The verbs "Dao" and "Dao" are illustrated in modern Chinese: ① Try to plow with others, and quit farming. -Sima Qian's Historical Records Chen She Family in the Western Han Dynasty (2) I don't know what to do.
-"Zhuangzi" (3) The poor said to the rich: "What do I want in the South China Sea?" -"For Learning" 4 is like a reed. -pronoun 1. The third person pronouns in Fu on the Red Wall are translated into "he" (them) and "it" (them).
Be an object or part-time language, not a subject. Example: ① Everyone hangs up.
-"A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise" (2) I am exhausted and I am profitable, so I will overcome it. -"Cao Gui Debate" (3) Mother got wind of it and the hammer bed was furious.
-"Peacocks Fly Southeast" (4) The king got a prize and sat on it. -"The Hongmen Banquet" (5) Cut the wolf's head with a knife and kill it with several knives.
-"Wolf" 6 came, it was safe. -"The Analects of Confucius Ji's family will attack Zhuan Xu" 2. Demonstrative pronouns, in this case: ① Two strategies, it is appropriate to take negative Qin Le.
-Sima Qian Biography of Historical Records Lian Po Lin Xiangru (2) The disciple of the jar is not as good as Confucius. -"Shi Shuo" (3) How much do you know about Erchong? -"Xiaoyao Tour" 4 Smell it, and the music will follow.
-"Peach Blossom Spring" 3. Use it as the first person, me. Ex.: I didn't expect the general to be so generous! -"Historical Records Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" (2) Will it be born of hardship? -"The Snake Catcher said" (3) Therefore, it can be seen that the son hates it.
-"Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi" 4. In the prepositional object sentence, it can be used to refer to the object repeatedly, after the verb. (1) wild words have yue.
-"Zhuangzi colchicine" (2) and died! -"Southern Tour Guide" ③ There are all kinds of treasures. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu" auxiliary word 1. Structural auxiliary word, equivalent to "de"
Example: (1) Nineteen people were killed near the traffic jam. -"A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise" (2) Although a small prison is not inspected, it must be treated with affection.
-"Cao Gui Debate" (3) Whether we can compete with the people of Wu and Shu in China. -"Battle of Red Cliffs" (4) Cut fertile land in the east and collect key counties in the north.
-Jia Yi "On Qin" 2. Symbols of structural auxiliary words and preposition objects. For example: ① What was the crime of the Song Dynasty? -"Public Loss" (2) What's wrong with it? -"Humble Room Ming" ③ I don't know what to read.
-"Shi Shuo" 4 Chrysanthemum Love. -"Ailian said" 3. Structural auxiliary words, used between subject and predicate, play the role of canceling sentence independence, which is the same as modern Chinese explanatory auxiliary word 2.
Example: (1) There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish. -"Longzhong Dui" 2 There is no confusion in the ears.
-"Humble Room Ming" (3) The beauty of my wife is my own, and I am also private. -"Zou Ji satirizes Qi Wang Nengchen" (4) Who gave it to him? Palace (Yuan Keli) Yi Temple.
-Chen Ming Jiru "The Story of the Japanese Yen Gongjia Temple of Sima" 4. Structural auxiliary words, signs of attributive postposition. Example: ① Ling was at a loss.
-"Red Cliff Fu" 2 Earthworms have no advantage. -"encourage learning" 5. Structural auxiliary words and complement symbols can be translated into "de"
For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often gained something and sought the depth of thinking without exception. -"Journey to Baochan Mountain" 6. Syllable auxiliary words are meaningless.
Example: 1, fill it up. -"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang" 2. For a long time, people can be distinguished by their steps.
-"Selected Records of Ji Xiang" 3. The public will advertise it. -The Cao Gui Debate 4. In a short time, the smoke burned.
-"Battle of Red Cliffs" has an extraordinary meaning, meaning "Ye" and "Mozi Daqu": "A saint is also the world." The previous sentence also means "zhi".
"Everything is done by Han Feizi to help the elderly": "Invisibility also hurts people, that is, ghosts hurt people ..." "Jia Zi Zheng Da": "The decline of a gentleman is countless." The last word "ye" is used as an auxiliary word of positive tone, and the other two words "ye" both mean "zhi".
—— Huang Xianfan's "A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books —— Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan" Classical Chinese Usage In the classical Chinese of junior high school Chinese textbooks, the word "zhi" has many complicated usages, some of which are used as pronouns and some as auxiliary words and verbs; It's hard to tell the difference. If you learn by rote, it will take a long time and the effect is not good.
The author explores a set of effective methods to distinguish the usage of "zhi" in teaching and encourages it with everyone. 1. "Zhi" as a pronoun is used in many ways in textbooks, such as the following "Zhi": 1. Follow the policy and say, "There is no horse in the world.
"("Ma Shuo ") 2. Who's the name? Monks in the mountains are also wise and immortal. ("Drunk Pavilion Preface") 3. Because its territory is too clear, you can't stay long, but remember it.
(Biography of Pond) 4. Hearing the sound of water, such as singing a bell, makes you feel happy. (Biography of Pond) 5. Take the screen down and have a look. Just one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot.
("Stomatology") 6. Look at it. Look at it again. (Cao Gui debate) 7. Gong () said, "I'll do it myself!" From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that when "zhi" is used after a verb, "zhi" is used as a pronoun and acts as the object of the verb in front of it.
Second, "zhi" is used as a verb. Look at the following example: 1. What about the South China Sea I want? ("Shu Bi Two Monks") Go, go 2. Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou ("Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou"). Farewell to Du DuDu's appointment in Shu (Farewell to Du DuDu's appointment in Shu). Try to plow with human servants and give up farming. (Chen She Family) In the country of Axe King, Paifu sent a rider to do nothing.
(Chen Ming Jiru's The Story of Yuan Gong (Yuan Keli) Family Temple's Fu Festival) Analyzing the above examples, we know that "zhi" as a verb has rules to follow. The verb "zhi" is usually followed by a locative noun, such as Nanhai, Guangling, Zhou Shu and Langshang in the example. There are names or personal pronouns in front of them, such as "I", "Meng Haoran" and "Du Shaofu". Although there is no direct name in Example 4, it is obvious that Chen She has been omitted from the example.
The whole sentence should be "someone goes somewhere" Third, the usage of "zhi" as an auxiliary word is complicated, and there are roughly three kinds in junior high school: 1. "Solution" of "Zhi" as a structural auxiliary word.
When you see a small thing, you must carefully examine its texture, so you will find it interesting from time to time. ("Children's Fun") With the strength of old age, you can't destroy a hair on the mountain. What are things like dirt and stones? ("Yu Gong Yi Shan") Three customs pass the pheasant dove, in Hezhou.
("Guan Yu") 4 prisons, large and small, although unobservable, must have feelings. ("Cao Gui Debate") (5) The intention of losing the child is only to kill the minister.
("Lost") 6 I'm going to Anling, a place five hundred miles away.
2. The word in classical Chinese is 1, which can be translated as "to, to and from". For example, in The Hongmen Banquet, "Xiang Bo is a Pei Gongjun who runs at night", and "Zhi" is used as a verb before the noun "Pei Gongjun". 2. The structural auxiliary word "de", such as "Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong". 4. Postposition attributive symbol (untranslated). For example, "Earthworms have no claws, and their bones and muscles are strong" in "Persuasion". 5. Used between the subject and the predicate to cancel sentence independence (no translation). For example, in Gui Xi Ci, "Everything is fine, I feel my life is over", and two "zhi" are used between subject and predicate phrases, indicating that the time for sighing is coming to an end. "6" is a pronoun, such as "The first man caressed me very thick" in Xuanzhi, "Zhi" can be translated as "She", and "Zhi" is a pronoun for an old woman, such as "If you don't miss Qin, how will you take it" and "Zhi" in Candle Fire. For example, in my country, there is nothing like my intention, which can be translated as "this, this" refers to the above-mentioned "Hanoi is fierce ... that's it", "If Chang 'an is not so fierce", "touch the dragon and say Zhao", and "zhi" can be translated as "that".
3. The usage of the word "Zhi" in classical Chinese is known by the verb (1), so you can blurt out what you know.
Original meaning: knowing is knowing. -"Jade" knows that you should be interested in traveling.
-Tang Han said in "Moving Left to Languan to Show Grandnephew's Neck": "Your Majesty doesn't know? This is rebellion. -I don't know the daughter of Shi Ji Liu Hou Shi Jia.
You know how to shoot "Biography of Women in the Later Han Dynasty". -Song Ouyang Xiu's "Returning to the Field" does not know a thousand miles.
-Peng Qing end book "Show sons and nephews for learning" knowing that you can't do it. -Liang Qingqichao's biography of Tan Sitong is another example: I don't know the way (I don't know); Know the soldiers (familiar with the military); Know the past and learn from the present (know the past and learn from the present); Knowing enough is not humiliating (knowing enough is not humiliating); Know life doesn't worry (those who know the destiny don't worry) (2) Knowing, being clear and paying attention to what people listen to, knowing and not knowing, all ages cry.
-"Historical Records Biography of General Li" I don't know the horse eater. -Don Han Yu's Miscellaneous Notes, I really don't understand horses.
People are not born to know. -Tang Hanyu's "Shi Shuo" knows luck and misfortune.
-Qing Yuanmei's "Huang Sheng Borrowing Books" is another example: knowing how to improvise; Know the interest); Know the situation (know the interests); Know the minister Mo Ruojun; Zhizi Mo Ruofu (3) presided over; Management can help me retreat from Wu, and I use it to understand the politics of Yue. -"Mandarin Yu Yue Shang" opens the Golden Palace at night to see the Milky Way, and maids know the bright moon better.
-Wang Jian's "Hot Spring Palace Tour" is another example: knowing more (the supervisor leaks more); Knowing domestic affairs and diplomacy (presiding over domestic affairs and diplomacy); Know the guest (the reception guest in the temple); Know printing (with printing host); Zhi Gong Ju (the minister who presided over the Jinshi examination in Tang and Song Dynasties) (4) Appraisal; Only a mother can tell twins apart. -"Huainanzi" is another example: knowing the times and changing (knowing the times and adapting); He who knows people is wise (he who knows people's virtue knows people's stupidity) (5) Appreciate sorrow, play the lute, and play the string without a confidant.
-Lutong's "Thinking" is another example: knowing love (appreciating love); Understand the equipment (appreciation, respect); Know the weight (appreciation; Value) (6) Be sad, don't be sad, be apart, be happy, and know each other. -"Songs of the South, Nine Songs" John Zhang knows each other.
-"The Biography of Han Shu and Li Guang Su Jian" is another example: knowing comfort (caring; Comfort); Knowing and Doing (Intimacy and Affinity) (7) Feeling, feeling and perception [The monarch] also harms people who have contributed their lives to the world, but they never know it. -"Lu Chunqiu, Lust" knows well.
-Gao Mingqi's "Book Bo Chicken" (8) Shen Gao, Bao did not accept a gentleman, but set up a childe corner, which the country knows. -"Zuo Zhuan's Seventeen Years of Public Service" Knowing "Noun" (1) Knowing Confucius: "Am I wise? Ignorance is also. "
-The Analects of Confucius Zi Han My life is limited, and so is my knowledge. -"Zhuangzi Health Master" (2) Perception of vegetation is alive and ignorant.
-"Xunzi Wang Zhi" died of the separation of knowledge and geometry; Its ignorance, sadness for hours, not sad indefinitely. -Tang Hanyu's "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen" (3) Intimate friends don't know guests.
-Han Sima Qian's "Bao Ren An" However, I doubt my distant dream that you have found another friend. -Li Shangyin's "Cool Thoughts" is another example: bosom friend (confidant) (4) the ancient word "wisdom".
Wisdom; Wisdom lets her husband know how to be an official. -"Zhuangzi carefree" heartless, how do you know? -How many Zhihu are there in The Analects of Confucius? -"Liezi Tang Wen" knows what is clear and has done nothing wrong.
(knowing, knowing "wisdom"). -"Xunzi Persuasion" is well known and abides by it.
-Qing Liu Kay's "Ask and Say" is another example: knowledge (intelligence); A man of knowledge (wisdom).
4. The meaning and usage of knowledge in ancient Chinese.
Know, understand: ~ Tao. ~ name (first name). ~ feeling (feeling and understanding). Ok ~. ~ people are good at their jobs. Looking back ~ new. ~ make progress despite difficulties. ~ reasonable.
Inform: through ~. ~ photos.
Know [know]
Ancient wisdom and wisdom are the same.
detailed description
Know [zh: and]
"Move"
(I know. Small seal script, from the mouth. Duan Yucai: "Sensitive, because of the mouth, so the disease is like an interface." Meaning: You can blurt out what you know and what you know. Original meaning: know)
Homonym [know]
knowledge
Another example is: thirst for knowledge; Insight; Ignorance; By studying hard, you can change from ignorance to knowledge.
5. What does "the man in cloth" mean? Cloth: refers to the most common cheap clothes for ordinary people; "Cloth and food" often describes simple living; "Buyi" is simply the working people. Cloth refers to civilians. In ancient times, "cloth" refers to linen, silk and other fabrics. The rich wear silk and silk fabrics, while the common people wear linen and kudzu fabrics. Today's "cloth" refers to cotton cloth, which was introduced into the Central Plains from outer cities in the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, it was also called cloth. In this context, it can be understood as a person with a low official position wearing casual clothes, which probably refers to a person who has no official title but is very knowledgeable or capable. The verb "zhi" is attached to ancient Chinese. Explain to modern China people: ① Try to plow the fields with people's servants, and don't farm on the ridges. -Historical Records of Chen She Family by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (2) I know nothing about it. -Zhuangzi pronoun 65438+. Translated into "he" (they) and "it" (they). Used as an object or part-time, not as a subject. Example: ① Everyone hangs on it. -A blessing in disguise; I'm exhausted, I have a surplus, so I'll stop. -Cao Gui Debate (3) When my mother hears about it, the mallet bed will go on the rampage. -Peacock flies southeast; ④ Then pay attention to safety. -The Analects of Confucius and The Archery Field. 2. Demonstrative pronouns, in this case: ① The second policy is to be even, and negative Qin Le is better. -Sima Qian's "Historical Records, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" The disciples of the Western Han Dynasty were not as good as Confucius. -Shi Shuo, ③ bis. -"Happy Travel" 3. Use it as the first person, me. Ex.: I didn't know the general was so generous! -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" (2) Will you be sad? -"Snake Catcher" (3) I know that my son hates it again. Biography of Wei Gongzi in Historical Records (4) can be used to refer to the object in the sentence of prepositional object, and can be used after the verb (1) in wild language-Zhuangzi Autumn Water (2) and Die Hard Rowen! There are various treasures in the Preface to the South Guide-Historical Records of Xiang Yu 1. Structural auxiliary words are equivalent to "de". For example, the man near the fort is nineteen dead. -Acebon lost his horse (2) Although it cannot be observed, there must be affection. -Cao Gui Debate-What happened to "public loss"? I don't know how to read the sentences in My Humble Room. Master teacher 4 chrysanthemum love. Ailian said 3. Structural auxiliary words, used between the subject and the predicate, play the role of canceling the independence of sentences, just like auxiliary words in modern Chinese. 2. Example: ① Kongming is lonely, but there is water in the fish. ② There is no silk in Longzhong. The sign of attributive postposition. Ling was at a loss. -Red Cliff Ode ② Earthworms have no advantage over minions. -encourage learning 5. Structural auxiliary words and complement symbols can be translated into "de" For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often have gains and are deeply thought about everywhere. People can tell by their footnotes. -Xuanzhi on the spine (3) People will drum it up. Cao Gui's Debate ④ This is a day filled with smoke. The uncommon meaning of Battle of Red Cliffs is "Ye" and "Mozi Daqu": "A saint is also for the world." The previous sentence also means "zhi". The other two words "Ye" both have the meaning of "Zhi". The usage of classical Chinese There are many words "zhi" in classical Chinese in junior middle school Chinese textbooks, some of which are used as pronouns and some as auxiliary words and verbs. It's hard to tell the difference. If you learn by rote, it will take a long time and the effect is not good. The author explores a set of effective methods to distinguish the usage of "zhi" in teaching and encourages it with everyone. First, the word "zhi" is used as a pronoun in textbooks, such as the following words: 1, stick to the policy and face the policy directly. Monks on the mountain are wise and immortal. (The Story of Drunk Pavilion) 3. Because its environment is too clear to stay long, but remember. The Story of Little Stone Pond 4. It's refreshing to hear the sound of water singing. The Story of Little Stone Pond 5. Take a look at the screen, one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one trick. The word "zhi" is used as the object of pronouns and verbs before it. Second, the word "zhi" is used as a verb. Look at the following example: 1. What about the South China Sea I want? (Persuade) 2. See you again on the way to Yangzhou (see you again on the way to Yangzhou) 3. Farewell to Vice Governor Du's post (Farewell to Vice Governor Du's post) 4. Try to plow the land with people's help and stop farming. (Chen She family) By analyzing the above examples, we know that "zhi" as a verb has rules to follow. The verb "zhi" is usually followed by a locative noun, as shown in the example. There are names or personal pronouns in front of them, such as "I", "Meng Haoran" and "Du Shaofu". Although there is no direct name in Example 4, it is obvious that Chen She is omitted as a link between the preceding and the following. The whole sentence should be "someone goes somewhere". (Yugong Yishan) (3) The pigeons in Guanguan are in Hezhou. ("Guanju") (4) Large and small prisons, although unobservable, must be moved by emotions. ("Cao Gui Debate") (5) The loser only means to kill the minister. ("Lost") (6) I want to settle down in a place of five hundred miles and settle down in peace. ("Tang drama does not live up to its mission") From the above example analysis, we can see that when "it".
6. How much do you know about the usage of the word "zhi" in classical Chinese? "Zhi" has many uses in classical Chinese. Because of its different status and function, its usage and meaning are also different. Common usages are as follows: when a verb is added in front of it, it is often used as a pronoun, which can replace people or things, such as "which one should I see when Xu Gong comes tomorrow", etc., and between the subject and the predicate, it often plays the role of canceling sentence independence without translation, such as "a fierce official comes to my hometown and clamors for things" (Snake Catcher by Liu Zongyuan); The object behind it is often translated as "going to …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. It only rises and those that look beautiful are Langya "(The Preface to Drunk Pavilion is often understood as a structural auxiliary word" de "when it is followed by a noun, such as" a small prison, although it cannot be observed, it must be moved by emotion "(Cao Gui argues).
When nouns such as "genus, disciple and clan" are followed to indicate a certain class or a certain class of people or things, the word "zhi" must be used as a pronoun to refer to the above-mentioned contents again, and can no longer be understood as a general structural auxiliary word. For example, the word "knowledge" in the following example is followed by the words "genus, disciple, ethics and class", so it must be translated into "these" or "those": the land is flat, the house is just like it, with fertile fields and beautiful ponds of mulberry trees and bamboo.
(Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden) Zanzi's disciples (Qi Hong, et al. ) are not as virtuous as Confucius. (Han Yu's Shi Shuo) Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo ... Zhao She swung his soldiers.
(Jia Yi's "On Qin") The home of a scholar-bureaucrat, known as the teacher, is a disciple of Yun Zhe. (Han Yu's Shi Shuo) Let's look at the word "ambition" in Loyalty and Righteousness to the First World War. The word "zhi" at the back means "class". The word "loyalty" in front refers to what Zhuang Gong said: "Food and clothing are safe, and those who dare to specialize will be divided", "those who dare to sacrifice jade and silk" and "those who are small and big will believe"
This is slightly different from the usage of "zhi" in "This is called a gentleman" in "My Fish". In order to emphasize the object "this", this sentence also refers to the object with the pronoun "zhi", which can be understood as the symbol of prepositional object.
7. The usage of function words in classical Chinese is at least 0.27 yuan/day. Baidu library members can view all the contents in the library >
Original issuer: xixun000
The word "er" is used as a conjunction. (1) means juxtaposition: when juxtaposing, the subjects of the two components connected by "er" are the same, but they do not affect each other. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated into "you" and "he". 1, how do you know it's Confucius' words and Ceng Zi's narrative-Dai Zhen is difficult to teach (I) 2, how do you know it's Ceng Zi's meaning and his disciples' record-Dai Zhen is difficult to teach (I) 3, craftsman Shi Yunjin listened to it-Ren Ying (I)-Travel Notes of Man Jing, Yuan Hongdao (I) 5 When a beautiful girl's face is swept away, so is the beginning of her bun —— Travel Notes of Yuan Hongdao and Man Jing (8) 6. Husband can't wander between rocks and vegetation, this official also. -Yuan Hongdao's Travels of Man Jing (8) 7. Taoist in Laoshan Mountain in Pu Songling's Works (Ⅱ) 8. The Taoist priest sits alone and is a guest. -Pu Songling's "Laoshan Taoist" (8) 9. But he died young. -Pu Songling's "Laoshan Taoist" (8) 10, "If Zu Ti can't clear the Central Plains, it will be like a great river! Zulu's Northern Expedition (Chapter 8) 1 1, the people I saw were profound and beautiful-Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion (Chapter 8) 12, full of joy-Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion (Chapter 8) 65438. The fragrance of spring is rich, but people are drunk —— Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion (eight chapters) 15, the noisy person —— Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion (eight chapters) 16, and that kind of Zhong Ni flavor that belittles Boyi —— Ten Articles (9)/KLOC-0 of The Analects of Zhuangzi Autumn Water. -Mencius "Fish, I want it" (9) 20. Those who give up their lives for righteousness are also. -Mencius "Fish"