The original meaning of the name "Copernicus" is "humility", which reflects his character. 1February 473 19 was born in Torun-sur-Visva, Poland. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, his father died of plague and was raised by his uncle Bishop Vasilo. When I was in middle school, I became interested in astronomy. I helped my teacher make a sundial and observe the stars. The poet Caryma told him that "mathematics and observation are two magic weapons for astronomers", which had a deep influence on him, and this also reflected the academic tradition at that time. /kloc-From 0/8 to 33, Copernicus studied medicine, canon law, painting and astronomy at the University of Krakow in Poland, the University of Bologna and the University of Padua in Italy. Cracow University was first influenced by the Renaissance, and the struggle between neo-bourgeois humanism and scholasticism was fierce. Under the influence of Brutsevsky, a professor of progressive astronomy, Copernicus became very interested in astronomy, mathematics and observation skills. The deeper he studied, the more he discovered the problems in ptolemaic system. When he was in Italy, he visited handicrafts. At the age of 24, he and Nofara * * * observed the occultation of the sun and the moon (Taurus) at1March 9, 497, which was a phenomenon that Ptolemy's theory could not explain. In order to reform the ancient astronomical system, Copernicus tried to absorb the essence of various works of ancient Greek scholars. On the one hand, it inherits the achievements of predecessors, on the other hand, it explores new truths in discussions with contemporaries.

Copernicus' choice of astronomy was the breakthrough point for science to get rid of the rule of scholasticism at that time. Astronomy, the oldest discipline, has not only accumulated abundant observation data, but also put forward various theoretical models, which are directly related to people's world outlook and philosophical thoughts. Although the Ptolemaic geocentric theory mentioned by university professors is based on people's sensory evidence and conforms to the ancient teachings of the Bible, Copernicus said: "People are always used to seeing themselves as the center of the world, which is a prejudice." 15 12 years, settled in furongbao, became a monk in the church, took the arched tower as the dormitory, took the platform as the observatory, and devoted himself to research for 30 years. 15 14, Pope Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici invited Copernicus and astronomers from all over the world to help make the calendar. Copernicus refused to say, "Only when the research on the movement of the moon and the sun is completed can it be possible to modify the calendar."

In order to make his new theory conform to the objective reality, on the one hand, he made simple instruments such as three-arc instrument (marking the distance between celestial bodies) and quadrant instrument (determining the direction of the sun), and insisted on observation, even during the war of 15 19 ~ 1520. Of the 27 examples he used in the theory of celestial motion, 25 were recorded by his own measurements. For example, his average distance between the earth and the moon is 60.30 times that of radius of the earth (the modern value is 60.27 times). At the same time, he used strict mathematical operations to verify his theory. Solar eclipses in 1509,151year, Mars positions in 15 12 and15/8 years, and/kloc. Between 1502 ~ 15 14, he wrote a Latin outline about Heliocentrism. In order to cope with various criticisms and difficulties, he carefully revised it three times (1512 ~1516, 1525, 1540) until1540. He said, "The Roman poet Hosty thought it would take nine years for his works to be published", but his works were shelved for almost four years! Heliocentrism proposed in this masterpiece, as Engels said, is a "challenge to theology" and a "declaration of independence of natural science". Copernicus triggered a fundamental change in human cosmology and opened the prelude to the modern natural science revolution.

Interviewee: John 3534 1895- Apprentice Magician II 1 1-6 19:28.

1473 ~ 1543

Mikolaj kopernik, a great astronomer, was born in a rich family in Toland-sur-Visva. I studied at Clayton University when I was young. During my study, I became interested in astronomy. In his twenties, he went to Italy to study, studied law and medicine at the University of Bologna and Padre University, and obtained a doctorate in religious law in university of ferrara. Copernicus spent most of his adult life as a priest in Flawn Translation Cathedral. Copernicus was not a professional astronomer. His famous masterpieces were finished in his spare time.

During his stay in Italy, Copernicus became familiar with the theory of the Greek philosopher Aristakes (the third century before), and he was convinced that the Heliocentrism of the earth and other planets revolving around the sun was correct. When he was about 40 years old, he began to distribute a short manuscript among his friends, initially expounding his views on Heliocentrism. After years of observation and calculation, Copernicus finally completed his masterpiece "The Theory of the Operation of Celestial Bodies".

1533, 60-year-old Copernicus made a series of speeches in Rome and put forward the main points of his theory, which was not opposed by the Pope. But even after his book was finished, he still dared not publish it for fear of being opposed by the church. It was not until he was nearly 70 years old that he finally decided to publish it. 1543 On the day of his death on May 24th, I received a book written by him from the publishing house.

In the book, he correctly discusses that the earth moves around the axis; The moon goes around the earth; The fact that the earth and all other planets revolve around the sun. But he also seriously underestimated the size of the solar system like his predecessors. He thinks that the orbit of a star is a series of concentric circles, which is of course wrong. The mathematical operations in his theory are both complicated and inaccurate. However, his book immediately attracted great attention and prompted other astronomers to observe the motion of planets more accurately, the most famous of which was the great Danish astronomer Taishou Brejo. Kepler finally deduced the correct law of star motion according to the observation data accumulated by the satrap.

Although Aristakes suggested that Heliocentrism was earlier than Copernicus 1700 years ago, actually Copernicus got this reputation. Aristakes just made a guess by inspiration, without discussing it in detail, so his theory is useless in science. After Copernicus solved the mathematical problems in the conjecture one by one, he turned it into a useful scientific theory-a theory that can be used to make predictions. By examining the observation results of celestial bodies and comparing them with the old theory that the earth is the center of the universe, you will find its great significance.

Obviously, Copernicus' theory is a revolution in human understanding of the universe, which has greatly changed people's whole world outlook. But when evaluating Copernicus' influence, we should also note that astronomy is not widely used like physics, chemistry and biology. Theoretically, even if people don't know anything about the knowledge and application of Copernicus, they will make TV sets, cars, modern factories and the like. But it is inconceivable not to apply the theories of Faraday, Maxwell, lavoisier and Newton.

Only considering the influence of Copernicus theory on technology will completely ignore its real significance. Copernicus's book is an indispensable prelude to the work of Galileo and Kepler. They became Newton's main predecessors again. It was the discovery of these two things that enabled Newton to determine the laws of motion and gravity. Copernicus and Heliocentrism

Copernicus Nicholas, a great astronomer in Poland. With amazing genius and courage, he uncovered the secrets of the universe and laid the foundation of modern astronomy. Copernicus devoted his life to astronomical research and founded the theory of celestial bodies, which is the declaration of independence of natural science. These achievements made him one of the greatest revolutionaries in the history of human scientific development.

First, the life of Copernicus

Copernicus was born in February 1473 in a merchant family in Torun-on-Visva, western Poland. There are four brothers and sisters in the family, and Copernicus is the youngest. /kloc-when he was 0/0 years old, his father died and his uncle Lucas took on the heavy responsibility of raising him.

From 149 1 to 1495, Copernicus entered the University of Cracow. Krakow was the capital of Poland at that time and the largest trade and cultural center in Eastern Europe. Many foreign students studied here. Because it is located in the traffic hub of East and West Europe, it was influenced by the Italian Renaissance earlier. Therefore, in this ancient university, there is a fierce struggle between the emerging bourgeois humanism and the scholasticism of the decadent feudal church. Influenced by advanced humanism, Copernicus planted the seeds of challenging scholasticism in his mind. Here, he met Professor Brudzewski, a mathematician and astronomer who had a profound influence on his life. It was this professor's enlightenment education that prompted Copernicus to decide to devote his life to astronomical science.

From 65438 to 0496, Copernicus went to Italy to study, and successively entered the University of Bologna, the University of Padua and university of ferrara to study and study law, astronomy, mathematics, theology and medicine. He also learned Greek. 1503, Copernicus received his doctorate in church regulations.

1497, Copernicus became a monk of Valsemia. 15 10 years later engaged in management and diplomatic work. He is an outstanding economist, and he is the author of General Theory of Money. He was the first economist in modern times to put forward the theory that bad money eliminated good money. Copernicus had outstanding medical skills. He used his spare time to practice medicine and treat the poor for free. He is a famous doctor, and he is known as "an imperial doctor". Copernicus was also an outstanding mathematician. In the appendix of his magnum opus "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies", he published his paper on spherical triangles.

Copernicus was also a great patriot. When the Teutonic Knights invaded Poland crazily, he stood up and defended his motherland. 15 19, the Teutonic Knight attacked, and all the monks in the Rand area of ellman were scared away, but he bravely organized and led the people of Aldestin to bravely fight back against the invaders. After five days and nights of fierce fighting, he finally beat back the enemy's attack.

Although Copernicus was always busy, he always kept a cool head and concentrated on the study of astronomy. 15 15 years, Copernicus began to write the book "The Operation of Celestial Bodies". 1525, Anna, the former housekeeper of Copernicus, fell in love with this great scientist. She ignored other people's gossip and came to Copernicus, who was deprived of the right to marry by the church. Thanks to her careful care and help, the writing of the book "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies" went smoothly.

1543 On May 24th, the great Polish scientist Copernicus died of illness.

Two. Heliocentrism's proposal.

Since ancient times, human beings have been thinking about the structure of the universe. As early as in ancient Greece, philosophers put forward the idea that the earth was moving, but there was no basis at that time, so it was not recognized by people. In ancient Europe, Aristotle and Ptolemy advocated geocentric theory that the earth was stationary and other stars revolved around the center of the universe. This theory coincides with the viewpoints of heaven, earth and hell in the Christian Bible, and the dominant Holy See strongly supports geocentric theory. Therefore, geocentric theory has long been dominant.

With the continuous development of things, the accuracy of astronomical observation has gradually improved, and people have gradually discovered the flaw of geocentric theory. In the Renaissance, it was found that the number of equal rounds and present rounds proposed by Ptolemy was as high as 80 or so, which was obviously unreasonable and unscientific. People expect a scientific celestial system to replace the geocentric theory. Under this historical background, Copernicus's earthquake theory came into being.

About 15 15 years ago, Copernicus wrote a paper entitled "A Brief Talk", which expounded his basic views on celestial motion. He believes that celestial movement must meet the following seven points:

1, all celestial orbits or celestial bodies do not have the same center.

The earth is only the center of gravity and orbit of the moon, not the center of the universe.

All celestial bodies revolve around the sun, and the center of the universe is near the sun.

On the same day, the ratio of the distance between the sun and the earth to the height of the sky is as small as that of radius of the earth. The ratio of the distance from the earth to the sun to the height of the sky is negligible.

Any movement seen in the sky is caused by the movement of the earth.

6. All the phenomena of the movement of the sun seen in the air are not caused by the movement of the sun itself, but by the movement of the earth. The earth and its atmosphere revolve around the sun like other planets. As you can see, the earth has several sports at the same time.

7. The back and forth movement of the planet that people see is caused by the movement of the earth. The movement of the earth is enough to explain all kinds of phenomena people see in the air.

In addition, Copernicus also described the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, three outer planets (Saturn, Jupiter and Mars) and two inner planets (Venus and Mercury). In the book, Copernicus criticized Ptolemy's theory. Scientifically expounded the movement of celestial bodies, overthrew the long-standing dominant geocentric theory, fundamentally denied the Christian fallacy that God created everything, and realized the fundamental change in astronomy.

Three. Celestial motion theory

Copernicus realized that the arguments in The Long Talk were put forward in a hypothetical way, and the data used in his model were not observed by himself and lacked credibility. 15 15, Copernicus began to write a more complete treatise on the operation of celestial bodies. For more than ten years, Copernicus made a lot of astronomical observations and collected a lot of data, and finally completed the first draft of this masterpiece in 1533. Later, his long-term observation, verification and correction made his cosmic system more convincing and became a scientific theory.

The first volume of "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies" is the essence of the book, which successively discusses that "the universe is spherical", "the earth is spherical" and "the motion of celestial bodies is uniform and eternal circular motion or compound motion". Copernicus said, "This rotation of celestial bodies is an inherent property of the ball and reflects its characteristics. The shape of the ball is characterized by simplicity, no starting point and no ending point, and it is impossible to distinguish parts when rotating. The shape of the sphere is also caused by the rotation itself. "

Copernicus agreed with the Pythagorean school that concise geometric images should be used to represent the structure of the universe and the operation law of celestial bodies. Copernicus correctly arranged the orbits of the planets and the earth around the sun in Chapter 10 of Volume I, and published his model diagram of the universe. At that time, this seemingly ordinary celestial sphere sequence diagram was a great leap for human beings to understand the universe.

Copernicus also explained in detail a series of phenomena caused by the three major movements of the earth (rotation, revolution and declination), such as precession, moon movement, planetary movement, latitude deviation between Venus and Mercury, and inclination of orbital plane. The birth of celestial theory made the position and motion of celestial bodies in the solar system known at that time more complete.

Respondent: Ben Shaopi Zhangji 1 1-6 19:38.

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