First, diet care
For the diet care of the elderly with mobility difficulties, we need to pay attention to these two aspects:
Nursing care of the elderly who stay in bed for a long time
1. Old people in bed should try to sit while eating to prevent coughing. The bedside needs to be raised at an angle of 45, and the pillow is placed under the neck to facilitate swallowing food. At the same time, you can use the small table opposite the bed to let the old people see the food to increase their appetite.
2. In order to prevent the elderly from spilling food when eating, the elderly should be tied with napkins before meals, so that the elderly can rest assured that they will not be nervous because they are afraid of spilling food.
3. With the aid of assistive devices, try to encourage the elderly to eat by themselves. Eating is not only the need of survival, but also brings spiritual pleasure. If you need to feed, don't feed too fast, and then continue feeding after swallowing.
You need to drink a small amount of water and soup when you start eating. In addition, when drinking tea or soup, you can use a cup with a mouth or a cup that is easy to hold and difficult to hold, so as to prevent the old people from wetting the sheets while eating, resulting in humiliation.
The shape of meals should be determined according to the physical function of the elderly, such as small pieces, small pieces, filaments, rice balls, etc. In short, it is necessary to facilitate the elderly to eat.
6. Rinse your mouth with water or tea after meals to keep your mouth clean. We should encourage the elderly to develop the good habit of gargling after meals.
(b) Dietary care for the elderly with visual impairment
1. For the elderly with visual impairment, according to their physical functions, try to fix the place where meals are placed and the tableware they are used to, such as bowls, plates, chopsticks, forks, spoons, straws, etc.
At the same time, try to create a harmonious atmosphere and encourage the elderly to eat by themselves. Food preparation should be meticulous, considering the blending of food texture, color and taste, and trying to give food a soft and digestible texture.
3. The processed modeling should also consider the eating habits of the elderly, so that the elderly can take it conveniently. Fishbone should be removed from fish food first.
4. Explain recipes and cooking methods to the elderly before eating. Remind the elderly to pay attention to the temperature of food to avoid scalding.
Rinse your mouth with water or tea after meals to keep your mouth clean. We should encourage the elderly to develop the good habit of gargling after meals.
Second, excretory nursing
The nursing of the daily life of the elderly also includes the nursing of defecation. For the elderly with mobility difficulties, excretion is also a big problem, which needs the help and comfort of nursing staff around.
Excretion is a physiological process in which the body excretes metabolites, and smooth excretion is a necessary condition for maintaining health and life. With the increase of age, the adjustment function of the elderly gradually weakens, and their self-care ability declines, or their excretion function is abnormal due to diseases, resulting in urgency, frequent urination and even incontinence. Some elderly people also have urinary retention, diarrhea and constipation. Excretion disorder of the elderly can be said to be inevitable in the process of aging, which often brings great inconvenience to the physical and mental health and quality of life of the elderly. Caregivers should handle it properly, be considerate of the elderly and try their best to help them.
fecal incontinence
1. Excretion will lead to a large loss of nutrients, too much water and electrolyte, which will make the elderly weak. Stay in bed, reduce activities and reduce energy consumption.
2. Diet therapy, such as a multi-fiber, low-fat and liquid diet, can stimulate the gastrocolon reflex and normalize the texture of feces. You can also take defecation training, establish defecation time, and train anal sphincter activity through biofeedback to improve patients' sensitivity and alertness to rectal dilatation.
3. When the water loss is serious, you should encourage a lot of drinking water or replenish it in time through rehydration to prevent water and electrolytes from losing their virginity.
4. Do skin care, keep the skin around perineum and anus clean and dry, and prevent ulceration. Change the urine pad and bed sheets in time, often wash the perineum and perianal skin with warm water, apply ointment or anti-inflammatory drugs when necessary, and use baking lamps for local treatment.
5. Mastering the defecation law of bedridden elderly people, giving bedpans regularly and trying to pick them up by yourself can keep the skin and clothes clean and dry, guide patients to exercise pelvic floor muscle contraction, and gradually restore the control ability of anal sphincter.
(2) Urinary incontinence
1. Respect the personality and self-esteem of the elderly, give comfort and encouragement, build confidence, and actively cooperate with treatment and nursing.
2. Keep the local area clean and dry to prevent pressure ulcers. Keep the bedding clean and dry, and replace it in time after it is wet; Wash perineum and anus with warm water after each defecation.
3. Drink proper amount of water to reduce urinary tract infection and the formation of stones. Under normal circumstances, 2000 ~ 3000 ml of water should be ingested every day, and the intake of water should be properly controlled after dinner to reduce the amount of urine at night, so that the elderly can have enough sleep time.
4. Guide the elderly to establish good living habits, guide them to wear loose, soft, comfortable and easy-to-untie clothes and pants, relieve abdominal pressure, open doors and windows regularly, ventilate and remove odors, and keep the indoor air fresh.
5. Encourage the elderly to participate in social activities and enhance their self-confidence. For the elderly who are overly nervous and anxious, nursing staff should always talk to the elderly. Thoughtful nursing is beneficial to the psychological balance of the elderly and can prevent urinary incontinence.
Third, dressing care.
Since ancient times, there have been descriptions of food, clothing, housing and transportation, which shows its important role in people's daily life. The elderly have formed their own dressing habits in decades of life experience. However, with the increase of age and the decline of physical function, there is a self-reliance obstacle, which needs the assistance of others to complete. Dressing and wearing a hat is not only related to the warmth and personal image of the elderly, but also beneficial to their physical and mental health. Caregivers should pay enough attention to it.
For people who need assistance, the elderly, the elderly in bed and the elderly with dementia can complete some actions of putting on and taking off clothes, but the selection, cleaning and sorting of clothes need the help of others.
1, the difference between clean clothes and dirty clothes.
2. Change pajamas and clothes worn during the day in time.
3, underwear daily replacement to keep clean, can be appropriately extended in winter.
4. Wash dirty clothes as soon as possible. Clothes soiled by excrement (especially dysentery) need to be disinfected.
5. Prepare and supplement the clothes to be replaced according to the degree of dirt.
6. the coat should be washed according to the number of times it is worn and the degree of dirt.
7. Detergents should be antistatic and soft, and fully rinsed to avoid dermatitis.
8. Don't wash underwear soiled by excrement from other clothes.
9. Organize and store the clothes you usually wear, pajamas and underwear. Clothes should be placed in a fixed position that is easy to find, and similar clothes should be put together to avoid the elderly worrying about forgetting to find them.
10, only dirty clothes can be changed, such as incontinence, and only changing clothes can alleviate the fatigue of the elderly.
1 1. You can choose comfortable, soft and elastic clothes to reduce the difficulty of dressing due to the difficulty of joint flexion.
12, try to dry in the sun and put it in a damp place.
13. Check whether the buttons and hooks are in good condition, and arrange and store them after confirmation.
Introduction of life taboo knowledge that the elderly should abide by
Avoid overeating. The gastrointestinal digestive function of the elderly is poor. If overeating, it is easy to cause indigestion, acute gastroenteritis and acute pancreatitis. At the same time, because of overeating, the diaphragm moves up, which affects the normal activities of the heart and lungs. Digesting food requires a lot of blood to concentrate in the gastrointestinal tract, and the blood supply to the heart and brain is relatively reduced. In addition, the blood vessels of patients with hypertension are fragile and easy to induce stroke.
Avoid watching TV for a long time:
Old people with hypertension should not watch TV for a long time, because TV radiation will raise blood pressure, especially TV programs with tense plots will make people emotional and easily induce cerebrovascular accidents.
Avoid overexcitation:
Patients with hypertension should always maintain a stable mood, avoid excessive excitement and tension, and should not participate in competitive recreational activities. Otherwise, the whole body blood vessels contract, the heart beats faster, blood pressure rises, and even cerebral hemorrhage may be caused by emotional fluctuation and sympathetic nerve excitement.
Experts suggest that elderly people with hypertension regularly monitor their blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer. Experts especially recommend Jiu 'an electronic sphygmomanometer, which adopts MOTOLORA's world-leading dedicated microcomputer chip and high-tech pressure sensor technology to overcome the human error in the measurement process of mercury sphygmomanometer and greatly improve the accuracy of occasional blood pressure measurement. At the same time, the convenience of electronic sphygmomanometer makes it possible to measure regularly, so as to accurately and timely grasp the fluctuation of blood pressure.
Jiuan electronic sphygmomanometer has the advantages of accurate measurement, reliable quality, simple operation, clear display, no need for stethoscope, one-time blood pressure and heart rate measurement, large-screen LCD display, convenience for the elderly, beautiful and portable, low power consumption, double-arc streamlined body, small size, light weight, exquisite design and convenient carrying.
Avoid changing living habits:
Festivals are festive, and relatives and friends often visit and entertain guests. In this case, patients with hypertension should pay special attention and try not to disturb the original law of life. American scholars have found that if 90% of patients with hypertension talk for 30 minutes, their blood pressure will rise. Therefore, elderly patients with hypertension should not receive guests frequently and for a long time.
Don't stop taking antihypertensive drugs at will: If hypertensive patients suddenly stop taking antihypertensive drugs for a period of time, there may be "withdrawal syndrome of antihypertensive drugs", and patients may have symptoms such as sharp rebound of blood pressure, dizziness, nausea, insomnia, sweating, and even cerebrovascular accidents.
Life knowledge of improving the immunity of the elderly
In the season when the temperature difference between day and night increases, the elderly are prone to catch a cold, cough and fatigue, and respiratory tract, digestive tract and urinary tract infections often occur. People always blame bacteria and viruses. In fact, bacteria and viruses can only cause diseases in people with low resistance, such as fever and infection in the elderly. In addition, the elderly are prone to various chronic diseases, which is also related to the decline of immunity.
Free radicals produced by the human body will damage cells in the body and destroy the immune system. Only antioxidant nutrients can be removed. With the increase of age, the antioxidant substances produced by the human body gradually decrease, and finally the accumulated free radicals cannot be eliminated. When the human body is full of free radicals, health will turn red.
Antioxidant nutrients of special significance to the elderly include vitamins E, C, β-carotene, copper and selenium. Old people can eat potatoes, green tea, oranges, cauliflower, milk, fish, wheat, cherries, strawberries, watermelons and tomatoes, which are cheap and good natural antioxidant foods.
Usually, the elderly have poor digestive function and reduced dietary intake. It is suggested to supplement a variety of vitamin and mineral supplements rich in antioxidant nutrients, such as mountain silver tablets, whose formula is tailor-made for the elderly to meet physical needs.
Balanced nutrition
Nutrition is the foundation of immunity. First, ensure high-quality protein, including animal food and bean products. Mainly to increase the intake of fish, eat an egg every day and drink 250 ml of milk every day. Patients with high cholesterol can use skim milk. Choose bean products such as bean curd, dried bean curd and vegetarian chicken to supplement high-quality protein without increasing blood lipid.
Secondly, eat more fresh green leafy vegetables and fruits, which are rich in trace elements, vitamins and dietary fiber. Vitamin C and β -carotene play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions of the body, while dietary fiber can increase intestinal peristalsis of the elderly and prevent or relieve constipation.
In addition, to ensure the intake of various inorganic salts and trace elements, calcium, iron, selenium and chromium are all important minerals for the elderly.
Keep a good mood
Nerve fibers are distributed in human immune organs, such as thymus, spleen, lymph glands, bone marrow, etc. All nerves are under the command of the brain. Brain activity directly affects the function of the immune system. A positive and optimistic attitude helps to increase the number of immune cells and stimulate the vitality of the immune system, thus fully protecting the body.
Behavioral scientific norms
Bad behavior habits will become the inducement and inducement of a series of diseases, including cancer. Negative life factors continue to act on the body for a long time, and excessive stimulation of the immune system will disrupt normal physiological functions and lead to decreased immunity. Therefore, the elderly should develop good living habits, combine daily life with rest, have a balanced diet and get rid of bad habits.
by oneself
Proper exercise can improve the function of central nervous system, heart nutrition and lipid metabolism, promote the circulation and metabolism of blood and body fluids, delay the aging of body tissues and the decline of immune system function.