Writing format of academic papers (title 1, centered in small print), author's name (centered in bold number five), author's unit (postal code of the city where the school is located) (centered in song dynasty number five), abstract (centered in bold number five): Introduce the writing requirements and methods of various parts of academic papers, as well as the standard format of papers commonly used in academic exchanges. Beginners can write papers according to the format provided in this article. (ItalicNo. 5) Keywords (Bold No.5): academic papers; Standard format; Writing requirements (italicized No.5) China Library Classification Number (Bold Chinese Library Classification No.5): O121.8; G558 (italicized No.5) 0 Introduction (bold No.4, the first-level title of the introduction) is also called preface, which belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper. Its writing contents include: reasons, purposes, background, previous work and knowledge gap, theoretical basis and experimental basis, expected results and its position, role and significance in related fields. The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words. The title of 1 (title, bold first-level title, No.4) is also called title or title. A title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words. The title of a paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper. At the same time, it is necessary to compile secondary documents such as titles and indexes, taking into account the specific practical information that can help select keywords and provide retrieval. The main title of the paper is very important and should be carefully selected. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: "The title of the paper is half of the article". The requirements for the title of the paper are: accurate and appropriate, short and pithy; Both extension and connotation are appropriate and eye-catching. The requirements of these two aspects are as follows. 1. 1. 1 accurate, concise and concise (the third-level title is Song Ti No.5), and the title of the paper is required to accurately express the content of the paper and appropriately reflect the scope and depth of the research. Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. For example, "the application of inequality" is too general. If it is changed to a specific research object, it will be put forward. The effect will be much better, such as "the application of Bessel inequality", and the title of this topic will be much more appropriate. Another example is: "the application of the mean value theorem in proving a class of inequalities". Is this the mean value theorem? Somehow, what kind of inequality? I don't know what to ask. This is called an ambiguous topic. The solution is to clearly show the content of the paper from the reader's point of view. If the above topic refers to the differential mean value theorem, then what kind of inequality can be explained in the text, not written in the topic, and the topic only needs to reflect the use of the differential mean value theorem. The reference modification scheme is: the key problem of "skillfully using differential mean value theorem" is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should be closely related to the topic, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a thesis. Try to use fewer words in the topic and choose words carefully. As for how many words are qualified, there is no uniform hard and fast rule. It is generally hoped that the title of the paper will not exceed 20 words. However, we should not blindly pursue fewer words and affect the proper embodiment of the topic in content. When there is a contradiction between the two, it is best to use more words and express them as clearly as possible. 1. 1.2 has just the right extension and connotation, which attracts people's attention (the third-level title is Song Ti No.5). "Extension" and "connotation" belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object. If we don't consider the logical application of extension and connotation when putting forward a proposition, there may be fallacies, at least it is inappropriate. For example, there is a logical error in the topic "Rational Combination Design of Rural People, Livestock and Machinery". The extension of people in the topic may be young adults or infants, young children or the elderly, because the latter is also the main title of "people", but it is obviously not within the scope of the proposition, so the extension of "people" is improper. Similarly, "livestock" can refer to cattle, sheep and pigs. Where have you seen sheep and pigs plowing and grinding flour? So it is also a mistake of improper extension. If "labor force" and "animal power" are used, they will not be misunderstood as objects with no labor ability and no service ability respectively. Although the title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, there is still the problem of whether the title is eye-catching, because the text used in the title and the content it expresses are very eye-catching, and the effect is that the subtitle (the second-level title Song Woods) is far apart. If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and subtitle methods, and the specific experimental materials and methods can be supplemented by adding subtitle. Like what? Characteristics of a Class of Geometric Curves —— (Subtitle) Using mathematical software to simulate the slip characteristics of geometric curves. Abstract (The first-level title of the abstract is small four in bold) Papers generally have abstracts, some of which are international exchanges and some are foreign languages (mostly in English). It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or comments. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result. Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words. No examples, no discussion about the research process, no use of charts, no exaggeration, no self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long. 3 keywords (keywords are bold and small four) keywords belong to the category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words. Keyword is a new vocabulary of information retrieval language, which is used to describe the theme of literature and give information retrieval. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that it is possible to computerize information retrieval (computer retrieval). Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things through the characteristic relationship of concepts, express them in natural language, and have collocation function to accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words. For example, one of the key words "calculus application". It has the characteristics of concept, which shows that it is nothing more than the application of calculus, using natural language vocabulary. Keywords are keywords that mark the subject content of document construction, but have not been standardized. For example, "maximum value" (the subject word of its specification can be "maximum value"). Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3~5 words as keywords or subject words. The general selection method is: after writing a paper, the author will read the full text and first come up with information or words that can represent the main content of the paper. These places or words can be found and selected from the title of the paper and the content of the paper. For example, in the last example, six keywords were selected, of which the first three were selected from the topic of the paper and the last three were selected from the content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to express, and also improves the conceptual depth involved. The use of keywords and subject words is mainly to meet the needs of computer retrieval and international computer online retrieval. Adding "keywords" to publications has opened up a new way to improve the citation rate and increase the popularity of publications. 4 text format (the first-level title of the text is small four bold). The width of the paper is 18cm and the height is 23cm. The page can be set to A4, that is, 2 1cm×29.7cm, 2.8cm above the margin, 3.9cm below, 1.8cm on the left and 1.2cm on the right. International journals generally use double columns for typesetting, while domestic journals can be one column. The text is the theory of a paper, which belongs to the main body of the paper and occupies the largest length of the paper. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part requires substantial content, sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, but also to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle). Paragraphs and division should depend on the nature and content of the paper. The common classification methods are as follows: ① Problem posing/problem analysis. ② Comparative analysis of solutions/main result theorems/results. According to the needs of the content of the paper, other paragraph division schemes can be flexibly adopted, but generally speaking, it should include the content of the problem part and the theoretical analysis part. "Demonstration of main results" is the core part of this paper. Someone once said: "A paper without argumentation results will be dirty", which is no exaggeration. The novelty of the paper is mainly reflected here. If the topic is results and discussion, the discussion (or analysis) part is more difficult to determine what to write than other parts, and it is usually the most difficult part to write. A well-written exposition (or analysis) has the following main characteristics: ① Try to put forward the principles, interrelationships and inductive explanations proved in the section of results, but only discuss the results and should not be repeated. (2) Be able to point out that your results and explanations are consistent or inconsistent with previously published works. (3) Discuss the theoretical significance of your research work and the possibility of practical application. (4) be able to point out any exceptions or problems in the relationship, and clearly put forward the unresolved problems and the direction of solution. Because of the great differences in the topics and contents of academic papers, the methods of segmentation and writing cannot be rigidly and uniformly stipulated, but must be realistic, objective, direct, accurate and complete, logical, clear and concise. 5 Description of references (the first-level title of references is small four in bold) In general, references (tables) should be listed after academic papers for three purposes, namely: ① to reflect the real scientific basis; (2) In order to reflect a serious scientific attitude, distinguish one's own views or achievements from those of others; (3) In order to show respect for the scientific achievements of predecessors, the source of the cited materials should also be indicated for easy retrieval. In the process of writing academic papers, many documents may be cited. Do you need to list them all? The answer is no. In fact, you only need to list the most important and critical documents cited. The reference part of the paper can be compiled according to the following standards. References (No.5 in bold in the center) [serial] author. Title [J] Title, year, volume (issue): page numbers. [Monograph] Author. Title [M]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. [Essay] The author. Title [A]. Edit. Selected works. Year of publication. Start Page Number-End Page Number. Applicant [patent]. Patent name [P]. Country name and patent number, date of publication. [network literature] author. Title [EB/OL]. Http://…, date. Example: [1] Jin Peng, Liu Bao. Not sure. 14 (2):1-10. [2] Liu, Theory and Practice of Uncertain Programming [M], Physics Press, Heidelberg, 2002. Author Brief Introduction (No.5 in bold): This part introduces the main authors of the paper, including the author's name, date of birth, and so on. Reference standard format Reference types: monographs [m], papers [c], newspaper articles [n], journal articles [j], dissertations [d], reports [r], standards [s], patents [p], precipitated documents in paper collections [a] Electronic documents types: databases [[DB]], computers. Document Title [Document Type ID]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page number (optional) [1] Liu Guojun, Chen Shaoye. Library catalogue [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press,1957.15-18b: person in charge of periodical articles [serial number]. File title [J]. Publication name, year, volume (issue): page number [1] He Lingxiu. Read Gu Cheng's History of the Southern Ming Dynasty [J] Song Tietao, et al. New progress in the application research of passive energy dissipation system [J]. Earthquacking,1997,38 (3): 358-361c: document precipitated in the collection [serial number] Person in charge of the precipitation document Title of precipitation document [a]. Person in charge of the original document (optional). Title of original certificate [c]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page [7] Zhong Wenfa. The application of nonlinear programming in the allocation of combustible poisons [a]. Zhao Wei. Theory and application of operational research-Journal of China Logistics Society [c]. Xi' an: xidian university Publishing House, 1996.468D: main person in charge of newspaper article [serial number]. File title [n]. Newspapers. Publication date (Edition) [8] Xie Xide. Create new learning ideas. People's Daily,1998-12-25 (10) e: Electronic Literature [Document Type/Carrier Type Identification] [J/OL] Online Journals [EB/OL] Online Electronic Announcement [M/CD] CD Books [DB/OL]. Title of electronic document [identification and carrier type of electronic document]. Address of publication or acquisition of electronic documents, publication update date/citation date [12]. Wang XXX. Engineering progress of standardized database system for academic journals in China [EB/OL].