The bath center in Maanshan is very developed, which is unique compared with other cities in China. The bath center here is large in scale, high in grade, perfect in service, healthy and formal, and the price is also very reasonable. The bath industry attracts more than 5,000 employees, forming a "water culture" with unique local characteristics, and its popularity is well-known both inside and outside the province, attracting consumers from Jiangsu, Shanghai and other nearby areas to spend. It can be seen that the bathing industry in Maanshan is not generally developed, but quite prosperous. At the same time, it also promoted the development of local tourism, transportation, catering and other related industries.
Every holiday, private cars in Nanjing always flock to the parking lot. It is common for Nanjing people to take their families or friends to Ma 'anshan for leisure. "Invite you to take a bath" has become the mantra of Maanshan people to entertain friends; "Take a bath in Maanshan" has become a leisure fashion for residents in cities around Maanshan, such as Nanjing.
The so-called water culture is the sum of material and spiritual wealth about how to know, use, manage, love and appreciate water, which has been formed over time in the historical development of human society. When it comes to water culture, we have to mention urban water culture. A city is a concentrated place of human civilization and a place where people who create civilization can live. Urban construction is an all-encompassing comprehensive system, covering economic and cultural factors such as geography, climate, industry and population development strategy. No matter how the city develops, water will always come first. The role of water in cities is all-round and consistent, but it can be summarized as follows: first, many cities were born naturally because of water, while those cities that were not born naturally considered the role of water in site selection, and water directly affected their style and layout in the process of city birth; Secondly, human beings make a living by water, and have accumulated a lot of water-related cultures for cities, which eventually become a part of urban culture; Thirdly, the hydrological conditions of the city largely determine the environmental conditions of the city.
Water culture plays an indispensable role in the formation and operation of cities.
1 urban construction and water culture
1. 1 water culture of ancient cities in China The traditional concept of water in ancient China is to regard water as something with spirituality and humanity, and water represents the wisdom of heaven and earth. In the era of water transport, the links and economic exchanges between cities mainly depend on rivers. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Guangtong Canal, Tongji Canal, Jiangnan Canal and Yongji Canal were built, and finally the Sui and Tang Grand Canal was formed, which became the first canal system in China's history to communicate with the whole country, greatly improving the water transport level at that time and enhancing the national strength.
According to the requirements of rational culture, the water bodies in ancient cities can be divided into the following categories:
A) Sacred: emperors yearn for immortals, and the water is Tianshan Yaochi, which is arranged in royal gardens and palaces, such as Xuanwu Lake in Jiankang in the Southern Dynasties, Taiye Pool in six major cities, and Fuhai in Yuanmingyuan in the Qing Dynasty.
B) Intellectuality: that is, the "wise men enjoy water" advocated by writers, which regards water as something to cultivate sentiment, sometimes it is a mirror or deliberately twists and turns, sometimes it is listening to the sound of water, and sometimes it is watching fish and lotus; The water surface can be large or small, wide or narrow, curved or straight, poetic and picturesque, which is more common in gardening.
C) Spirituality: religious or geomantic concepts, such as the release pond and lotus pond in temples. In the planning of tombs, water is an extremely important spiritual thing. The so-called "Buried people, taking advantage of anger, stop at water" is based on water (river).
D) Macroscopicity: use the magnificent scenery of natural water bodies to compare cities or buildings. For example, Daguanlou in Kunming borrows "500 Li Dianchi Lake flows to the fundus", Yueyang Tower is near Dongting Lake, and Yellow Crane Tower is near the Yangtze River. This macroscopic water culture requires abrupt and magnificent architecture [1].
1.2 The water culture of modern cities in China is a world-famous urbanist eliel saarinen once said, "Let me look at your city, and I can tell what the residents of this city pursue culturally." His famous saying profoundly reveals that culture is the soul of the city, and the city is the material carrier of culture, the external embodiment of culture and the solidified cultural form. What kind of culture there is, what kind of city echoes it.
Modern cities are mostly built and developed on the basis of ancient towns. The development of the city is inseparable from water, and the development of the city also promotes the development of water culture. In the process of modern urban construction, people use their imagination to create various water-related facilities and landscapes, which can be seen everywhere. Such as artificial rivers, artificial lakes, rockery waterfalls, artificial fountains, artificial hot springs and hydrophilic platforms. With the development of modern cities, there are more and more facilities, which is also the embodiment of people's pursuit of a more beautiful living environment and higher quality requirements. This artificial facility integrates practical and artistic functions and plays an important role in urban environmental beautification and garden construction. Aside from the practical functions of fire fighting and sprinkler irrigation, people call the water facilities in the construction of urban beautification environment urban waterscape. Traditional knowledge holds that everything is possible without water. Huangguoshu Waterfall, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and other natural water features formed in nature are gifts given by heaven and will always be deeply loved and yearned for by human beings. People living in cities especially like the water of life, but limited by the conditions of cities, they can only transplant or simply create different forms of water by artificial means to meet the innate tendency of human beings to like water. Natural waterscape is nothing more than a special form of water, such as rivers, lakes and springs. Therefore, according to the different existing States and production methods of waterscape, modern urban waterscape can be divided into artificial rivers, artificial waterfalls, water curtain movies, fountains, hot springs, artificial wetlands and other categories. These high-tech water treatment waterscapes, which combine human wisdom, appear more and more frequently in modern cities, adding beautiful scenery lines to the urban environment.
Urban water culture is composed of these natural or artificial water features, but the water features themselves do not have cultural characteristics. The so-called water culture is just that people set up water features with the help of the connotation of cultural thoughts or the concept given to a certain cultural category. In the miniature transplantation of natural scenery, the survival demand is water culture: when dealing with water features, it is a Taoist culture of "Taoism is natural"; Waterscape imitates natural heritage and gives it a beautiful and poetic name, which is itself the accumulation of culture; If we can create a building with a certain style and a certain regional cultural characteristics, it is art and culture. 2 the relationship between urban development and water culture. The ancient cities in China developed largely by inland navigation, especially the Grand Canal, which cultivated a large number of famous towns. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Grand Canal, which runs through the east and west, gave birth to a number of famous ancient capitals such as Chang 'an, Luoyang and Bianliang. After the Yuan Dynasty, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which runs through the north and south, became more prosperous because of its connection with big cities such as Hangzhou, Nanjing and Beijing. At the same time, a large number of small and medium-sized cities have been formed along the canal, such as Yangzhou, Huai 'an, Xuzhou, Jining, Linqing and Tongzhou.
Water makes the city full of vitality, and water shortage makes the city decline. There were four famous towns in ancient China, namely Jingdezhen in Jiangxi along the Yangtze River, Foshan in Guangdong in the Pearl River Delta, Hankou in Hubei where the Yangtze River meets the Han River, and Zhu Xian in Henan along the canal. Due to the development of water conservancy conditions and water culture, Hankou has already developed into one of the three towns in Wuhan, which is the thoroughfare of nine provinces, and entered the ranks of megacities in China. Foshan Town has developed into Foshan City, a large-scale light industrial ceramic base in China and a link of foreign trade; Jingdezhen is famous at home and abroad with the title of "porcelain capital"; Zhuxian Town is located in the land and water hub of the canal transit area in the Northern Song Dynasty, and its unique geographical location makes it a prosperous land and water terminal. Later, the canal was blocked for a long time, the water transportation was not smooth, the commerce and trade gradually declined, and the city lost its vitality and became a little-known desolate town [3]. It is even recorded in ancient books that there used to be a Qinglong port in Shanghai and a Qinglong town near the port. In the heyday of the Tang and Song Dynasties, the prosperity was almost equal to that of Suzhou and Hangzhou at that time, with 22 bridges, 36 squares, 3 pavilions, 7 pagodas and temples 13, and merchants and scholars gathered. Mei, a poet in Beining, wrote the poem "Watching the Tide in Qinglong": "A hundred rivers stand in the water and soon become like noses. The old fish didn't stand guard up and down, and the pavilion cried in Cangzhou. ..... "All this was later lost with the siltation and lack of water in Qinglong Port, leaving only a few relics for people to mourn and ponder.
The development and prosperity of modern cities also benefit from the development of water culture. "There is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below". Hangzhou is famous for its West Lake. However, the beauty of the famous West Lake at home and abroad is also inseparable from its water culture. From ancient myths and legends to Su Shi's "If you want to compare the West Lake with the West Lake, it is always appropriate to make up", the prosperity of the West Lake always has a profound water culture. Today, Hangzhou has played the banner of "the capital of humanity" and "the capital of love", bringing the humanities of the West Lake into full play. In addition, Hangzhou redevelops the West Lake as a cultural foundation, restores the West Lake Expo as a platform for attracting investment, and builds the West Lake brand through cultural and recreational activities such as fireworks and tea culture festivals. This is the perfect embodiment of the culture of owning and using water well. As the East Lake, which is also the pride of Wuhan people, it doesn't seem to make people think much, except that it is the largest urban lake in China, the first batch of top 4A scenic spots in China, and the national famous scenic spot with an area six times that of Hangzhou West Lake, so there is an evaluation of "East Lake is big and West Lake is famous". The annual tourist reception of East Lake is less than that of West Lake (110), and the tourist income is less than that of West Lake (1/6). Although East Lake in Wuhan has experienced more than 50 years of development and construction, there are still many unsatisfactory places in tourism landscape, facilities and transportation. Coupled with the deterioration of water quality, the lake was once occupied, the loss of resources and other issues, but also constantly plagued the development of East Lake. Developing East Lake and making a fuss about water culture should be one of its key points.
"Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it." The key is to correctly understand and use water and develop water culture. Dujiangyan, built by Li Bing, the magistrate of Shu County more than 2,200 years ago, ensured the irrigation of about 3 million mu of fertile land, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance" for drought and flood, and still plays an irreplaceable role, irrigating more than 666,700 hectares of fertile land (1 10,000 mu). Dujiangyan city was also established and developed. Today, Qingcheng Mountain-Dujiangyan is listed on the World Heritage List by the UNESCO Heritage Committee.
From this point of view, the rise and fall of a city is closely related to water. With water and scientific and rational use of water, cities can develop well. Throughout history, no matter in foreign countries or China, water-rich areas have always been the most prosperous places in terms of population and economy, and the famous Venice Watertown is one of them. On the contrary, the population and economic capacity of areas lacking water resources are obviously inferior to the former.
The development and prosperity of cities should benefit from the development of water culture. However, with the rapid development of the city to a high degree of civilization, there are many problems in the construction of water culture. The survival and development of human beings are inseparable from the water resources, and the survival and development of cities are inseparable from water. The rapid development of cities must not be based on the destruction of water resources and water culture, which is tantamount to quenching thirst by drinking poison.
In recent years, there have been many new scenes in the development of urban water culture. For a city, it is necessary to vigorously publicize water culture, raise the awareness of the whole people to protect and cherish water, create hydrophilic conditions and environment for residents, and promote the rational development and utilization of water; Actively create a good water cultural environment, prosper water cultural undertakings, carry out colorful water cultural activities, provide excellent water cultural facilities, and enhance the city's taste and level. It is necessary to take urban waters as the stage to carry out various water cultural activities such as water sports, water tourism and water entertainment; We should strengthen the protection and maintenance of existing urban flood control levees that protect water cultural facilities, and actively build new water cultural facilities such as water cultural exhibition halls and aquariums in combination with the history of urban water culture; Actively develop parks and waterfront squares along the river, build hydrophilic buildings, hydrophilic facilities and artistic sketches, and make hydrophilic buildings one of the symbols of the city. These measures are the perfect embodiment of the combination of water culture and urban development, and will play an important role in the benign development of cities and urban water culture.
Another example is the Jingjiang levee on the Yangtze River, which has protected Jingzhou, Shashi and other cities, and has also become a beautiful scenery in these cities. Through the use of urban flood dikes and concession buffer zones, a three-dimensional space landscape with rich levels and disorderly order is formed, which completes the transition and infiltration of rivers into urban space and meets the public's hydrophilic needs. The Hankou River Beach in Wuhan can effectively prevent floods in flood season by strengthening flood control works and building waterfront landscape, and provide a good place for citizens to relax and entertain on weekdays. The place that used to be messy and often hit by floods has now become the most beautiful scenery in Wuhan [5]!
The Town God Temple in Shanghai has a long history and is a good place for business travel. For example, crucian carp tourists stroll on the winding bridge, where they can watch water, fish, lotus flowers, shopping and swimming. Shanghai is also launching a cultural tourism project with "water" as the core, making Zhujiajiao an ancient city into a leisure and ecological residence.
Zhujiajiao Town, located on the bank of Dianshan Lake, has a thousand-year history and profound water culture. After the further development of water culture, Shanghai's historical water culture and the model of water town style, ecological environment and harmony between people and water for thousands of years will be presented to tourists. At the same time, the Shanghai Water Affairs Bureau also put forward the idea of "developing the Huangpu River to drive the landscape water system". Its core content is to echo the comprehensive development of Huangpu River and Suzhou River, highlight the hydrophilic and water culture in the urban area, highlight the nature and ecology in the suburbs, and create a landscape water system integrating landscape, leisure and sightseeing. Liwan Lake, Pantang Lake in Guangzhou, East Lake, Liuhua Lake, Yuexiu Lake, South Lake, Land Rover Lake, Yuntai Garden, etc. After the 1950s and 1960s, it was artificially built. It was not too big, but it had complete facilities, which reflected the combination of water and culture. It is a good place for leisure and entertainment, and is favored by residents and tourists.
There are many above-mentioned hydrophilic landscapes in China, which have positive and far-reaching historical significance for excavating the connotation of urban culture and water culture, improving the overall taste of the city, adjusting the development layout of tourism and shaping the image of an international metropolis.
The development of constructed wetlands plays an increasingly important role in the development of urban water culture. The constructed wetland pond bed system of Chengdu Living Water Park was completed at the beginning of 1998. Living water park is a bright pearl in the process of comprehensive regulation of Funan River in Chengdu. It shows the international advanced sewage treatment technology of constructed wetland system, Chengdu people's long tradition of water control and high awareness of ecological environment protection, which is a highly conscious embodiment of the development of urban water culture. What the living water park presents to people is the fact that the polluted lifeless "stagnant water" has become vibrant "living water" through the ecosystem composed of wetland units at all levels and various high and low biological communities in the pond bed system, which embodies the true connotation of the living water park [6]. The remarkable ecological and environmental benefits and strong ornamental value are integrated with the construction of metropolitan landscape architecture, becoming a tourist attraction integrating ornamental, entertainment and sewage treatment, and a high-level application combining the development of water culture with modern science and technology. But also has a deeper significance for fully utilizing and saving fresh water resources. Therefore, in 1998, Chengdu Living Water Park Project won the highest prize of the 12th International Excellent Waterfront Award and the "Environmental Design Award" issued by the International Association for Environmental Design and Research and American magazine [7]. 4 conclusion
Cities are closely related to water culture, but in order to create a good urban water culture atmosphere, besides water conservancy workers, they need to learn the relevant knowledge of water conservancy history and ecological environment, and strive to make the combination of cities and water culture as perfect as possible. The following points can be used for reference by relevant departments.
A) Large, medium and small cities should do what they can according to their own scale, natural conditions, economic capacity and technical level;
B) According to local conditions, give full play to the talents of workers in water conservancy, art, architecture and other industries, and carefully design and construct urban water conservancy projects, so as to achieve the inheritance of existing water culture without endangering the life and property safety of the city and people;
C) In particular, in order to raise people's awareness of caring for water resources and saving water through extensive publicity, local environmental protection departments should perform their duties, strictly implement the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in People's Republic of China (PRC), give priority to educating first-time offenders (light offenders) and severely punish repeat offenders (repeat offenders). Only in this way can water serve mankind, and mankind should care about and cherish water and realize mankind.