceremony. Book of rites? Qu Li said: "Twenty is the weak crown", "Male twenty is the crown." Why are you crowning? Book of rites? Guan Yi explained it this way: "The reason why mortals are human is because of propriety. The beginning of propriety lies in correct expression, uniform color and fluent rhetoric. Let the body be straight, the color be neat, and the words be in order, and then prepare for the ceremony. Be an upright monarch and minister, be a father and son, be old and young. The monarch and the minister are upright, the father and son are close, and then they are polite. Therefore, the crown is taken later, with straight body, neat color and smooth words. Therefore, ceremony is also the beginning of ceremony. ..... this is the way to grow up. Those adults will be taught to be polite. Those who give people gifts should be responsible for whether they are sons, brothers, ministers or a few people. Responsible for the trip of four people, can the ceremony be heavy? " From this passage, we can know: first, the coronation ceremony is a "way to grow up", that is, a common ceremony. As an adult, we must shoulder the social responsibility of being a son, a brother, a villain and a minister. Secondly, as the external representation of this sense of responsibility, it is the "tolerance and integrity", "color unity" and "rhetoric" of adults, which is different from the rashness and indulgence in childhood.
Confucius emphasized that "self-denial and self-courtesy, the world belongs to benevolence", indicating that self-control is to conform to certain norms and have certain temperance, which is based on benevolence. Confucianism advocates "wealth and courtesy" and "self-denial", which means that arrogance and extravagance can be restrained through self-cultivation, so that people can act according to etiquette and have certain restraint. When people get along with each other, they don't insult or respect others. A gentleman is respectful, temperate, humble and courteous. Respect and submission in etiquette are the essence, which is manifested in following certain etiquette in behavior. However, this is not just observing the etiquette festival, but taking comity as the essence.
"Li" also contains a considerable humanitarian spirit, which embodies the value of morality and conscience. "Courtesy is also respectful, the elders are filial, the elders are young, the young are kind, and the base is thick." ("Xunzi? Xunzi praised the "ceremony" as "the extreme of morality", "the extreme of governance and discrimination" and "the extreme of humanity", because the purpose of "ceremony" is to make the noble people respected, the old people filial, the old people cherished, the young people loved and the lowly people benefited. In the order of etiquette, there are respect, filial piety, kindness, benefit, and protection for the weak.
"Li" is one of the precious cultural and spiritual heritages of the Chinese nation. Rites and music culture not only promotes social order, but also has the purpose of "harmony with all people", that is, promoting social harmony. A stable and harmonious human order is always regulated by certain etiquette norms. The purpose of "ceremony" is to make "mutual respect and love within the four seas." (The Book of Rites? The humanistic spirit of rites and music education is the spirit of getting along with each other, race and race, literature and literature. It is the "amulet" for all ethnic groups to live in harmony, national survival and cultural exchange and integration, and it is the cornerstone for Chinese culture to continue for thousands of years.
2. Family Training goes to the world.
The Chinese nation not only has an excellent tradition of attaching importance to "rites" that has been continued and accumulated for thousands of years, but also has accumulated a large number of colorful ethical codes and books. Among them, classics have deeply nourished and nurtured the Chinese nation for thousands of years in the form of family training. The recorded "Family Instructions" is Zhou Wenwang's son Zhou Gong's "Commanding Birds": "Virtuous and respectful; Those who are rich in land and keep risks are safe; Those who respect victory and keep humble are expensive; The people are strong and the soldiers are strong, and they are not afraid of danger and win every battle; Smart and wise, those who keep fools will benefit from it; Write more blog posts and keep them simple and broad. If you go, you won't be proud of Lu! " This shows that China has a long history of ethics.
Later, the most widely circulated "Family Instructions of Zhu Zi", "Three Amethyst" and "Qian Wen Zi" had a far-reaching impact on folk morality, ethics and etiquette and were widely circulated. This is the foundation of China's traditional excellent culture, our foothold in the world's national forest, the common sense of being a man and doing things that has stood the test of generations, and the irrefutable truth of maintaining harmonious social order and interpersonal relationships. These articles are often easy to understand, catchy, easy to remember, easy to recite and easy to practice, which are closely linked with the leisure life of the people and become a model for correcting family style, inspiring family voice and making a name for future generations.
In the past, people's material life was underdeveloped, the content available for "leisure" was very limited, and the educational reading materials were not as rich and colorful as in this era. Therefore, those proverbs, classics and articles are short and pithy, catchy, cordial and simple, and people like to recite them as a leisure life with the spirit of caring for themselves. Through leisure, we can achieve the goal of self-cultivation and gradually internalize it into the spiritual temperament of a person, a nation and a country. It is no exaggeration to say that these family precepts have contributed to the prosperity of the country. Although "ceremony" is not as visible, tangible and vigorous as economy, trade and science and technology, "ceremony" means "drizzle moistens things quietly, and flowers pour earth to brew fragrance"
"Zhu Zi's motto of managing the family" tells us: "It is not easy to think about a porridge and a meal. It is difficult to keep thinking about material resources. It is better to prepare for a rainy day than to dig a well when you are thirsty. Self-help must be frugal, and banquet guests must not stay overnight. The utensils are clean, wabi jinyu. A good diet is better than garden vegetables. Don't run fancy houses, don't seek fertile land. ..... Being ashamed of being rich is the most shameful thing. Being arrogant when you are poor is nothing more than meanness. If you don't argue at home, the lawsuit will eventually be fierce. If you don't talk much, you lose. Do not bully widows by force or kill birds by greed. If you are partial, you will regret many mistakes. Being lazy will lead to happiness, and it will be difficult for families to succeed. If you show kindness to a young man, you will get bored for a long time. Listen carefully and think patiently. If you are arguing about something, you must calm down and think about it.
Saint Amethyst tells us that at the beginning of life, human nature is good. The same nature varies from upbringing to upbringing. Without education, there will be deviations. In order to teach well, you should think deeply. ..... be friends with teachers and learn manners. Xiang is nine years old and can warm the mat. Filial piety is more important than affection. At the age of four, Rong offered pears. Remember, be friendly to others. The first filial brother, the second experience. ..... saying righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. The five permanent members should not be confused. ..... Jing Zitong, studying history. Test the pedigree and know the ending.
"Thousand Characters" clearly shows the world: the world is mysterious, the universe is vast, the sun and the moon are prosperous, the sun and the moon are long, the summer is cold, the autumn harvest is winter, and the years are full. The rhythm of wind and yang is Yun Teng's rain and dew is frost, water is gold, and jade is a Kungang sword. The giant sparrow beads are called luminous fruit treasures, the dishes are heavy mustard, the river is salty, the scales are shallow, the feathers are fragrant, the dragon is the teacher, and the emperor is the bird. this
It is when we recite these chapters that people understand a truth: "Tao can be Tao, but it is extraordinary." People must fear nature, because you are one of them; You hurt nature as much as you hurt yourself. You must love all living things, because it is a living thing like you, and it also has joys and sorrows. We have also learned: "A porridge and a meal is not easy to think about when it comes. It's hard to keep thinking about things. It is advisable to plan ahead and dig wells without thirst. " Managing family and life is a university question. Only when every family is happy can the society be truly harmonious ... This is a great "gift".
3. Etiquette is closely related to leisure.
Confucius said, "Prospering in poetry, standing in ceremony, and being willing to do things" (Zhuangzi? The "six arts" in traditional Confucian ethics: ceremony, music, calligraphy, number, restraint and shooting, have an important influence on standardizing society and educating people. "Six Arts" is the basic content of China culture. Although it is a high-grade cultural creation, it can also be widely popular among the people, forming a historical situation under the guidance of cultural elites and the direct participation of the Lebanese people (it should be noted that in feudal society, most of the working people were illiterate because they did not have the opportunity to receive education. In order to adapt to this situation, these "elegant" cultural forms have to expand their influence with secular appearance and form and strive for a larger audience. This is also an important reason why China has a large number of intangible and oral cultural heritages.
There is a profound thought of "ceremony" in Six Arts. The gentleman's learning, "hide, repair, rest and swim." (The Book of Rites. Learn ") Zheng Xuan's note:" Wandering leisurely, the traveler does not rush ","The Analects of Confucius? Yang Bojun's note: "Relying on benevolence, you can enjoy the six arts of ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and counting." "
It is in the cultural background full of "rites" that the ancient people of China created a leisure life that still shines today, which is of great value in the cultural treasure house of our nation. Among many traditional cultural classics, there are many works with leisure content. From The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Poetry, Yuan Qu to leisure sketches in Ming and Qing Dynasties, we can see that our ancestors pursued a free and happy leisure life, and we can also see that ancient sages organically combined leisure with ceremony.
In the traditional folk culture of China, there are many elite entertainment categories, such as: fair, temple fair, eagle flying, raising birds, watching fish, fishing, guessing, couplets, poetry clubs, academies, kites, shuttlecock kicking, boxing, sword dancing, tea tasting, crab chewing, book fair, gardens and drifting. It is not only leisure, but also artistic creation, and it is also the nourishment and care of "ceremony" for public life.
The best way to combine "ceremony" with leisure is to plant thousands of years of various operas, especially Beijing Opera, which has developed into our national quintessence art in the past hundred years. Many artistic expressions of "Li" (various etiquette, etiquette, etiquette, ethics and etiquette rules) are taken from folk life, such as some famous plays: chain mail, The Orphan of Zhao, Qin Xianglian, Qi Mei, Song Wu, Wang Kui, Visiting Li Kui's Mother, etc. Then, through various artistic forms, they express their love and hate attitudes towards the phenomena of truth and falsehood, good and evil, beauty and ugliness in life, including the truth of being a man and the "courtesy" of acting. In the long historical process, it has exerted a subtle influence on the shaping of our national personality, the harmony of people's benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and respect, and the promotion of good and suppression of evil, and it is very profound.
The connection between leisure and "ceremony" is also manifested in China people's artistic creation such as poetry and songs, piano, chess, calligraphy and painting.
Qin: Ancient literati used Qin to nourish their hearts, cultivate their temperament and aesthetic taste. Beauty is the basis of "ceremony". Without beauty, there is no "ceremony". Chess: the crystallization of human wisdom. The ancients believed that the chessboard was a shrinking universe, symbolizing human living space. Therefore, it is often "judging people by chess." From playing chess, you will know whether you are a corporal who is polite, persuasive and respects the law. Book: Calligraphy art "cage heaven and earth in shape, measure everything at the end of the pen". Depending on the word as a person, the word is a person, so there is a saying that "the character is not high, you can't use ink." Painting: "verve is everywhere, but it is between nature." Only when things and I blend together, and people and nature blend together, can we have both form and spirit. Poetry, words, songs and poems are often used to describe scenery and express feelings, which have high appreciation value. Poetry expresses ambition, and poetry is the heart. Make friends by writing, and express feelings by poetry. Since ancient times, many scholars and people with lofty ideals in Tessa have left magnificent poems, which will be sung through the ages. Tao Yuanming's singing of "picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely" is a portrayal of his quiet and far-reaching life. However, Wen Tianxiang's "Who has never lived or died since ancient times, keeping the heart of a child as a mirror in history" shows the personality strength of a generation of heroes who are not afraid of power and justice. Qin? Snow, "Northland scenery, thousands of miles frozen, Wan Li snow drifting ... its majestic and romantic poet feelings have infected the lofty aspirations of several generations. The great charm and profound artistic conception of poetry add more nobility and elegance to leisure life. Passing "Li" in the form of art makes "Li" vivid, rich, kind and powerful. When we are intoxicated in leisure activities, we unconsciously accept the baptism of outlook on life, values and aesthetics. This is both interesting and beneficial. Contemporary people have a right picture: "daily necessities, soy sauce, vinegar and tea are indispensable;" "Qinqi calligraphy and painting poetry hops are indispensable; Horizontal approval is: live like a person. " It can be seen that ancient customs still exist.
4. Harmonious society calls for "courtesy"
We are entering a new historical era-an era of rapid change, a colorful era, an era of great material wealth, an era of extremely uncoordinated relationship between man and nature, an era of competition between people, an era of frequent exchanges between people, an era of people full of various desires, and an era of more and more leisure time. However, we are often troubled by many things: why are there more and more material wealth and fewer "gifts"? Is "courtesy" out of date? Don't!
Although China is a "state of etiquette", in recent decades, the phenomenon of "no etiquette" is everywhere. Looking back at every "Golden Week of Tourism" we have experienced, people have seen too many large-scale gatherings, which are accompanied by noise, noise, crowded and messy roads. Most tourist attractions are crowded, and the places where tourists pass must be a mess: napkins, peanut shells, melon peels, fruit residues, leftovers and other sundries are piled up on tables and chairs, and cigarette butts and beer bottles are also scattered on the ground. Where there are waiting stations (cars) and waiting places, there must be bustling, messy and noisy. Even if you leave China, you will never change the bad habit of living in another country. At the international airports in Los Angeles and San Francisco, the boarding gates of China International Airlines and China Eastern Airlines are always chaotic and noisy. In high-end leisure and entertainment places, the so-called "rich class" often lacks gentleness, often spends their leisure time with conspicuous consumption, and is extremely short of "quasi-cultural", "quasi-academic" and "quasi-artistic" leisure posture. On the whole, this class does not reflect the group image of a cultural pioneer, and most people cannot form the system and norms of "courtesy" in their leisure life.
In recent years, food consumption has also risen all the way. No matter in town or country, every meal must be delicious, birds and animals, delicious and delicious; For ostentation and extravagance, you can spend a lot of money, even 10 thousand gold.
Take our urban traffic as an example, the traffic in major cities is extremely congested, cars and pedestrians do not give way to each other, and illegal driving (walking) is common. Therefore, China has become the country with the highest traffic accident mortality. In 2003, the global traffic accident death toll was 500,000, with China accounting for1040,000.
In terms of honest service, people in China are getting worse and worse, cheating at all levels, cheating everywhere, and falling into the trap if they are not careful. Products are shoddy; Cut corners in service; A hammer sale in the market; The production of fake cigarettes, fake wine, fake drugs and fake meat, "Fuyang inferior milk powder caused many baby deaths", has actually done unfair things to the baby's head, which can be described as immoral. The cases of counterfeiting and selling fakes disclosed in CCTV's weekly quality inspection report are shocking. At present, most of the high transaction costs and a lot of inefficient labor in our society come from moral and credit crisis. Of course, this counterfeiting case is not a matter of "courtesy", but a crime. In this way, we lose not only market prospects and economic benefits, but also the dignity, prestige and excellent cultural traditions of the nation and the country.
What makes us so rude? There are many reasons for this, but a fundamental problem is that in the past century, when we criticized feudalism in large numbers, we also destroyed the "etiquette" and "etiquette" that raised our generations. Liu Mengxi, a historian of cultural thought, once wrote: "Since the late Qing Dynasty, China culture has been in a difficult process of deconstruction and reconstruction. Among them, there are many problems, but they are the most neglected and the most important, and they are etiquette problems representing a national cultural order and civilization. The Chinese nation is known as a country of etiquette, but in the past hundred years, with the impact of the tide of western learning and the disintegration of tradition, we have not inherited our own national cultural traditions and represented the etiquette of today's civilization level, including how to eat, how to sleep, how to dress, how to walk and how to talk to people. Basically, they are in a state of disorder. "
Mr. Liu's point of view can be said to hit home. Over the past century, we have overthrown "Kongjiadian" and taken the road of class struggle for a long time, which has changed the life of all cultures. Ritual collapse and bad music-there has been a long-term "ritual vacuum" in our nation. In the past two decades, money worship, hedonism and extreme egoism have made us farther and farther away from "ceremony".
The history of social progress shows that the more the society progresses, the stronger people's demand for "courtesy". The ancients said, "A granary knows manners." The first article of the Book of Rites begins with a clear meaning: "Virtue and benevolence are indecent. The lesson is correct and vulgar, and the indecent assault is unprepared. Arguments and lawsuits, indecent assault. Your majesty, your superiors and subordinates, your father and son, and your brother are all indecent. An official scholar is indecent. When Ban Chao runs the army, officials act according to law. It is impossible to be disgraceful and dignified. Prayer and sacrifice, offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, must not be indecent. " This is the main reason why Confucianism attaches importance to ceremony. It is also the reason why modern society calls for "ceremony".
Some people may say that this is completely an old ethical code that binds people and completely does not conform to the values of modern society. This understanding is obviously extremely wrong. The reason why Confucianism has been recognized and passed down by generations of China people for more than 2,000 years shows that this point has been proved by social life practice. "Benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and faithfulness" are the basis of "courtesy". Imagine, no matter what kind of national system, historical stage, social and cultural background, no matter past, present and future, who can leave the "ceremony"? Practice has repeatedly proved that a society lacking "courtesy" is bound to be a society with disorder, inefficiency, lack of cohesion, unfairness and insecurity, which will eventually lead to family infidelity, marital infidelity, friends turning against each other, social dispersion and cultural decadence.
It should be noted that in building a harmonious society, there is a huge space between external compulsory law and internal conscious morality. Especially in the period of social transformation, the intersection of history and reality, tradition and modernity, China culture and western culture, and the intersection of old etiquette and new regulations have greatly impacted and impacted our existing leisure life and "etiquette" system. Relying only on administrative orders, legal constraints and ideological constraints still has its limitations. We should mobilize education, moral self-discipline, cultural means and etiquette rules to improve the level of national civilization, coordinate the relationship between groups and communities, promote the healthy, harmonious and orderly development of society, and establish a etiquette culture system and related values in the new era.
"Courtesy for the country, social stability, elimination of war and abstinence from extravagance are the prerequisites for people to live and work in peace and contentment. Controlling people's behavior, reconciling various conflicts, coordinating interpersonal relationships and making personnel management just right are the positive values of the ritual and music system. There is a meaning of social justice here, that is, opposing the excessive disparity between the rich and the poor. Some people become rich. What will they do when they get rich? Confucius talked about "teaching when you are rich", about enlightenment education, and opposing extravagance and waste, showing off your wealth and competing for it. At present, the excessive exaggeration of mass consumption culture in China has a great corrosive effect on social atmosphere and is very unfavorable to the growth of teenagers, and the power of cultural criticism is particularly weak. This is worthy of our review. " This kind of introspection is to the point.
conclusion
China is entering a new historical stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way. The symbol of a well-off society is not only an indicator of the rapid development of gross national product.
It should be noted that "courtesy" plays a very important role and function in promoting a well-off society, because a polite society can be orderly and disciplined, efficient, quality and honest. Then, what kind of "ceremony" should a "well-off" society have? As early as more than two thousand years ago, it was pointed out in the Book of Rites that "the trip to the Avenue is also a business. Choose talents and abilities, practice beliefs and cultivate mutual understanding. An old friend is not only a relative, but also an only son. The old, the strong, the useful, the young, the strong, the lonely and the sick are all raised at home. Men get points and women get rewards. If the goods are abandoned on the ground, there is no need to hide them on yourself. You don't have to do it for yourself. Therefore, it is called "Datong" to seek closure but not prosperity, and thieves do not do it, so leaving the house is not sealed. This avenue is hidden, and the world is home. Each has his own relatives, each has his own son, and the goods are all his own. Adults believe in propriety, while Guo Cheng believes in honesty and propriety. Be honest, be honest with your father and son, be harmonious with your brothers, be harmonious with your husband and wife, establish a system, establish a field, be both wise and brave, and take merits as your own. Therefore, the use is the work, and the soldiers set out from this. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu,, etc. are all among them. None of the six gentlemen is unwilling to be polite. Take its meaning and test its letter. There have been works, and there are benevolent policies in punishment, which shows that the people have often. If someone doesn't come from here, someone in power will go, and everyone thinks it will hurt. It is a well-off society. "
These thoughts still have important reference value for today's etiquette system construction and the formation of a harmonious social atmosphere. In particular, it will have a positive impact on people's high-quality and high-grade leisure life and play an irreplaceable role in building a harmonious society.
The use of ceremony is precious in harmony.
Confucius said, "Gifts (1) are used, and (2) are more expensive. Before Wang Zhidao (3), Sri Lanka (4) was beautiful. Small and big, there are problems. It is not feasible to make peace without courtesy (5). "
To annotate ...
(1) Rites: During the Spring and Autumn Period, "rites" generally referred to the laws, regulations and moral norms of slave society. Confucius' "ceremony" refers to "rites of the week", etiquette and ceremonies, and also refers to people's moral norms.
(2) Harmony: harmony and coordination.
(3) Pre-Wang Zhidao: It refers to the way of governing the country of ancient emperors such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and so on.
(4) s: this, this meaning. Here refers to the ceremony, also refers to and.
translate
A Confucius said, "Harmony is the most important thing in the application of courtesy. The ancient monarch's method of governing the country is precious here. However, no matter how big or small things are, it is not feasible to do them in a harmonious way. (This is because) for the sake of harmony and harmony, it is not feasible to control harmony without courtesy. "
Comment and analysis
Harmony is an ethical, political and social principle advocated by Confucianism. The Book of Rites the Doctrine of the Mean writes: "Among all emotions, joys and sorrows, the Mid-Autumn Festival is the sum of them." In the Analects of Confucius, Yang Yufu wrote: "The things in the festival are the sum, not only the joys and sorrows." Suitable for this speech, the speech is appropriate, and the speech is just right. "Confucius believes that the implementation and application of etiquette should be based on harmony. But it is not feasible to talk about harmony in everything, or to be harmonious for the sake of harmony and not be bound by etiquette. In other words, we must abide by the hierarchical differences stipulated by the ceremony, and there can be no discord between them. This view put forward by Confucius in this chapter is meaningful. In slave society, the distinction and opposition between different classes are very serious, and its boundaries cannot be confused at all. People at the next higher level show their prestige with their own etiquette; People at the next level are obedient with fear. However, in the Spring and Autumn Period, this social relationship began to disintegrate, and it was not uncommon for ministers to kill their husbands and children to kill their fathers. In this regard, Yu Zi put forward the theory of "harmony is the most important", the purpose of which is to ease the opposition between different classes, so that it will not collapse and stabilize the social order at that time.
Theoretically, however, we also think that Confucius not only emphasized the importance of harmony in the use of etiquette, but also pointed out that harmony should be based on courtesy instead of harmony. It can be seen that the harmony advocated by Confucius is not unprincipled, which makes sense.