Female reproductive physiological health knowledge
Vulva refers to female external genitalia: vulva includes all female external genital structures, such as hair, skin wrinkles, pubic mound, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, etc.
Pubic hair and sexual excitement
A thick, soft protuberance before pubic symphysis, consisting of fat. Pubic hair covering the pubic mound of adult women. Touch pressure on pubic colliculus will produce sexual excitement.
Hair growing on the genitals. The color, shape and quantity of pubic hair are different. The main function of pubic hair is to protect vaginal opening from excessive impact; When you are sexually excited, it will make the smell of vaginal discharge last for a long time, and it can also increase your pleasure when you are stimulated.
Female pubic hair begins to grow after puberty breast development, which can be divided into four stages:
In the first stage, sparse light-colored pubic hair began to appear on the pubic mound and labia;
In the second stage, the pubic hair gradually becomes thick and curly, and the color deepens;
Stage ⅲ pubic hair has the characteristics of adults, but it does not reach the level of most adults;
Stage Ⅳ pubic hair is a typical adult female type, mostly distributed in an inverted triangle, and some of it can extend to the anal orifice.
Labium (vulva)
A pair of raised skin folds are close to the inner sides of the two strands, and there is connective tissue mainly composed of fat at the bottom, which starts from the pubic mound and gradually becomes thinner at the back end and ends in the perineum. The adipose tissue of labia majora acts as a shock absorber during anterograde sexual intercourse.
Female reproductive organ health care
labium minus
A pair of thin folds located inside the labia majora, which are brown or reddish in color and have no hair on the surface. Individuals vary greatly in shape and size.
clitoris
The corpuscle located at the top of labia minora has erectile function, which is equivalent to a man's penis. There are abundant nerve endings in the world, which are extremely sensitive and are the main organs that make women move.
A diamond-shaped area between the labia minora on both sides, with the clitoris in front and the labia lacing behind.
Located below the clitoris and above the vaginal opening.
hymen
The membrane around the female vaginal orifice. Most women have this membrane, and very few women don't. There is an opening in the middle of the membrane, called hymen hole. The physiological function of hymen is to act as a natural barrier to prevent dirt from entering vagina.
Soft tissue between vagina and anus. It is a part of pelvic floor tissue. The perineum supports and protects the pelvic floor, which is very malleable. The perineum is also one of the sensitive areas of the human body. The ball in the front yard is equivalent to the cavernous body of male penis, which is composed of erectile tissue. Because the frontcourt ball is surrounded by the vaginal sphincter, this muscle can be dominated by consciousness. In the process of sexual intercourse, women can often control their contraction, thus "grasping" the penis at the vaginal opening.
Also known as "papillary gland". Vulvovaginal glands and vestibular glands secrete a viscous liquid. It may be related to the special smell of female vulva.
womb
The lowest part of the uterus. The length is 2 ′ 5-3 cm, and the lumen is spindle-shaped and is a cervical canal. The cervical canal can secrete a small amount of sensitive viscous liquid, which usually forms a mucus plug to prevent bacteria from invading; During ovulation, cervical mucus becomes thinner, which is beneficial to sperm passage.
Cervical mucus
Mainly refers to cervical canal secretions, but also mixed with a small amount of endometrial, fallopian tube, follicular fluid.
This periodic change of cervical mucus is directly related to the increase or decrease of ovarian sex hormones. During ovulation and the eve of ovulation, the secretion is thin, and at other times, the secretion is viscous, forming a mucus plug to seal the cervix. On the one hand, this mucus plug acts as a barrier to the uterus, on the other hand, it can promote sperm to swim into the uterus after sexual intercourse.
endometrium
A layer of mucosa in the uterine cavity. After puberty, endometrium changes periodically at different stages of menstrual cycle under the influence of egg hormones. The endometrium is constantly proliferating before ovulation, which is called proliferative phase. After ovulation, the endometrial glands become larger and curved, which is suitable for implantation of pregnant eggs. It's called secretory phase. If pregnant, the endometrium will further become decidua. For example, after ovulation 14 days, the endometrium falls off and bleeds, and it is discharged through the vagina to form menstruation. After a few days, the intimal wound was repaired, the bleeding stopped and the proliferative phase began again.
vagina
The female sex organ is a muscle canal. The upper end surrounds the cervix and the lower end leads to the vaginal vestibule. The vaginal wall consists of mucous membrane, muscular layer and adventitia. The front part of vagina is adjacent to bladder and urethra, and the back part is close to rectum.
Physiological functions of vagina:
(1) sex organs;
(2) channels for menstruation and secretion discharge;
(3) During normal delivery, the only way for the fetus to come into this world.
Female gonad
It is an organ that produces eggs and estrogen. Located on both sides of the uterus, below the fallopian tube.
Female reproductive organ health care
A pipeline for women to transport eggs. Located in the pelvic cavity, there are a pair of slender and curved tubes. The inner side communicates with the uterine horn, and the outer end is free and funnel-shaped.
Menstruation, the first menstrual cramp for girls. The age of menarche varies from person to person and is generally considered to be related to heredity, health, height and weight.
The process by which an egg and its surrounding tissues are expelled from an egg. Female vagina often secretes some white sticky paste. Normal leucorrhea is generally odorless, and its secretion is related to the level of female hormones in the body and pelvic congestion. If the color, quality, quantity and smell of leucorrhea change, it is called "abnormal leucorrhea". The common types of abnormal leucorrhea are: excessive leucorrhea, purulent leucorrhea, bean dregs-like leucorrhea and bloody leucorrhea.
Female reproductive organs mature in adolescence. In order to make the reproductive organs develop healthily, we must understand them. Understand their location, structure and function.
Female reproductive organs can be divided into internal and external parts according to anatomical position. External genitalia, also known as vulva, includes pubic mound, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, vestibular gland, vaginal orifice, hymen and perineum; The internal genitalia is located in the pelvic cavity, including the ovary, fallopian tube, uterus and vagina.
The pubic mound is a raised fat pad with thick subcutaneous fat. After puberty, pubic hair grows on the prostrate skin, and the distribution of pubic hair is mostly inverted triangle with downward tip, which is one of the second sexual characteristics of women. However, the density, thickness and color of pubic hair vary from person to person and from race to race. Even with pubic hair or without pubic hair, it cannot be regarded as pathological.
The labia majora is a pair of longitudinally raised skin folds, the front end of which is connected with the pubic mound, and the back end is gradually thinned and connected with the perineum. Generally, after the age of 10, at the same time that the pubic mound begins to bulge, the labia majora begins to plump and have pigmentation, hiding the labia minora inward, and pubic hair begins to grow after puberty. The cortex contains a lot of adipose tissue and elastic fibers, and is rich in venous blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves, which is easy to cause bleeding and hematoma after injury.
There are glandular tissues at the base of labia majora on both sides. When excited, it becomes soft and swollen due to congestion, and opens outward from the midline, exposing the vaginal opening and facilitating sexual intercourse. The labia majora is sensitive, and the gland tissue can secrete fluid to make the vulva smooth during sexual excitement. Unmarried women's labia majora naturally closes, covering the vaginal opening and urethral opening, which plays a protective role.
The labia minora is a pair of pudgy skin folds. The labia minora on both sides merge forward and surround the clitoris, and the inside is reddish. The labia minora is also rich in nerve endings and extremely sensitive. Generally closed, vaginal opening and urethral opening are closed. When excited, congestion, separation and enlargement increase the effective length of vagina.
Clitoris, about the size of soybeans. Rich in sensory nerve endings, it can swell and bulge when sexually excited, and slightly increase.
The shape and size of vaginal orifice and hymen are often irregular. The vaginal opening is covered with a thin layer of mucosa called hymen. There is a small hole in the center of the membrane. The shape, size and thickness of the hole vary from person to person. When having sex for the first time, the hymen is often broken, which may be accompanied by a little bleeding and pain, but there are exceptions, not broken or broken.
Vestibular glands, located on both sides of the vaginal opening, the size of soybeans, one on the left and one on the right. When sexually excited, it can secrete light yellow liquid to lubricate the vagina.
Female reproductive organ health care
Ovary, one left and one right, located on both sides of the uterus, behind the fallopian tube, is oblate. Its size changes with age. Sexual maturity is the largest, and then gradually shrinks with the cessation of menstruation. Adults' ovaries are as big as their thumbs. The main function of the ovary is to produce eggs and secrete female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). The maturation of an egg is periodic. In a menstrual cycle, several to a dozen follicles often develop in the ovary at the same time, but generally only one develops into an egg.
As the follicle matures, a part of the ovarian wall becomes thin and prominent. When ovulating, the follicle ruptures here and discharges the egg into the fallopian tube. Under normal circumstances, women ovulate every 28 days from puberty, usually only one egg is discharged at a time. Ovulation is generally in the middle of two menstrual periods, that is, before the next menstrual period 14 days.
About 400-500 follicles develop into mature eggs in a woman's life. The main function of estrogen produced by ovaries is to stimulate the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and highlight the female posture, such as delicate skin, plump subcutaneous fat, bulging breasts and wide buttocks. Progesterone secreted by the ovary (also known as progesterone, progesterone) can ensure that fertilized eggs are "implanted" in the uterus and maintain the whole pregnancy process.
The fallopian tubes are slender and curved cylindrical tubes, each of which is about 18- 14 cm long. The inner end communicates with the uterus, and the other channel is funnel-shaped and free, and the opening is near the ovary, from which the eggs discharged from the ovary enter the fallopian tube. The main function of fallopian tube is to absorb the eggs discharged from ovary, provide a place for the combination of eggs and sperm, and send fertilized eggs into uterine cavity.
The uterus is in the shape of a nephew and a pear. The upper part is the uterine body, and the two corners are connected with the left and right fallopian tubes; The lower part is cylindrical and extends into the vagina, which is called cervix. The cervical canal in the middle connects the uterus with the vagina. The wall of uterine cavity is covered with endometrium. From adolescence to menopause, affected by hormones secreted by ovaries, it causes periodic shedding and bleeding, and forms menstruation through the vaginal outflow of ancestors.
If sperm enters the uterus from the vagina and reaches the fallopian tube during sexual life, and combines with the wolf, the endometrium will not shed and bleed, waiting for the arrival of fertilized eggs, so as to implant here and develop into a fetus. During childbirth, the uterus contracts and the fetus is delivered. Therefore, the important function of uterus is to produce menstruation and provide a place for fetal growth and development.
Between vagina, urethra and rectum, it is the organ of female sexual intercourse, and it is also the channel for menstrual outflow and fetal delivery. It is an extensible tubular organ that connects the uterus with the vaginal orifice. Under normal circumstances, the vaginal mucosa is pink, and a small amount of liquid can seep out, forming a "leucorrhea" with some uterine secretions to keep the vagina moist. At the same time, because it is weakly acidic, it can prevent pathogenic bacteria from reproducing in the vagina, so the vagina has the ability of self-purification.
However, in young girls and postmenopausal women, due to estrogen deficiency, vaginal mucosa epithelium is thin, with few folds and poor ductility, which is not only easy to be damaged, but also easy to propagate and infect once bacteria invade. The vaginal wall is rich in blood vessels, and it is easy to bleed or form hematoma after injury. During sexual life, the blood vessels with yin deficiency and fatigue are highly filled, exuding liquid, lubricating the vagina and avoiding injury. At the same time, the extravaginal 1/3 segment is rich in sensory nerves, and the friction with penis during sexual life is one of the important factors for women to get pleasure.
Female genital diseases are caused by affecting sexual intercourse or not accepting semen, and abnormal female genital environment affects sperm motility.
Why do women do reproductive maintenance?
(1) Hymen atresia and female genital atresia: The main symptoms are periodic lower abdominal pain after puberty without menstrual cramps. Menstrual blood stays in the reproductive tract for a long time, even causing tubal bleeding, affecting fertility. Transverse incision or excision is feasible for imperforate hymen. Congenital female genital atresia mostly occurs in the complete diaphragm of female genitalia 1/3. It is feasible to remove the diaphragm of female genitalia, and the contraction of female genitalia should be prevented after operation.
Acquired female genital atresia is mostly secondary to inflammation, tumor, childbirth, trauma or narrow adhesion and atresia caused by local use of corrosive drugs. If there is a tumor, it should be removed. Regarding the stricture and adhesion of female external genitalia, the adhesion can be decomposed and cut to expand the female external genitalia and prevent the formation of re-adhesion.
(2) Congenital absence of female genitalia: It is often accompanied by severe uterine dysplasia or uterine absence, and such patients have no hope of bearing, so female genital plasty can be performed.
(3) Female genital mediastinum: It can be manifested as double female genitalia, complete mediastinum and incomplete mediastinum, such as feasible mediastinal resection that affects sexual intercourse and fertility.
(4) hermaphroditism: it can be used as an artificial female genital plasty to remove the enlarged clitoris, and there is little hope of pregnancy.
(5) Vulva and gynecological inflammation: Many complaints of abnormal leucorrhea secretion are often related to ovarian function and inflammation. Application of antibacterial female genital suppository in the treatment of nonspecific gynecological inflammation. Trichomonas gynecological inflammation can be treated with metronidazole externally or orally, and each course of treatment is more than 10 days, and the man needs to be treated at the same time. Mycotic gynecological inflammation can be washed with soda water, and antifungal drugs such as nystatin and trichostatin can be taken locally or orally.
(6) Female genital spasm: those without organic causes are true female genital spasm, which can be treated with sedatives and psychotherapy. Female genital spasm caused by organic diseases is called pseudofemale genital spasm, such as Pasteurellosis, hymenitis, gynecological inflammation, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and so on. Need symptomatic treatment. Because female genital spasm often affects the life of husband and wife.
What are the natural defense functions of female reproductive organs?
From the structure of female external reproductive organs, it can be seen that female vaginal orifice is adjacent to urethral orifice and anus, and the vaginal orifice is the opening for female internal reproductive organs to communicate with the outside world, so female reproductive organs are vulnerable to external pathogenic factors. The female reproductive tract and reproductive organs have a relatively perfect natural defense system in anatomy and function, so a little pathogen invasion will not cause gynecological infection.
This natural defense system includes:
(1) The labia majora and labia minora of the female vulva meet at both sides, covering the vaginal opening and urethral opening like two doors.
(2) There are many muscle tissues in female pelvic floor. Under the action of these pelvic floor muscles, the vaginal opening is usually closed, and the front and rear walls of the vagina are close to each other, thus resisting the invasion of external pathogenic factors. But for the multipara, the vaginal wall is loose, and this function will be weakened.
(3) Estrogen secreted by female ovary can promote the proliferation and thickening of vaginal epithelial cells and enhance their resistance to pathogens.
Female reproductive organ health care
In addition, vaginal epithelial cells are rich in glycogen, and normal women's vaginas are parasitized by a bacterium called Lactobacillus vaginalis, which can decompose these glycogen into monosaccharides and then into lactic acid, making the vaginal environment acidic and keeping the pH value at 42 ~ 5. Those pathogens that are suitable for growth in alkaline environment will be inhibited, which is the self-purification of vagina.
(4) Under the action of sex hormones secreted by ovaries, the glands of cervical mucosa can secrete alkaline mucus, form mucus plugs, block the cervical canal, isolate the cervical canal from the external environment, and reduce the possibility of bacterial invasion. It is reported that bacteria can be found in the lower 1/3 of cervical mucus plug, but no bacteria can be found in the upper 2/3 of cervical mucus plug. This shows that cervical mucus suppository plays an important role in preventing bacterial infection. In addition, the cervix is usually closed, which can also prevent the invasion of pathogens.
(5) With the periodic changes in the secretion of sex hormones by ovaries, the endometrium of women of childbearing age is also periodically stripped, resulting in menstruation. With the peeling of endometrium and the discharge of menstrual blood, the pathogens invading uterine cavity are also removed.
(6) Some epithelial cells of oviduct mucosa differentiate into ciliated cells, and these cilia can swing in the direction of uterus, and the peristalsis of oviduct can remove pathogenic bacteria invading oviduct.