In China's "literati painting", pine, bamboo and plum are called "three friends of the old cold". Take pine, bamboo and plum to be proud of the snow, not afraid of frost and cold, and show personality and integrity. Su Dongpo said in a poem: "Wind and spring are two kinds of music, and pine and bamboo are three kinds of good friends." "It is better to eat without meat than to live without bamboo." Another example is Wen Tong's "Mei Zhu Shi Tu": "Mei Han is beautiful, bamboo is thin and long-lived, and stone is ugly and literary, so it is a threesome." Pine trees were often painted on walls as early as Wu Daozi in the Tang Dynasty. Later, they were mostly used for landscape painting, and some were painted separately. Bamboo is a frequent visitor in Wentong's works. After Yang created Mei's painting method without reproach, later experts on Mei painting appeared one after another. When I arrived in Zhao, I put pines, bamboos and plums together and created "Three Friends of Old Cold". After the Song Dynasty, "Three Friends in the Cold Year" was often used as the decorative theme of porcelain, or a picture of three friends in the Cold Year was made of stones and cypresses instead of plum blossoms or pine trees? .
Huzhou Bamboo School is one of the schools of Chinese painting. Wen Tong in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu and Wu Changshuo in the Late Qing Dynasty are the main representatives of Huzhou Bamboo School. The most famous bamboo paintings are Xiao Yue in the Tang Dynasty and Ding Qian in the Five Dynasties, but there are no traces of paintings handed down from generation to generation. Wen Tong and Su Shi painted bamboo in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), Wentong was ordered to be the satrap of Huzhou (now Xing Wu, Zhejiang), but he did not arrive and died in Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang, Henan). Su Shi took over as the satrap of Huzhou, and was soon sentenced to prison and relegated to Huangzhou. Although they were all born in Sichuan, in the history of painting, they are all called the ancestors of Huzhou Bamboo School.
Mi Fei talked about the characteristics of Wen and Su Zhu paintings: "Take thick ink as the surface and light ink as the back." Painting bamboo became a common practice in the Yuan Dynasty. Li Yan, Zhao Mengfu, Gao, Wu Zhen, Ke, etc. Are they all descendants of Huzhou Bamboo School, which has a great influence on later generations? . In the Ming Dynasty, Lotus Confucianism wrote Huzhou Bamboo School, with 25 people, which was compiled by books such as Painting History, Painting Inheritance and Painting Treasure.
Song dynasty in five dynasties
Ancestor wentong
Wentong (10 18 ~ 1079), with the word "Keke", is called "Master Xiaoxiao" and "Mr. Xiaoxiao" and "Mr. Shishi". A native of Yongtai County (now Yanting County, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province), Zizhou County, Northern Song Dynasty. Famous painters and poets. In the first year of your tour (1049), he was a scholar and moved to Dr. Taichang, in charge of Jixian School, and served as an official in Qiongzhou, Dayi, Lingzhou, Yangzhou (now Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province) and other States or counties. In the early years of Yuanfeng, Wentong took office in Huzhou (now Xing Wu, Zhejiang Province), which was called Wen Huzhou in the world, but he died before taking office. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Wen Tong died in Zhou Chen (now Huaiyang County, Henan Province) at the age of 6 1. He and Su Shi are cousins, famous for their knowledge, good at poetry and calligraphy, and highly respected by Wen Yanbo, Sima Guang and others, especially his subordinate cousin Su Shi.
The Northern Song Dynasty Tongmo Zhu Tu Collected in the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Wen Tong, known as "a bamboo in the chest", does not explain the shape and quality of bamboo with delicate and slender strokes, but simply and accurately grasps the stem and leaf structure of bamboo with leisurely strokes, conveying the seemingly upside-down but tenacious and powerful spirit and showing the essence of literati's freehand brushwork. ? Author Wen Tong (10 18- 1079) is from Zitong, Zizhou. Words and energy, Mr. Xiaoxiao, Mr. Shishi. When Huang You was studying, Yuan Feng first knew Huzhou. Painting ink bamboo is called Huzhou School. ? Description: Although the bamboo stems are finished with simple strokes, they show an S-shaped dynamic trend of gradual thinning, just as the teacher described Wen Tong's bamboo painting "Snakeling". Coupled with Ran Ran's branches and leaves stretching on both sides, it constitutes a classic bamboo painting that is subtle and unchanging. Wen Tong skillfully uses "turning the front" to change the thickness and direction of lines, just like bamboo leaves turn when the wind blows. In addition, he also created the spatial illusion that dark leaves cover light leaves through the overlapping of different shades of ink, as Su Shi said: "Take the ink depth as the surface, the ink light as the back, and start from scratch". Su Shi used words such as "if the moon is covered by light clouds", "if catkins are wrapped around gossamer" and "if water dances" to describe Wen Tong's flying white pen. The bamboo stems in this picture also have many silk-like flying white effects, but they should be processed on silk one by one, rather than one stroke, reflecting people's desire for the beauty of flying white at that time. "Zhu Mo Map" is unhurried, the blade is sharp and smooth, and the prominent small bamboo branches make the pen tip full of speed and strength. Su Shi used "a rabbit began to fall, but it will soon die" to describe the method of vibrating bamboo, which is to illustrate this sense of speed with the tension in painting. There is no one-size-fits-all pattern in the way leaves are grouped in Mozhutu, just like the changes that the painter naturally understands after carefully observing the ecology of bamboo leaves, rather than the "intermediary" leaf skimming method developed in later generations. ?
Su Shi's dead wood and bamboo stone, paper and ink, 26.5 × 50.5cm
Su Shi's Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Map
Photo Axis of Bambusa australis in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Li Bai was a painter in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. Slope, a toilet or a wave, Nanchang (now Jiangxi) people. Good at drawing bamboo, not good at detail and detail, more affectionate and willful, and writing at will, there will be business. His paintings include Broken Bamboo, Wind Bamboo and Sparse Bamboo in Snow, which are the same as Liu Yanji, Shilin and Ding Qian. The only work that has been handed down is Wind Bamboo Map.
Zhao Chang Bamboo Insect Map in Northern Song Dynasty? Collection of Tokyo National Museum
Five Dynasties Xu Xixue Bamboo Map? Shanghai Museum Collection
Inheritance and development
origin
Bamboo painting is a unique painting art in China with a long history. In traditional Chinese painting, there are two ways of bamboo painting: one is colored bamboo, which belongs to flower-and-bird painting; One is the ink bamboo painting, which is mainly ink bamboo. The bamboo painting in the four gentlemen's paintings is ink bamboo painting, which is a typical literati painting.
The origin of China's ink bamboo painting has been inconclusive. In the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi said in the Song of Painting Bamboo: "Bamboo among plants is difficult to write, and there is no painting in ancient and modern times." It can be seen that there were bamboo paintings long before Bai Juyi. Because the bamboo painting at that time had not been handed down, I don't know whether it was colored or ink bamboo.
Bamboo painting in the Tang Dynasty has become an independent theme, and famous artists specializing in bamboo painting, such as Xiao Yue, began to appear. He is good at drawing bamboo with elegant colors. The "one color" here may be pure cyan or green, not the black of ink bamboo painting, but the artistic abstraction of bamboo has begun, which is a key step for meticulous color bamboo painting to move towards ink bamboo painting. Xiaoyue cherishes his art very much. Someone begged him to draw only one stick, but he hasn't got it for a year. On one occasion, he drew fifteen bamboo poles and gave them to the poet Bai Juyi. Bai Juyi thanked him for his kindness and admired his art, and wrote the above-mentioned bamboo painting song.
form
Wen Tong, Zi He Ke, whose real name is Mr. Xiaoxiao, alias Mr. Shishi, was born in Yongtai, Zizhou (now Yanting East, Sichuan). I studied hard when I was young, and I learned well when I was about 20 years old. I was praised and envied. He has served in Qiongzhou, Yangzhou and other States, but he "sat silently in the painting pavilion and recited poems on the shore." Some people say that stealing time is too defensive, and it is called Mr. Lu. "He has no intention of becoming famous, but he likes reading and painting. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Wen Tong, 6 1 year-old, was appointed as the magistrate of Huzhou, and died before taking office, so he was named Wen Huzhou. Wen Tongshan is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting. Feng, Li, Xing, Cao and Cao are all excellent. Wentong especially likes painting ink bamboo. Wen Tong and Su Shi are cousins and are best friends in poetry, calligraphy and painting. Once, they painted colorful bamboos on a piece of silk more than a foot long and gave them to Su Shi. Su Shi specially wrote the story of painting bamboo in literature and valley, expounded Wen Tong's theory of ink and bamboo painting, and put forward the famous conclusion of "bamboo in the chest".
Wentong's ink painting and bamboo painting greatly surpassed their predecessors. As the saying goes, "when the yellow bell shakes, the earthen pot loses its voice." Su Shi described Wen Tong as painting bamboo and said, "If you are familiar with his pen, you will see the person he wants to paint. He started from it in a hurry, shocked, and tried to catch up with what he saw, such as a rabbit falling, and he died if he was short. " It seems that Wen Tong's painting of bamboo belongs to the freehand brushwork school. However, if we look closely at the ink bamboo paintings handed down from generation to generation, the painting style is still realistic. The poles, branches, leaves and nodes painted by Wen Tong are very similar to real bamboo. Wen Tong is especially good at painting bamboo leaves, "with deep ink as the surface and light ink as the back". Some of Wentong's ink bamboo paintings use thick ink on the front and light ink on the back, painting bamboo leaves, and the positive and negative shades are patchy. Not only that, Wen Tong meticulously drew all the twists and turns of leaves, and drew bamboo knots by sketching and rendering. Because Wen Tong painted bamboo, he introduced the abstract beauty and layout beauty of China's calligraphy into Mozhu painting, which made Mozhu painting break away from meticulous flower-and-bird painting. Therefore, its Mozhu painting is realistic and not cumbersome, with both form and spirit, and is very popular. At the same time, Su Shi and others all studied his painting, and later there were more followers. As a result, the "Hu Bi School" was formed in China painting circle, and Wen Tong became a great master.
Representative figure
Wen Tong, Su Shi, Zhao Mengfu and Wu Changshuo are the main representatives of Huzhou Bamboo School. Among them, Zhao Mengfu and Wu Changshuo are from Huzhou, and Wentong and Su Shi are both Huzhou magistrates. For this reason, the only school of painting called by place names is Huzhou Bamboo School, and it is also an important school with the longest history, which has influenced the whole painting history of China. In the Ming Dynasty, Lotus Confucianism wrote Huzhou Bamboo School. Now,
Su Shi is also the magistrate of Huzhou. He loved bamboo all his life. "You can't live without meat." No meat makes people thin, no bamboo makes people vulgar. People are thin and fat, but most people are hopeless, so he paints bamboo very well and is an important figure of Huzhou Bamboo School. Once sitting in court, on a whim, I picked up a brush and dipped it in Zhu Mo, drawing a picture of Zhu Zhu. Some people say: there is only bamboo in the world, where did it come from? He asked: People draw bamboo with black ink, but where can there be ink bamboo in the world? It is said that because of his initiative, Zhu Zhu became popular in literati painting. Su Shi learned bamboo painting from Wen Tong, and at the same time gave him great help and influence in painting theory. Six months after Wen Tong's death, Su Shi read Wen Tong's painting "Bamboo Painting in the Moon Valley". Seeing things and thinking about people, I cried bitterly and wrote the story of Wen and Yue Gu painting bamboo with tears. He summed up Wen Tong's bamboo painting theory and put forward the idea that bamboo painting must come first.
Su Shi painted bamboo from bottom to top, unlike ordinary people who painted bamboo poles one by one. Mi Fei asked him what was going on, and he replied, "When bamboo was born, why didn't it be born one by one?" In view of the tendency of painting at that time, he put forward the view that "painting looks like a child, seeing his neighbors".
the Yuan Dynasty
Zhao Mengfu and his wife, one of the four great families.
Wu Bamboo Slips of Yuan Zhen in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
The National Palace Museum in Taipei has a collection of Bi Xue Zhu Juan.
There are four Qing paintings of Li in the Palace Museum.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the ink plays of literati swept the painting world, and a large number of people came forth in large numbers, forming the heyday of China's ink and bamboo painting. Zhao Mengfu, Guan Daosheng, Ke, Zhenwu, Gu An and Li Xizhai are all masters of ink painting. Zhao Mengfu, in particular, as an all-round painter, knows everything about figures, landscapes, flowers and bamboo stones, especially painting horses. Zhao Mengfu painted ink bamboo, and he would use flying white as a stone, while Jin Cuodao painted ink bamboo. The painted bamboo stone is a combination of reality and reality, which makes each other interesting. Zhao Mengfu's wife, Guan Daosheng, is good at calligraphy and painting and started a new bamboo industry. Similarly, the flying white stone is used as a boulder, and the boulder painted by Guan Daosheng is richer in layers, and the bamboo leaves are painted in thick ink, which is elegant and elegant. Guan Furen also drew a bamboo stick on the cliff, and Yang Lianfu wrote: "The coral stick was caught in the net and thrown into the valley." Also about Tao Sheng Tao Chuang's "Nest Bamboo"? And became the representative work of Huzhou Bamboo School. Zhao Mengfu put forward that "calligraphy and painting are of the same origin", following the tradition of "calligraphy and painting are of the same origin" in previous dynasties, and advocated "painting with books", that is, expressing one's temperament with calligraphy; He also put forward the famous "theory of ancient meaning", the essence of which is to relive the interest of Jin and Tang Dynasties and create a new trend of the times. ?
Zhao Mengfu Shi Xiu Lin Shu Map Volume Collected by Beijing Palace Museum
Zhao Mengfu painted bamboo and stone, emphasizing "painting with books". This new painting of ancient wood was born between beautiful stones in Pingpo. It painted stones with flying white method, painted trees with seal script method and expressed in pure ink. It is the concrete embodiment of its theory of "painting and calligraphy are of the same origin" in painting practice, and it is also one of the most representative works of literati painting in Yuan Dynasty. At the end of the article, there are seven quatrains: "Stone is like flying white wood, and writing bamboo is still in the eight methods." If anyone can know this, you will know that painting and calligraphy are the same. " ? This is a famous sentence of Zhao Mengfu's theory about the communication between calligraphy and painting, which has a far-reaching influence on later literati painting. ?
Yuanwangmeng bamboo stone map
Yuanwangmeng bamboo stone map
A picture of wood, bamboo and stone in Yuan Zhao Mengfu
Li Li's double hook bamboo drawings are collected in the Forbidden City.
the Ming Dynasty
Ink bamboo painting in Ming dynasty
Wen Zhiming and Zhu Lan Atlas of Ming Dynasty in Beijing Palace Museum
American Kezhu Villa Atlas Cleveland Art Collection
American Kezhu Villa Atlas Cleveland Art Collection
Ming Xia Chang Hua Zhu in the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Song Ke, Wang Bi, Xia Fang and others in Ming Dynasty basically inherited the painting methods in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Song Ke, named Wen Zhong, was born in Nangongli, the mainland of his parents. He is good at cursive writing, and most of the ink bamboo he draws is fine bamboo. Good at painting bamboo clusters, dense layout, misty rain, far-reaching artistic conception. I used to sweep bamboo with a brush at the end of the proving ground. Zhang Boyu has a saying "I occasionally see a red carnation", which refers to Zhu Zhu in Song Ke.
Wang Bi, whose name is Meng Duan, is You Shi, also known as Jiulong Mountain, and is from Wuxi. Wang Bi's ink bamboo paintings won the reputation of Wentong and Zhenwu. The ink bamboo painted by Elvis Presley is free and easy. The frame between square inches has the characteristics of xiaoxiang Qiao, revealing all kinds of wonderful things. Wang Bi draws bamboo with ink, pays attention to creative inspiration, and must start writing. People who like his paintings send gold and silk to force him to close the door. One day, he heard the melodious flute under the moon, and on a whim, he wrote a picture of bamboo and stone. The next day, he took the painting to the man who played the flute last night and sent it. Piper and businessman have always appreciated Wang Bi's paintings. He was overjoyed when he received the bamboo and stone painting, so he quickly returned a red carpet and asked him to draw another one for a pair. Elvis Presley smiled and said, "I came to visit you for the flute. I wanted to use this as a reward, but I didn't expect you to be such a vulgar person. After that, Wang Bi wanted to return to the bamboo stone map and tear it up.
Xia Chang, also known as Yu Feng, was born in Kunshan. Xia Fang painted ink bamboo and studied under Wang Gu, which was wonderful and was pushed to the first place at that time. The ink bamboo he painted is a painter who pays attention to rules, because it lies flat and upright, with shadows, smoky postures and rainy colors. His works are also famous abroad. At that time, there was such a ballad: "Xia Qing has a bamboo, and the west is cool with an ingot of gold."
A native of Qiantang, a native of Jiaxing, was named Confucius Sun. Exquisite calligraphy, good at writing ink bamboo, claiming to be the pen of Wu, and inheriting Huzhou. When his right arm was sick in his later years, he wrote and drew with his left hand, which was very charming. It is said that when he wrote Zhu Lan, it was worthless at first, and everyone could look forward to reading it. But when he wrote his most proud work, he kept it for himself and said, "I'll leave it to myself to test the difference between young people and young people."
Xu Wei (1521—1593), a native of Yinshan, Zhejiang Province, was a writer and painter with innovative ideas during Jiajing and Wanli periods in the Ming Dynasty. His life is bumpy, but full of romantic passion. His poems, books, paintings, music, opera and even fencing are all first-rate. He created a freehand brushwork of ink and wash, combined with the inscription and postscript of poetry, and created a new style of literati painting. Influence, contributed to the rise of Shi Tao, Eighth National Congress, Li Yi, Zhao, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi and others. Zheng Banqiao even carved a seal saying that he was an Ivy League lackey.
Wang Ming Biqiweitu Taibei Palace Museum
Lv Ji Bamboo Birds of Ming Dynasty Collected in Palace Museum
The Ancient Bamboo Pavilion Chess Map of Ming Dynasty Collected in Liaoning Provincial Museum
Golden bamboo slips in the Palace Museum.
Zhu Mo Map of the Ming Dynasty in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
Jin Mingzhuo's Double Hook Bamboo Map Collected in the Forbidden City in Beijing
Ching Dynasty
Zhu Mo Painting in Qing Dynasty
Map of Zhu Lan, King Yuan Qi of Qingshitao
Zheng Banqiao (1693- 1765) Bamboo in Qing Dynasty.
Shanghai Museum Collects Agricultural Notes of Qing Dynasty.
Shi Tao (1640—— about 17 18) in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, formerly known as Zhu Ruoji, was born in troubled times. He was originally a descendant of King Jingjing of Guilin and became a monk. He changed his name to Yuanji, Yuanji, Chaoji, Daoji, and was named as Didazi and Qing Xiang Old Man. Shi Tao painted bamboo, his brushwork was bold and unrestrained, and he broke away from convention, which pioneered the freehand brushwork of ink bamboo. Shi Tao painted bamboo mostly with raw rice paper, and his pen was bold and unrestrained, dripping with ink, thick and colorful, with thousands of branches and leaves, and his brushwork was straight and without stagnation. He swept away the weather of palaces and gardens that have been followed in past dynasties, and the sudden heavy rain and strong wind, dripping with smoke, came to the bottom of the pen one by one, which is called "field battle." Shi Tao's talent is extremely high, and his ink bamboo paintings are not limited to form, but win with potential, giving people a refreshing feeling.
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics is also an expert in ink painting and bamboo painting, especially Zheng Banqiao, who devoted his life to Zhu Lan, and his skills are beyond others' reach. Because he can always come back to life from maturity and has the defamiliarization ability of artistic perception, he can always maintain a strong creative vitality in Zhu Mo's paintings, and Zhu Mo's paintings have also emerged in an endless stream for decades. Since Shi Tao created the great freehand brushwork style of Mozhu painting, Zheng Xie also created the small freehand brushwork style. His ink bamboo paintings are beautiful, simple and far-reaching, and reveal a pure air.
Green graphite Tao pig rabbit
Wang Lanzhu of Qing Dynasty in Shanghai Museum.
Seven sages of Lengmei Bamboo Forest in Qing Dynasty
Qing? Zhu Sheng 16 18? -? ? ) bamboo
Bamboo and Stone Map of Zhao Shuanggou in Qing Dynasty Collected in Zhejiang Museum
Bamboo in Ma Yuanyu in Qing Dynasty (1669— 1722).
Luo Pin Mozhu Map Flyer Art Collection in Qing Dynasty
The Bamboo Map of Lishan Meilan in Qing Dynasty Collected in Shanghai Museum
Modern Times
Modern inheritance
Wu Changshuo Zhu Bao Lan Tu
Wu Changshuo is characterized by carelessness and vertical and horizontal cooperation. He likes to use raw rice paper and wool soft pens. The water content in the pen is large, which is easy to achieve the effect of "splashing ink", while the dry pen is easy to be heavy and has a strong interest in raw ink. The ink bamboo of the two people, with the whimsy of the situation, is incisive and natural, becoming a new style of painting. Wu Changshuo also emphasized the use of stones in painting and the use of seal script to write bamboo, which is of great significance.
Ren Bonian (1840- 1896) Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest?
Fu Baoshi's Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest
Wu Changshuo (1844- 1927) bamboo.
Li Kuchan (1899- 1983) bamboo.
Xu Beihong (1895- 1953) Bamboo
Zhang Daqian xiu Zhu Meiren
Dunhe Shen (1866- 1920) Liuyi map of Zhuxi?
Bamboo of Zhang Daqian (1899- 1983)
Qian Xingjian (1935-20 10) bamboo.
Zhao Meifang Yan Nanfei
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