From the edible point of view, bamboo shoots and dictyophora are very popular delicacies, and bamboo is an important crop raw material for famine relief in past dynasties. According to the pre-Qin literature, bamboo shoots more than 3,000 years ago were delicacies on the table. There are many ways to eat bamboo shoots, and thousands of delicious foods can be cooked. Bamboo also has special medical value. In the earliest medical books in China, there is a historical record of using bamboo to treat diseases. Bamboo is full of treasures. Bamboo shavings and juice made from leaves, fruits, roots and stems are all effective medicinal materials. Bamboo yellow and dictyophora are also good medicines for treating diseases.
The appearance and development of vehicles and facilities is one of the symbols of China civilization. Bamboo has played an important role in transportation. The origin and development of ancient vehicles and facilities are closely related to bamboo. Ancient people used bamboo to make bamboo carts, rafts, boats and bridges, which created many firsts in the history of world transportation and made great contributions to the development of world transportation tools and facilities.
Archaeological data prove that in the late Paleolithic and early Neolithic, ancient ancestors began to make bamboo utensils with bamboo. The pottery unearthed from Xi 'an Banpo site of Yangshao culture has the impression of bamboo woven fabric at the bottom, a large number of printed pottery with bamboo patterns have been unearthed from Liangzhu cultural site in the south, and more than 200 bamboo wares have been unearthed from Qianshanyang site in Xing Wu, Zhejiang. With the continuous development and progress of society and culture, there are more and more kinds of bamboo products. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the production of bamboo ware had become an important production department in the society at that time-bamboo handicraft industry, and bamboo ware had become an indispensable item in the life of the general public at that time. There are more than 60 kinds of bamboo wares in Han Dynasty, more than 100 in Jin Dynasty, nearly 200 kinds in Tang and Song Dynasties, and more than 250 kinds in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Such as reeds, reeds, bowls, chopsticks, spoons, plates, bowls, steamers, etc. Cooking utensils, baskets, barns, barns and boxes for articles. Furniture includes beds, sofas, seats, chairs, pillows, chairs, screens, tables and cabinets.
From the perspective of human living environment, bamboo has also played its special role. Ancient ancestors discovered the special protective function of bamboo very early, and attached importance to the protective function of bamboo in cities and the safety of residential buildings. Bamboo was used as a fence wall in past dynasties to prevent thieves and protect the safety of cities and residential buildings. Bamboo forest is favored by people because of its functions of regulating climate, conserving water, conserving soil and water, reducing noise, purifying air and preventing wind damage. People at all times and all over the world are not allowed to use it to protect and beautify the living environment of mankind. Thus, bamboo has made an extremely important contribution to the daily life of China people, showing the elegant demeanor of bamboo civilization. Therefore, the relationship between bamboo and people's life, as Su Dongpo said: "People who eat bamboo shoots, live in bamboo tiles, carry bamboo rafts, cook bamboo firewood, wear bamboo skin, write bamboo paper and walk bamboo shoes can't live without this gentleman for a day."
Bamboo species
1. Magnetic column: Magnetic column is clustered. Typical representatives of bamboo: tall, long tubes, thick leaves and onions. Biological characteristics: (1) Growth characteristics of aboveground parts: bamboo shoots appear from June to August, and basically stop growing in the middle of 10. Generally 20-30 knots, 8 to 13 meters high; The longest service life is 9 years; 1-2-year-old mother bamboo has the strongest ability to shoot, and the growth rate of 3-5 generations of new bamboo shoots is high, which can cultivate big wood; Change leaves once a year; Flowering has nothing to do with age, [1] is related to water and nutrition. Before flowering, the leaves turn yellow, after flowering, the leaves gradually fall off, the collaterals die, and the material becomes brittle. 1 year-old is young bamboo, and 2-3 years old is strong bamboo; 4-5 years old bamboo. There is hair on the basket. ⑵ Growth characteristics of underground part: the stem has 6 nodes, only one of which has bamboo shoots (the connection part between the stem and the old bamboo); The underground parts are densely stacked together and do not extend to other places, which has the characteristics of arching the ground; The fibrous roots of Dendrocalamus latiflorus underground stem in Dan Cong are developed, most of which are on the surface, and the deepest part is 2m. Newborn young bamboos did not take root in that year, but formed roots in the second year, and then gradually weakened, with few living roots of 6-and 7-year-old bamboos; The stems that have lost the above-ground parts can be stored underground for more than ten years before they rot. If it is not treated in time, it will combine layers and affect the formation of bamboo shoots and the growth of bamboo forests. The connection between bamboo plants and old plants should be cut off, which is called "beating"
The fiber of Cizhu stalk is strong in toughness and long in thickness, which is a superior material for bamboo weaving crafts. Cizhu is the most important bamboo species of Qingshen, which is planted in almost every family in rural areas.
2. Single bamboo: commonly known as "bitter bamboo", it is a kind of high-quality bamboo with the longest tube (more than one meter long) in the genus Cizhu. Bamboo is delicate and its fibers are very tough. It can be spun into bamboo strips as thin as cicada wings and as thin as hair, and woven into silk and silk-like exquisite bamboo handicrafts. This kind of bamboo grows in shady mountains with fertile soil and is the best material for weaving bamboo. Besides Qingshen, Meishan and Qionglai also have some "bad karma" bamboos.
3. Four Seasons Bamboo: This is a high-quality bamboo species introduced to Qingshen in recent years. Cluster type, named after the perennial bamboo shoots. As a kind of Dendrocalamus giganteus, its biggest feature is that its stem is thick and straight, one of which weighs tens of kilograms, and its fiber is fine and fast. It is a good material for papermaking and has great economic value. At present, there are hundreds of thousands of acres of bamboo bases in towns and villages such as Qingshen Xilong, Guanjin, Osmanthus fragrans, Ginkgo biloba and Luowan. This kind of bamboo is native to Daping Township, Yuanling County, Hunan Province.
4, hard head spring: tufted, tall and straight, hard, thick and small, so it is mostly used as building materials, and is mostly used for bearing, picking and lifting things in rural areas. The planting amount is small.
5. Bamboo: also known as Torreya grandis, it is a scattered type with tall and straight stems, large diameter and hard texture. Bamboo has brown spots on its surface. It is said that the tears of Emperor Yao's two daughters spilled on the floor, hence the name "Bambusa". This kind of bamboo is mostly used as building materials, and can also be cut into strips for weaving. In ancient times, the rope for pulling boats was made of this bamboo pole. Its characteristics are that water is not easy to corrode, light in weight and strong in tension. The planting amount of Qingshen is not large. Venue: Xiangshui Valley, Hunan.
6. Phyllostachys pubescens, also known as Phyllostachys pubescens, is a representative of scattered bamboo. The stem is tall, straight and hard. With a diameter of about 20 cm, it is a good material for building; Bamboo head is a good material for carving handicrafts; Bamboo shoots are the most delicious dishes, called "Yunnan slices". Qingshen is planted in Zhongyan Temple and Deyun Temple. It is abundant in Changning, Chishui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan and other places in Sichuan.
7. Phyllostachys pubescens: a kind of Phyllostachys pubescens, named after the hard "thorns" on the stems and branches. Tufted, tall and stout (diameter 10 cm or more), thick meat, small space, hairless bamboo shoots and few leaves. Mostly used in building materials. Qingshen Bamboo Art City, Tian Miao and other places have a small amount of cultivation.
8. Phyllostachys pubescens: scattered, slender and hard, shaped like a steel pipe, with few leaves and strong bamboo toughness. Most of them are used as materials for making bamboo furniture, and can be used as paper-making materials when growing in a large area. In the past, there was a piece of water bamboo in Luowan, Qingshen, called "Bamboo Sea".
9. Musk bamboo: sparse, rare bamboo species. Culms and branches are named in black; The shell of bamboo shoots is reddish brown, and it will be finished in a year. It is the best material for making flutes and flute instruments. Qingshen is rare in some places.
10, white powder bamboo: cluster, kind bamboo, long stalk section, shaped like "bitter kindness", named after a thin layer of white powder on the surface of bamboo stalk.
The ornamental bamboos introduced by Qingshen "Bamboo Art City" are:
1 1, Arhat Bamboo: clustered, with low stems, a big head and a small upper body, and several sections of the head are like "Arhat Bamboo", hence the name. Can be used as handicraft material.
12, Zhu: cluster-shaped, some tall, some short, pale yellow stems with thick and thin green lines on them, named after the shape of "".
13, Pteris: tufted, with thin and short stems and tiny branches and leaves, named after the shape of Pteris.
14, Chimonobambusa: mixed type, named after the bamboo pole is about square. The face is pale yellow, and there is a circle of small thorns on the node ring, so it is also called "thorn bamboo". Can be use as a raw material for handicraft processing. This kind of bamboo is very rare. There is a precious "Chimonobambusa" in Fengli Village, Zhayang Township, Tuorong County, Fujian Province.
15, brown bamboo: mixed type, its stems are like bamboo, not bamboo, its skin is black and its heart is solid, and there are white mane lines in the meat.
16, Phyllostachys pubescens: mixed, thin, straight, hard, with wide leaves and strong reproductive ability, it was used as an arrow handle in ancient times. Qingshen people often put leaves in bamboo hats for rain or sun protection, hence the name "bamboo hats".
17, Dendrocalamus giganteus: the largest known giant clustered bamboo species in the world, which is produced in Yunnan, China, and can be used by local people to make buckets or large appliances. Some professionals say it is gold.
Ancient bamboo species recorded by Dai Kai in Jin Dynasty and Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty in the annals of agricultural politics.
1, 12 Dianzhu: Bamboo joints surround protruding children. Ugly, Yin, Mao, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai, etc. The bamboo is possessed by the calligraphers of Anfu Zhou Jun, which is also a wonder of nature.
2, Lao Zhu: out of Xinzhou, a louver, fimbriae can be used as nail polish, slightly slippery for a long time, soaked in acid slurry for the night, as fast as before, more used as an arrow.
3, human face bamboo: out of Lushan Mountain, the bamboo diameter is several inches, nearly two feet, and the four sides are uneven. Bamboo skin is like a fish scale, and the face is as convex as a human face. Bamboo is as big as a bowl and as small as a finger. It is a treasure of technological processing.
Peach, silk and bamboo: the leaves are brown, the body is bamboo, dense and solid, the bones are thick and thin, the natural stone pillars are out of Bayu, and the producers have fine lines, one section is four feet.
5, gold inlaid green bamboo: produced in Chengdu, no different from long bamboo, but each stalk is green and yellow.
6. Xiao Shunzhu: The stalk is thin and long, made of big silk. In summer, bamboo shoots emanate from it, and the source is mother bamboo. In winter, bamboo shoots are protected by the outside world, so the mother bamboo is called Tzu Chi.
7. Bamboo: Out of Chuzhou, the natives use color as bamboo and frugality as flute.
8. Shuangzhu: produced in the western hills of Wulin, Zhejiang Province, with wonderful pruning and the cutest color.
9. Dragon Bamboo: produced in Luofu Mountain, with a diameter of seven feet, a node length of two feet and leaves like bananas.
10, Bowbamboo: produced in the east, this is a long search, its curve is like a vine, it must be a big wood, leaning on it, with a sense of texture.
1 1, Ke Tingzhu: Produced in the south of Yunmeng, its handle is divided into musical instruments with the clearest sound.
12, Zhu Gui: From Nankang Prefecture, the stalk is four or five feet high, about one foot high, and it looks like licorice peel and is red.
13, Simozhu: The miracle is that bamboo shoots will appear at festivals. After the formation of bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots were born in festivals and went abroad.
14, Mei Lvzhu: The stem is as thin as a princess, the skin has no spiral, and the color is dark, but it is not as good as people, so it is mostly a fan bone.
15, Doctor Bamboo: It is famous for its thin and straight stems and three feet in circumference.
16, Gracilaria lemaneiformis: Between Shouzhou and the three valleys of Zhejiang, the branches are as thin as needles, which can be used as pots to play with, and there is no frost and snow in winter.
17, He Linzhu: Its pole is as big as ten hugs, which is more peculiar than Dragon Palace Bamboo. Congratulations.
18, Acacia bamboos: Out of Guangdong, they look like two kinds of bamboos, but they are quite different and opposite.
19, Sparse node bamboo: Its pole is the highest, and each node is one inch apart, from Yang Shan, Limu.
20. Danqing Bamboo: produced in Xiong 'er Mountain, its leaves have three colors, yellow, green and Dan alternate.
2 1, Tongjiezhu: produced in Qinzhou, the stem is straight and knotless, but the central hole is not separated, and there are some differences.
22. Ningbo Bamboo: Its branches and leaves are all like evergreen bamboo, but there are red flowers that bloom like pomegranate and are also exotic bamboo.
23. Zhu Pei: In the past, it was said that bamboo was 100 feet long and came from Nanhuang City. This is attached to different ears.
24, flat bamboo: its pole is extremely flat, out of Lushan Mountain.
25, boat bamboo: out of the mound, as big as a bathtub.
26. Zhu Qiong: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent someone to open it, resulting in a bamboo stick.
27. Guanyin Bamboo: Out of the city.