Hua tuo (? —208), the word Ahua List (Gu), the word Ahua List, was an outstanding physician in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He was born in Qiao County (now Hao County, Anhui Province). He is proficient in Confucianism and medical skills, refuses to be an official, and takes medicine as his profession. He is familiar with the way of keeping in good health. "When people think they are 100 years old, they look strong." Hua Tuo experienced two "disasters of party struggle" in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the national yellow turban insurrectionary uprising in A.D. 184 and the warlord scuffle that lasted for many years. Seeing the disaster of war, Hua Tuo decided to "help the people with medicine" without seeking official promotion. He attached importance to the experience of predecessors, learned folk remedies and invented. After many years of practicing medicine, Hua Tuo has made outstanding achievements in acupuncture, diagnostics, pharmacology, pediatrics, gynecology, deworming and other medical fields, especially in surgery. The footprint of medical practice is spread all over Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and other places, and it is quite famous. At that time, it was called "imperial doctor" and occupied an important position in the medical history of China.
Huatuo treats diseases, so the curative effect is remarkable. The key is that he is good at diagnosis, can see the pathology according to the condition, judge correctly, and then prescribe the right medicine. For example, a county magistrate was critically ill, and Hua Tuo saw the condition and diagnosed blood stasis in the abdomen after the pulse, so he could not spit it out for a long time. If you try to make him furious and spit out blood, he will recover. The chief's son did everything, and sure enough, the chief vomited black blood and blood stasis, more than a liter, and he recovered from the disease.
Hua Tuo's genius in diagnosis also lies in his ability to distinguish patients with the same symptoms but different pathology. At that time, there were two officials, one was Ni Xun and the other was Li Yan. They all have headaches and fever. It feels the same. After examining their conditions, Hua Tuo thought that their pathologies were different and their prescriptions should be different. Ni Xun is an exogenous pathogen (cold) and should take laxatives; Li Yan's internal syndrome (eating disorder) should make him sweat. Two people took different medicines, and the next day, both of them recovered.
Another example is a woman who suddenly has severe abdominal pain after six months of pregnancy. After Hua Tuo felt his pulse, he was diagnosed as dead. He asked his family to touch the woman's abdomen and told him that if the fetus was a boy on the left side of the abdomen, if the girl was on the right side, his family thought it was the left side. Hua tuo prescribed medicine for the woman, and after taking it, the stillbirth of the male fetus really fell off. In feudal society, due to the shackles of feudal ethics, "men and women are not close", which greatly restricted Hua Tuo's gynecological medical skills.
Hua tuo is also good at the diagnosis of common pediatric diseases. Chen Shushan's two-year-old son in Dongyang County often has loose bowels and cries, and his child is getting thinner and thinner. During the treatment, Hua Tuo examined the mother and son respectively, saying: "The mother is pregnant (the mother is holding the child), and the yang is raised inside, the milk is cold, and the child is cold, so it is restored from time to time." Hua tuo asked the mother of the child to take the "four queen pills" Ten days later, the child returned to normal.
Hua Tuo is good at reading words and feelings, from symptoms to pathology, from the outside to the inside, so he has rich experience in diagnostics and has made very gratifying achievements. Wang Shuhe, a medical scientist in the Jin Dynasty, compiled the Pulse Sutra, in which the fifth volume recorded Bian Que Huatuo's "Observing the Emotion and Observing the Sound", with a total of 76 articles. The word "Bian Que Huatuo" refers to the secret of the two men, or simply refers to the experience that Huatuo inherited and carried forward Bian Que's medical skills from the ancient market. According to the patient's complexion, facial features, skin color, symptoms and behavior, "essentials" can judge the patient's life and death. For example: "Patients and healthy people suddenly look like horse liver, look like green, and die like black"; "Lying, confused, can't talk of patients, is not cured; Fever can be cured "; Another example is: "Red-eyed people have heart disease, white lungs, black kidneys, yellow spleen, green liver and yellow chest." Thanks to Hua Tuo's rich experience and careful observation, his diagnosis is quite accurate. Dunzixian, an official of Aduyou, fell ill and felt good after treatment. One day, Hua Tuo felt his pulse and said, "If you are still weak, don't work hard until you come back. If you share the same bed, you will die. " It happened that Dunzi presented his wife and heard that her husband had recovered from illness. He came to see us, and his husband and wife were reunited in the same room. Three days later, he died of illness.
Hua Tuo often uses acupuncture to treat diseases. He inherited and carried forward acupuncture since the Spring and Autumn Period and achieved perfection. He used acupuncture, moxibustion and acupuncture according to his illness. "If at the time of moxibustion, but one or two places, each place is only seven or eight strong, and the disease should be removed. If you are a needle, it's only one or two places. The next needle says,' When you lead a promise, if you arrive, you will talk to people'. If the patient says' it's time', he should pull out the needle and get sick (good). " The most famous example is Hua Tuo's treatment of Cao Cao, then prime minister of Han Dynasty, who was dizzy due to head wind. Whenever he has an attack, Hua Tuo's acupuncture works immediately.
Huatuo's acupuncture therapy can also treat some gynecological diseases. The wife of a general Li accidentally miscarried during pregnancy. Please take Hua Tuo's exam. Hua tuo judged after taking the pulse: according to the pulse condition, the fetus has not come down yet. General Li said he saw the fetus fall, but he disagreed with Hua Tuo's diagnosis. Hua tuo had to leave. One hundred days later, the general's wife had abdominal pain and had to invite Hua Tuo again. Hua Tuo said to the generals and his wife, "This pulse indicates that there is a fetus. Before, I had to have two children. When the first one came out, there would be a lot of blood, and the second one wouldn't be born ... If the fetus died and the blood didn't flow back, it would dry the mother's spine and make it painful. " Huatuo acupuncture and medicine are used together. Women have abdominal pain. They want to have children but they can't. Hua Tuo said, "This stillbirth has been dead for a long time, so someone should explore it." According to this practice, it is indeed a stillbirth, with black hands and feet and black body. At this time, the general regretted his stubbornness and marveled at Hua Tuo's medical skill.
The brilliance of Huatuo's acupuncture in ancient landscape paintings is not only accurate and effective, but also can diagnose other people's acupuncture mistakes. At that time, Xu Yi, Adu's tour official, fell ill and went to see Hua Tuo. He said to Hua Tuo, "Yesterday, I rented a needle and stomach tube from the doctor Liu, so I coughed badly and felt very uncomfortable." Hua Tuo examined the acupuncture site, asked about the depth of acupuncture, and then said to Xu Yi, "If you can't stab the stomach tube, you will miss the liver. Eat less that day, and it will be hopeless in five days. " Five days later, Xu Yi really died.
Huatuo's greatest contribution to medicine, besides making great achievements in medical diagnosis and treatment, is in surgery. According to the biography of Hua Tuo in Shu Wei, "If the disease accumulates, acupuncture and medicine can't reach it. Drink it when you need to cut it, and you'll be as drunk as death because it's broken. If the disease is in the intestine, wash it and rub your abdomen. Just four or five days, it doesn't hurt, and people won't slap themselves. In January, it was calm. " The medicinal ingredients and preparation method of "Ma Fei San" have been lost today. Later generations generally believe that Huatuo is made of hemp pulp (sound grave), yam, angelica, calamus and other Chinese herbal medicines. It can be used for general anesthesia before each operation. This anesthesia method is at least earlier than ether general anesthesia in western medicine 1600 years. According to records, after giving anesthesia to the patient, Hua Tuo performed two abdominal operations, one orthopedic operation and one bloodletting operation. This is also feasible from the medical level at that time.
As a famous doctor, Hua Tuo is conscientious and conscientious. Even for some intractable diseases, in order to alleviate the temporary pain of patients, he also tried to meet the requirements of patients and perform surgical treatment. There was a scholar-bureaucrat who was extremely unwell and sought medical treatment from Hua Tuo. After careful examination, Hua Tuo said to him, "You are seriously ill, so you should have it removed by caesarean section. However, JUNSHOU is only ten years old. If he is ill, he can't kill you. If he is ill for ten years, he will die. " The patient felt unbearable and insisted on the operation. In order to alleviate the patient's temporary pain, Hua Tuo operated on him according to the patient's wishes. He felt light at that time and died ten years later.
Because of Hua Tuo's superb surgical operation, people called him "the imperial doctor". His deeds of performing surgery on patients are widely celebrated among the people. In these stories, someone attached what others did to him. The Record of Xiangyang once recorded that Hua Tuo was Guan Yu, a famous official of Shu, and the biography of Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms also recorded this: "Feather stretched out his arm to make doctors enjoy ancient landscape paintings, invited generals to eat and drink at the right time, and his blood on his arm was more than food, but he cut his feathers and moxibustion and laughed." But he didn't say that the doctor was Hua tuo. When Guan Yu was guarding Xiangyang, Hua Tuo was dead, and it seemed impossible to "cure poison by scraping bones". However, Hua Tuo's "Ma Fei San" can still be used for local anesthesia before operation. This also shows that Hua Tuo's achievements in surgical technology are outstanding and a great innovation and creation. This is also a powerful criticism of the pedantic view that overcoming diseases is completely negative and that "parents with physical problems dare not hurt them".
Scorpion worm was one of the diseases that endangered people's health at that time. In pest control, Hua Tuo absorbed folk prescriptions, combined with his own experience, summed up and improved, effectively subdued various parasites and other pests in his body, thus relieving people's suffering.
Once, when Hua Tuo went out to practice medicine, he met a woman on the road and called for help, that is, he went forward for help and learned that the patient felt that his throat was blocked and he could not swallow. Hua tuo told the patient: buying three liters of sour and spicy garlic (Ji, that is, garlic paste) and drinking it in vinegar will make him better. The patient took the medicine according to his instructions, and soon spit out a ground worm, and the pain was relieved immediately.
Huatuo is also good at hydrotherapy to treat insect diseases. "Cheng Peng and his wife stung their hands in the toilet at night and groaned as hooligans." Hua Tuo asked her to soak her hands in hot water. "A single man can sleep." Hua tuo also asked her to change the water every hour to keep the water temperature. The next day, her hand returned to normal.
Hua Tuo has many methods to treat ascariasis. Among them, treating ground worms with decoction is his masterpiece. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), "Chen Deng, the magistrate of Guangling, suddenly suffered from chest trouble and his face was red." After feeling his pulse, Hua Tuo said, "Jun Fu (referring to Chen Deng) has worms in his stomach. If he wants to become an internal gangrene (J), something fishy is also doing." Hua tuo cooked two liters of soup for him. He drank a liter first, stopped for a while, and finished another liter. In an instant, "spit out three liters of worms, move your head red, and your chest is still raw fish." Chen Deng suddenly felt relaxed. When he left, Hua Tuo told Chen Deng: "The third phase (three years) is onset, and a good doctor can save it." As Hua Tuo expected, three years later, Chen Deng recovered. Because Hua Tuo wasn't here and didn't meet a good doctor, Chen Deng finally died.
In order to make his medical skills successful and benefit future generations, Hua Tuo taught his medical skills and secret recipes to his disciples without reservation. Among them, Guangling Wupu and Pengcheng Fana are the two most representative medical scientists.
Among the professors, Hua Tuo once earnestly warned Upp: "The human body should work, but it should not be extreme. Shake it, the valley gas will disappear, the blood will circulate, and the disease will not be born. For example, it is immortal. " He also said: In ancient times, people who lived long were "guides", imitating the movements of bears and owls, stretching their bodies and moving their joints in order to live a long and healthy life. "I have a skill called' Five Birds Play', where the tiger is one day, the deer is two days, the bear is three days, the ape is four days, and the bird is five days". It can cure diseases and strengthen the body. When people feel uncomfortable, they can play the role of a bird, sweat a little, feel relaxed and increase their appetite. According to Hua Tuo's "Five Birds Play", Wupu often exercises. "He is over 90 years old, with a good eye, bright ears and strong teeth."
Fana, an ancient market, learned acupuncture from Hua Tuo and made great achievements. General doctors believe that "there should be no fake needles between the back and chest, and the needles should not exceed four points." Fan A, on the other hand, dares to break the routine and stick a needle in his back for an inch or two. The needle in the chest can reach five or six inches. Due to exquisite technology, the curative effect is very remarkable. In addition, Hua Tuo also glued carefully made Rhus verniciflua leaves to Fan A ... The medicine composition of Rhus verniciflua leaves sticky powder consists of 1 liter of Rhus verniciflua leaves crumbs and 14 green sticky crumbs. According to Hua Tuo, taking this powder regularly can "eliminate three worms, benefit the five internal organs, lighten the body and keep the head white". Fan a took it for a long time according to the teacher's instructions and lived to be over 100 years old.
Hua Tuo didn't leave any works about medication, but Li Shizhen thought that Hua Tuo's student "Upp Materia Medica" had his medication experience. Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties suspected that Hua Tuo and Zhang Zhongjing had written Shennong's Herbal Classic. Although this is inevitable, it may have been modified. As for Hua Tuo's works, several of the Annals of Sui Shu Classics have been lost. The only one that has been handed down to this day is Wang Shuhe's Pulse Sutra in Jin Dynasty, among which there is a book named "A Textual Research on Bian Que Huatuo". The Tibetan Scripture in Petrifaction handed down from ancient times was written by people in the Six Dynasties, but some of its contents are about Hua Tuo's academic thoughts on landscape painting appreciation. Hua Tuo's "Five Birds Play" is a great contribution to health preservation.
Cao Cao suffered from head wind disease, "every time he was confused and dizzy", and many treatments were ineffective. Hearing that Hua Tuo's medical skill was excellent, he sent someone to invite him. After "acupuncture, it is worse (more)". But it still can't be carved from the roots. Cao Cao asked Hua Tuo to be his doctor so that he could treat himself at any time. Hua Tuo has been away from home for a long time and wants to visit, so he asks for leave to go home in the name of "seeking to return the party". In the meantime, Cao Cao wrote many times to call it back and ordered the counties to send it. Hua tuo refused to go on the road on the pretext that his wife was ill. Cao Cao was furious and sent someone to investigate, and instructed the messenger: "If your wife believes in illness, I will give Adzuki 40 yuan, and I will give her a holiday; If it is fraud, accept it and send it. " When the messenger arrived, he saw that his wife was safe and sound, so he arrested Hua Tuo and sent him to Xuchang prison. Cao Cao's senior adviser Yu Yin asked Cao Cao for Hua Tuo. "Technology is practical (good), life is at a critical juncture, so it should be included." Cao Cao said, "Don't worry, there is no such mouse in the world." Order death. Before he died, Hua Tuo handed one of his books to the jailer and said, "This can be a living person." But the jailer was afraid to accept it under Cao Cao's arrogance. Hua tuo was very angry, so he no longer forced to use fire.
After Hua Tuo's death, Cao Cao's head wind disease was not carved from his roots. When it broke out, he sighed angrily and said, "You can recover from this. Little people have raised my illness, so I should respect myself. However, I will not kill this son, nor will I break this original ear for me. " In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Cao Cao's beloved son Cang Shu (Cao Chong) was seriously ill and could not find a good doctor to treat him. Cao Cao sighed and said, "I regret killing Hua Tuo and letting this son die."
After Hua Tuo was killed, people deeply missed him. Upp built Huatuo Temple in Guangling to express his grief and condolences to the teacher! In Xuzhou, people built Huatuo Tomb to commemorate this great doctor.
Due to the limitation of scientific level and social system at that time, Hua Tuo's medical achievements also had their limitations, but his contribution to China's medicine, especially to surgery, anesthesia, medical sports and health preservation, was really great. For thousands of years, it has been admired by the people in China and praised by scholars all over the world.