The predecessors' comments on Tao were all bland, and they also said that "any poem that belittles the ancient times must have profound words and simple principles, thinking that the bones are immortal" (Shi Buhua's Poems of Your Servant). Tao Yuanming was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, where metaphysical poetry prevailed for a hundred years. "It makes sense, but it's actually boring" is a poetic fashion. Therefore, bone is not difficult to make sense, but plain, and its value lies in lightness, not dryness, but quality and reality. It can transform profound and simple philosophy into sincere and broad-minded family, and seek natural pleasure in life from the troubles of pastoral cultivation. Try reading the second part of Shi Tao's poem Migration, and you will know this meaning.
Tao Yuanming abandoned Peng in the first year and returned to Chaisang. Four years later, his old house caught fire. Yixi moved to Nancun, Li Nan in seven years, at the age of 47. "Moving" was written shortly after moving, with a total of two songs, all about the joy of Nancun's communication with neighbors, each with its own emphasis. One is that although the new house is shabby and low, there are many indifferent people in Nancun, so it is quite happy to get along with them and talk about the past and the present. Secondly, after moving, I got along well with my neighbors. When busy, all subjects have enough food and clothing and are diligent in farming. When I am free, I can laugh and laugh freely. The whole poem writes the joy of self-satisfaction with the pen of self-freedom, and strings the trivial things in the neighborhood into a flowing stream in daily life. The first two sentences, "There are many beautiful days in the spring and autumn, climb high and write new poems", implicitly inherited the end of the first poem, "Wonders are shared, doubts are shared", and the article is taken out of context, ingenious and natural. Starting with the word "Spring and Autumn", this paper summarizes the whole article, indicating that what is described in the poem is not the "accidental true interest" (Xie Zhen's Poem Four Styles), but the common fun in life all year round. Whenever it is sunny in spring or cloudy in autumn, it has always been cited as an elegant victory by literati. For Tao Yuanming, after the Chaisang fire, he moved to Nancun, and he was even more gratified to own this place. Mountain climbing is not only in spring and autumn, but also in the leisure time of farming, spring planting and autumn harvest. It is also a busy season, which is by no means interesting for a scholar-bureaucrat who has been relaxing all day, let alone enjoying new poems with the "simple people" in the same village. Therefore, the literati's sense of elegance and vulgarity has an unusual significance in this poem. These two sentences are meaningful, but they are inadvertently revealed. Although it is impossible to describe the scenery in words, the scenery in Gao Shuang is so beautiful that it is worth appreciating, and the poet's expression is super broad, just like now.
Moving to Nancun has both the pleasure of climbing mountains and reciting poems and the pleasure of drinking with neighbors: "If you cross the door, you will be more popular. If you have wine, you will count." These two sentences have nothing to do with the previous events, but if you understand the poetry of wine tasting, these four sentences seem acceptable. You don't need to make a phone call at the door, and you don't need to make a phone call at the invitation between literati. Attitude is rural, more casual. Shouting, not worrying about manners, simple tone, but seeing the truth of family. The meaning of "calling each other" may be that neighbors have wine and deliberately invite poets to drink; It may also be that the poet invited his neighbors to drink wine, or the neighbors visited, and it happened that the poet had wine, so he thought about it together and enjoyed the new poems together. Du Fu said, "Do you want to call my old neighbor and shout over the fence to empty the jar? "("Guests Arrive ")" Tell that woman to open a big bottle and put it in a basin to get it for me. ..... rude command, I didn't feel ugly in the countryside. " All kinds of realms can be appreciated in these two sentences of Tao's poems, so the more subtle they are.
Of course, people don't drink and have fun all day. They are usually busy with farming, and when they get together in their leisure time, they feel endless interest: "When they are busy with farming, they go to their respective homes and miss each other in their leisure time. Acacia wears clothes and laughs endlessly. " Buy each other a drink if you have wine, and go home if you have something to do. In this small south village, the relationship between people is so real and sincere! "Going home separately" originally refers to farming at home during busy farming, but it is literally linked with the last sentence about drinking, with the same meaning, giving people the impression that drinking is scattered and farming is busy. This is better than the first four sentences, using the coherence between sentences, from the time sequence and poetic internal relations, the common trivial things in daily life can be easily integrated into a whole. This sentence not only resisted the drinking in the previous sentence, but also led to the acacia in the next sentence. Go home when you are busy, miss you when you are free, and miss you again. It seems that calling the door means repetition, leading to a cycle. "Acacia Wearing Clothes" deliberately uses the common thimble pattern of folk songs to emphasize this repetition, which makes the brushwork more fluent and free because of the repetition of syllables. This kind of repetitive composition is common in Chinese poems, such as Su Wushi, the ancient poem There are Tall Buildings in Northwest China, and Walking Over and Over again, etc., which are full of sighs because of overlapping cycles and doing their best. Tao Yuanming doesn't have to repeat the rules and regulations, but only uses the meaning of circle to form the reciprocating rhyme, which is exactly what he took from the French and Han people and is original. Besides, this is not a simple repetition, but a poetic deepening. Drinking at home can only show the truth of your feelings, and the depth of your friendship can only be seen when you are idle. Put on clothes, it can be seen that even if you are asleep, you can always recruit each other. After meeting each other, you can talk and laugh, which will make poetry go further. If the relationship between the door and the neighbors shows that the communication between poets and villagers is not limited by empty rituals, then it shows that their party time is not limited by vulgar etiquette. Therefore, writing the simple friendship between the poet and his neighbors to the extreme will also pour out the natural joy of rejecting hypocrisy. At this time, the poetry has reached * * *, and then it is very natural to sigh, "This principle will be invincible, and I will go here by all means": Isn't this kind of fun better than anything else? Don't leave here in a hurry! These two sentences buckle the topic of migration, write down the desire to live here for a long time, and also summarize the joy of submission mentioned above. We don't say "this joy", we say "this truth" because there is truth in joy, and we realize the philosophy of life that nature is above all else from the pleasure of ease. On the surface, this quick and self-sufficient pleasure embodies the principle of nature, which is no different from the metaphysical view of nature of ordinary aristocratic literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wang Xizhi said in the preface to the Lanting Collection: "The lady's phase has been pitching all her life, or talking about a room arm in arm; Let the waves go because of the entrustment. Although the fun is different, the calmness is different. When he is happy with what he has encountered, he is satisfied with himself for the time being, and he will soon be self-sufficient. He doesn't know that his old age is coming. " It seems that it can also be used to explain the true interest of the second part of Tao Yuanming's migration. But both of them are the joy of "harmony with people" and the joy of meeting people, and their essence and expression are very different. The gentry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty prided themselves on their nobility and superior social status. They ate and kept in good health every day, talked about Hyunri and met people at banquets and gatherings. For a time, they were aristocratic families and celebrities. The temporary pleasure of sightseeing is nothing more than doing nothing and pretending to be elegant; The Hyunri they placed seems unfathomable, but in fact it is just a parasitic philosophy of emptiness and laziness. Although Tao Yuanming's view of nature is still based on metaphysics, his interest in nature is to get rid of the false and dirty dust net and regard the countryside as a paradise to return to nature. The people he associates with are simple and hardworking farmers and like-minded neighbors; Hyunri, entrusted by him, is simple and lively, which is the true meaning of life he realized after he personally participated in agricultural labor. Therefore, at the end of this poem, the second sentence is "suddenly follow the farming, work hard for food and clothing, and enjoy it for the first time." It is easy to be under-served, so you can be happy for a long time, so you can warn yourself that there is no harm at first, but you can correct the abnormality with a pen "(Zhang Yugu's Appreciation of Ancient Poetry). Finally, it is pointed out that the root of natural pleasure lies in hard work, which is the core of Tao Yuanming's view of nature. "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid. What do you mean, don't camp, but seek self-protection? " The poet believes that only through productive labor and self-sufficient food and clothing can we enjoy quiet natural scenery, pure human friendship and understand the highest Hyunri-the way of nature. Obviously, this theory of "nature is promising" which advocates farming is directly opposed to the theory of "natural inaction" of the gentry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is the product of Tao Yuanming's criticism and transformation of the gentry's metaphysics with the simple materialistic world outlook of small producers. This poem begins with joy and ends with diligence, interspersed with farming. Although Syaraku is the main character, in the end, diligence is the main character. Composition and poetry complement each other, but there is no trace of axe luck. The whole article lists the casual situations of daily communication, and runs through them with comfortable natural joy. Romance is cut off, and if it is separated, there is no trace of ups and downs, intermittent and unprovoked, fluent in language, profound in meaning, seemingly dull and slow, but very natural.
It can be seen that poetry is based on reason, and the noblest person should be one who is good at changing reason in emotion. At the turn of the Jin and Song Dynasties, the mysterious wind was blazing, and most poets could talk about it. In landscape poems, metaphysics and reasoning are mostly criticized by later generations, and Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also have many reasoning works, which have won a high reputation. The reason is that the landscape poems just separated from metaphysical poems are mostly based on nature, and the reason is redundant in words; Tao poetry, on the other hand, can be reasoned with emotion, rational and unreasonable, interesting beyond pen and ink, and revealing true feelings in images. This calm and natural state has set a high artistic standard for future generations.