Question 2: What materials and energy substances are needed to synthesize fat? What metabolic pathways do they come from? Protein is a biomacromolecule, which is basically composed of 20 amino acids connected by peptide bonds into peptide chains. Peptide bonds are connected into peptide chains, which are called the primary structure of proteins. The length of peptide chain in different protein is different, and the composition and arrangement order of different amino acids in peptide chain are also different. Peptide chains curl and fold in space to form a specific three-dimensional spatial structure, including two main levels: secondary structure and tertiary structure. Some protein are composed of multiple peptide chains, each of which is called a subunit, and there is a specific spatial relationship between the subunits, which is called the quaternary structure of protein. Therefore, protein molecules have a very special and complex spatial structure. It is generally believed that the primary structure of protein determines the secondary structure, and the secondary structure determines the tertiary structure.
The biological function of protein depends largely on its spatial structure, and the conformational diversity of protein structure leads to different biological functions. The relationship between structure and function of protein is the basis of protein's function prediction and protein design. Protein molecule can obtain its specific biological activity only in its own specific three-dimensional spatial structure; The slight destruction of the three-dimensional spatial structure may lead to the decrease or even loss of the biological activity of protein. Because of their special structure, they are allowed to combine with specific ligand molecules, such as hemoglobin and myoglobin with oxygen, enzymes and their substrate molecules, hormones and receptors, antibodies and antigens. Knowing the genetic code, scientists can deduce the amino acid sequence that makes up a certain protein, but they can't draw the spatial structure of protein. Therefore, revealing the spatial structure of each protein has become the commanding height of the post-genome era, which is the basic task of structural genomics. Understanding the spatial structure of protein will help to determine the function of protein. At the same time, protein is the target of drug action. By combining the knowledge of genetic code and the structural information of protein, drug designers can design small molecular compounds to inhibit protein associated with diseases, so as to achieve the purpose of treating diseases. Therefore, post-gene research has great application value and broad prospects.
Linear polypeptide chains are folded into a specific three-dimensional spatial structure in space, which is called protein's spatial structure or conformation. The spatial structure of protein includes secondary structure, super secondary structure, domain, tertiary structure and quaternary structure.
Question 3: What are the functions of raw materials for bio-fermented feed?
1, improve feed utilization rate
Microbial flora can destroy feed raw materials, such as plant cell wall cellulose, gum and other refractory substances, transform monosaccharide oligosaccharides and other substances, as well as plant organic acids, trace elements, biological enzymes, seeds and so on, improve the digestion and utilization rate of fermented products, thus completely changing the phenomenon of meat eating.
2. Save concentrate and promote livestock.
Because the substances that are difficult to digest and absorb in roughage become simple and easy to digest and absorb, the nutritional value of feed is improved; Microorganisms produced by fermentation are rich in nutrients such as protein and fat, so livestock only need to eat them quickly, which can save concentrated feed.
3. Energy efficiency is reduced.
The total amount of feed prepared from fermented energy feed is reduced by about 50%, and the consumption of protein in feed is reduced by fish meal.
4, feed detoxification.
Beneficial substances can remove toxic and harmful substances contained in feed (especially rapeseed cake cottonseed cake) through self-metabolism and product degradation, improve feed safety, and make cottonseed cake or rapeseed cake replace soybean meal.
5. Expand feed sources
Corn straw, wheat straw, bean straw, sweet potato vine, straw, grass, wheat bran, bean wave, corn, rice bran, cassava residue, grass powder, straw and other parts all use Gymboree feed starter to make fermented feed, which expands the source of feed.
6. Improve the palatability of feed.
Gymboree fermented feed is golden yellow, smooth in hand and fragrant in taste. It is very suitable for feeding, saving fuel and labor, improving feed utilization rate, saving concentrate, promoting livestock efficiency and reducing the feeding quantity here.
Question 4: Why do all living things choose glucose as the raw material for cell energy and metabolism? Glucose is a monosaccharide, which can be directly absorbed by cells without decomposing enzymes.
Question 5: There are many chemical reactions in the metabolism of biochemical substances, which are carried out continuously according to certain laws. If one of the reactions is carried out too much or too little, abnormality or even disease will occur. Except for viruses, viruses have no life reaction in the natural environment. The molecules and ions involved in various chemical reactions in organisms include not only biomolecules, but also more and more small molecules and ions. Some people think that without the participation of small molecules and ions, biomolecules that cannot move or are inconvenient to move cannot produce various life-threatening biochemical reactions. If there are no small molecules such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the medium of energy acceptance, storage, transportation and supply, the energy released by catabolism in the body will be lost and wasted as heat, making all physiological activities and anabolism impossible. In addition, without the existence of plasma, many chemical reactions in the body would not occur. Through various chemical reactions, organisms can transform, absorb and utilize substances (nutrients) and energy in the environment. After nutrients enter the body, they will always mix with the original ones in the body and participate in chemical reactions. In the synthetic reaction, as raw materials, various structures in the body can grow, develop, repair, replace and reproduce. In the decomposition reaction, substances mainly used as energy release the energy needed for life activities through biological oxidation, and at the same time produce waste, which is discharged from the body through various discharge channels and returned to the environment. This is a process of material exchange between organisms and their external environment, which is generally called material metabolism or metabolism. It is estimated that in a person's life (calculated at the age of 60), the substances exchanged with the external environment through substance metabolism are equivalent to about 60,000 kg of water, 10000kg of sugar, 1600kg of protein and 1000kg of lipid. The regulation of substance metabolism is an important aspect for organisms to maintain life. Most chemical reactions in substance metabolism are promoted by enzymes in cells, which have a high degree of automatic regulation. This is one of the important characteristics of living things. In a small living cell, nearly 2000 enzymes catalyze unique chemical reactions in different metabolism at the same time. These chemical reactions do not interfere with each other, do not interfere with each other, and are proceeding in an orderly manner at an alarming speed, and they also cooperate with each other. Therefore, anabolism and catabolism are always carried out at the same time just right. Take protein as an example. Even if there are many accomplished chemists, it will take months or even years to synthesize a protein by artificial synthesis in a well-equipped laboratory. However, in a living cell, in a neutral environment at 37℃, a protein molecule can be synthesized in just a few seconds, and there are hundreds of different protein molecules, which are almost like being synthesized in the same reaction bottle at the same time. The speed and quantity of synthesis just meet the needs of organisms. This shows that there must be a perfect arrangement and regulation system for substance metabolism in organisms. According to the existing knowledge, the strict specificity of enzymes, the existence of multi-enzyme system and regionalization of enzyme distribution may be the explanation that different metabolism can be carried out simultaneously and orderly in a cell. In terms of regulation, in animals, in addition to neurohumors, the supply and transportation of substrates, the demand and feedback inhibition of products, the regulation of gene on enzyme synthesis, the influence of enzyme activity on enzyme structure changes, and the richness and lack of auxiliary factors can not be ignored.
Question 6: Biological concept, biological knowledge network system 1, material basis of life, structural basis, cell engineering 1, water 2, sugar 3, protein 2, metabolism of green plants 3, metabolism of sugar in human and animals (1) Chemical composition and types of sugar (2) Metabolism of sugar in green plants (2) Chemical composition and types of sugar in green plants (3). Life course of cells, reproduction and development of organisms. The material basis of heredity. Basic laws of biological inheritance, variation and evolution VIII. Regulation of plant life activities IX. Regulation of human and animal life activities X. Microbiology and fermentation engineering XI. Review materials of biology and environment college entrance examination-cell proliferation and differentiation cell engineering cell structure chemical elements (comparison of the most basic elements, basic elements, macro elements and trace elements) compounds (water, inorganic salts, protein, sugars, lipids, vitamins and nucleic acids) ①. Comparison of eukaryotic and non-cellular structures ② Structure, function and connection of biofilm ③ Comparison of structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts with other organelles ① Plant tissue culture ② Plant somatic hybridization ③ Animal cell culture ④ Animal cell fusion ⑤ Monoclonal antibody ⑤ Embryo transplantation ⑤ Comparison of cell division (comparison of mitosis, amitosis and meiosis) Cell canceration (characteristics of cancer cells, carcinogenic factors) Cell aging (main characteristics, causes). The existing form of water (free water/bound water) The function of water (solvent, transportation, raw materials, components, maintaining form and regulating body temperature) The influence of water on animals and plants (survival, distribution, living habits, form and breathing) Water pollution (pesticide), organic pollution and harmful microbial pollution) The water produced by metabolism (dark reaction of photosynthesis, the third stage of aerobic respiration, cellulose, cellulose. Water consumed by metabolism (photoreaction, the second stage of aerobic respiration, glycogen, starch, protein, decomposition of nucleic acid into basic units, hydrolysis of ATP) Water metabolism (ways and principles of water absorption, transportation and utilization of animals and plants) Application) Balance drinking water, food and metabolism to produce water, urine, sweat, respiration and feces Thermoregulation: the thermoregulation center of hypothalamus generates heat-visceral and skeletal muscle dissipate heat-subcutaneous capillary radiation and sweat evaporate sugar. Chemical composition, types, structure and distribution of disaccharides and polysaccharides ● Chemical properties of glucose, sucrose, maltose, starch and cellulose ● Function of sugar ● Regulation of blood sugar balance ● Application A. Main components of organisms (such as sugar coating) B. Main energy substances C. Used in pharmaceutical industry, candy industry and mirror-making industry D. Cellulose is used to make nitrocellulose and paper. ● Sugar metabolism in plants: the concept of photosynthesis, reaction formula, shading experiment of technological leaves, appropriately increasing the concentration of CO2 in greenhouse. Concepts and reaction formulas of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, preservation of vegetables stored in the process of ploughing loose soil seeds ● Sugar metabolism of human beings and animals: chemical digestion process of sugar and ways and means for cells to absorb glucose. The normal and abnormal values of glucose are the products of cell respiration during strenuous exercise. Relationship between glucose metabolism, protein metabolism and lipid metabolism in fattening process of energy Beijing ducks and other animals Egg white ● Main functions: constituting substances, regulating metabolism and immunity, carrying and transporting, Motor function ● Basic unit of structure: conceptual structure level of amino acids: chemical structure and spatial structure characteristics: causes of biodiversity formation: protein denaturation conditions and applications ● Synthesis site: ribosomes on endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes synthesize different types of protein genetic information: central rule correlation calculation: the relationship between peptide bond number and amino acid number, the relationship between amino acid number and free carboxyl group number in peptide chain, the relationship between amino acid number and mRNA, the number DNA DNA bases ● Metabolic sources of metabolic amino acids and three kinds of organisms. & gt
Question 7: What is the bio-food industry? Vigorously developing biotechnology and its industry has become the strategic focus of economic development in all countries of the world. The recent 10 year is a period of rapid development of biotechnology in the world, and remarkable achievements have been made in both basic research and application development. The research results of biotechnology are more and more widely used in agriculture, medicine, light food, marine development and environmental protection. Biotechnology will be one of the leading technologies in 2 1 century, and may even trigger a new industrial revolution, which will have a comprehensive and profound impact on all aspects of human society's production and life.
Food biotechnology is a discipline that applies biotechnology to the production, processing and manufacturing of food raw materials. Including the oldest biotechnology processing technology such as food fermentation and brewing, as well as other biotechnology related to food processing and manufacturing such as applying modern biotechnology to improve the processing quality of food raw materials, producing high-quality agricultural products, manufacturing food additives and cultivating animal and plant cells, such as enzyme engineering, protein engineering and enzyme molecular evolution engineering.
Question 8: What is biotechnology and what is modern biotechnology?
The rise of modern biotechnology began in the 1970s, and now it has become a wonderful flower among high-tech groups. This technology has distinct military and civilian dual-use, and its application potential is very wide. It can not only provide a new means to solve the problems of food, health, energy and environment faced by mankind, but also open up a new way to greatly improve the combat effectiveness and viability of the troops. The in-depth development and wide application of modern biotechnology is another major technological revolution after the computer technology revolution in this century and a new force in the modern military technology revolution.
Basic meaning
Modern biotechnology is a comprehensive technology based on life science, which uses the characteristics and functions of organisms (or biological tissues, cells and other components) to design and construct new substances or strains with expected performance, and combines engineering principles to process and produce products or provide services. The connotation of this technology is very rich, involving: genetic technology (such as "cloning technology") that transforms or recombines the genetic genes of organisms and makes the recombinant genes express in cells to produce new substances needed by human beings; Starting from simple and common raw materials, the best route is designed, and appropriate enzymes are selected to synthesize the required functional products: biological production technology (such as fermentation) that uses biological cells to process and manufacture products in large quantities; Connecting biomolecules with electronic, optical or mechanical systems, and amplifying and transmitting the information captured by biomolecules. Into light. Biological coupling technology of electrical or mechanical information; Study the fine structure of biological macromolecules and its relationship with function on the nanometer (that is, millionth of a millimeter) scale. And transform its structure, and use them to assemble nano-biotechnology of molecular equipment: simulating biology or biological system. Bionic technology of functional structure of tissues and organs, etc.
Unique advantages
-Simple production materials. When organisms are undergoing anabolism, most of them take readily available substances (such as air, water, plants and minerals) as raw materials and sunlight as energy, which is not only low in raw material cost, but also inexhaustible.
-High safety and reliability. The typical biochemical reaction is carried out under the catalysis of enzyme, which requires less energy input, mild reaction conditions, simple process and equipment and good operation safety. When a biological system synthesizes a substance, it first transcribes the genetic information of deoxyribonucleic acid into ribonucleic acid, and then synthesizes it with ribonucleic acid as a template. Although the process is complicated, the error probability is very small and there are no by-products. More importantly, the biological system can automatically find and correct errors, and carry out automatic synthetic production with high production reliability.
-The product has special activity. Biomolecules usually have complex fine structures, which often endow them with special activities, that is, so-called "biological specific functions", such as accurate and sensitive recognition ability, efficient search ability, firm bonding performance and so on. These characteristics will be greatly enhanced by improving the control genes through genetic technology.
-Compact system structure. Information codes, modules and manufacturing and assembly mechanisms in biological systems are self-assembled in a perfect way at the molecular level. This makes biological systems (such as eyeballs and brains) much more compact than artificial electronic, optical or mechanical systems with similar functions. If biological coupling technology can be used to couple some biological systems with designed devices, or nano-biotechnology and self-assembly technology can be used to manufacture them, the size of the equipment may be reduced a lot.
-it is conducive to improving or expanding people's ability. The application of biomedicine can improve the therapeutic effect and disease resistance of human beings; Through the coupling of human brain and equipment, people's ability can be expanded and the operation difficulty of man-machine interface can be reduced.
Military application
Since the 1980s, some developed countries, such as the United States, have begun to vigorously research and develop military biotechnology to meet the military demand for many advanced capabilities. At present, the military applications being studied or predicted mainly include-
In terms of information detection, the biosensor with identification function made of enzymes, antibodies and cells can not only accurately identify various biological and chemical warfare agents, but also put forward the best protection and treatment scheme in time with the help of computers, and can also be used to detect the volatile degradation of explosives and rocket propellants and determine enemy mines. Number and location of shells, bombs, missiles, etc. Various information acquisition systems made of bionic technology can greatly improve the ability of detection, monitoring and navigation. Electronic frog-eye radar bionic vision detector can quickly identify different shapes of aircraft. Ships. Moving objects such as missiles, and can identify true and false missiles according to flight characteristics; The "fly's eye" camera can shoot at once ... >>