Introduction, cultivation techniques, processing techniques, tea drinking methods and even the pronunciation of the word "tea" from all over the world were introduced directly or indirectly from China. According to the existing historical data, China tea had spread abroad in the Western Han Dynasty. Tea first spread to West Asia through the Silk Road; Then it was introduced to the Korean peninsula and Japan. China tea was introduced into Portugal in the early Ming Dynasty. Then it was introduced to Russia, Britain, Germany, France, the United States and other countries. In addition, tea seeds (or seedlings) were introduced to Japan and the Korean Peninsula for the first time in the Tang Dynasty and successfully planted. India and Sri Lanka introduced tea trees from 18 to 19 century; Tea planting in South America began at 18 12. Kenya in Africa introduced tea trees from India in 1903. Tea was first introduced to Australia from China in 1904.

So far, more than 50 countries and regions have planted and produced tea, and people in more than 100 countries like to drink tea. So now tea, coffee and cocoa are called the three largest soft drinks in the world.

On the External Communication of China Tea Culture

China tea culture has a strong nationality because of its specific connotation. The more national the culture, the more cosmopolitan it is. In the process of continuous enrichment and development, China tea culture has also spread to neighboring countries, constantly affecting the food culture of these countries.

(1) Tea enters the Korean Peninsula.

From the 4th century to the middle of the 7th century, the Korean Peninsula was an era of Koguryo, Baekje and Silla. According to legend, in the middle of 6th century AD, Zen Master Hua Yan Zongzhiyi of Yan Jianhua Temple in North Korea introduced the cultivation and varieties of tea. By the beginning of the 7th century, tea drinking had spread all over Korea. Later, with the help of the Tang Dynasty, Silla gradually unified the whole country.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, China had frequent contacts with Ji and Silla, and had close economic and cultural exchanges. Silla, in particular, has more than 120 contacts with envoys of the Tang Dynasty, and is one of the neighboring countries with the most contacts with envoys of the Tang Dynasty. Silla people mainly studied Buddhist scriptures and Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty, and studied the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty. Some people were still officials in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the custom of drinking tea in Tang dynasty should be very close to him.

Dalian, the envoy of Silla, brought tea seeds back to China in the late Taihe period in Tang Wenzong and planted them around Huayan Temple at the foot of Zhiyi Mountain, thus beginning the history of tea planting in North Korea. Three years later, King Xingde said, "I entered the Tang Dynasty and went back to Dalian with tea seeds, and the king ordered me to plant geographical mountains. Tea has always been a good king of Germany, but as for this, it is not prosperous.

In the Song Dynasty, Silla people also learned the skill of making tea in the Song Dynasty. Silla established its own tea ceremony while learning China tea culture. This tea ceremony includes

First, after the ceremony, serve tea;

Second, sumptuous food served tea;

Third, tea is served during the ceremony;

Fourth, Jiashi tea.

Among them, tea is the most typical when guests are present. There are five kinds of etiquette for welcoming envoys in the Korean era. The envoys of Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties were held in the Hall of Gande, with the country facing south and the western envoys facing east after tea, or the western envoys facing east after tea. Sometimes, the king serves tea himself.

In the Korean era, the degree and content of Silla tea ceremony had many similarities with the court tea banquet tea ceremony in Song Dynasty.

(2) Tea enters Japan.

Tea and tea culture in China have the most profound influence on Japan, especially on the occurrence and development of Japanese tea ceremony. Tea ceremony is the most typical content in Japanese tea culture, and the origin of Japanese tea ceremony is closely related to the influence of China culture.

China tea and tea culture were mainly introduced to Japan through Zhejiang and Buddhism. The famous temples in Zhejiang include Congress Temple in Tiantai Mountain, Jingshan Temple in Tianmu Mountain, Asoka Temple in Ningbo and Tiantong Temple. The National Temple in Tiantai Mountain is the birthplace of Tiantai Sect, and Jingshan Temple is the birthplace of Lin Ji. Moreover, Zhejiang is located in the southeast coast and is an important import and export shore in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. From the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, Japanese envoys and monks came to Buddhist resorts all over Zhejiang to practice and study. After returning to China, they not only brought tea planting knowledge and brewing skills, but also brought the traditional spirit of China Tea Ceremony, which made the tea ceremony develop in Japan and formed an artistic form and spiritual connotation with Japanese national characteristics. Tea culture in China depends largely on the influence of Zhejiang Buddhism on Japan and the travel of Japanese envoys and monks in Zhejiang. Among these envoys and monks in Tang Dynasty, Du Yongzhong and Zuicheng are directly related to the spread of tea culture.

Du Yongzhong lived in Gui Bao, Xingren for eight years (in 777 AD, the 12th year of Tang Daizong's Dali). He went to China with the Tang Dynasty, lived in the Tang Dynasty for more than 20 years, and then returned to China with Drunk City and others. Du Yongzhong has always had good tea. In April of the first year of Hong Ren (the 10th year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong, AD 8 15), when Han Qi, a great monk in the temple, passed by Brahma Buddhist Temple, Du Yongzhong personally cooked tea and presented it, and the emperor gave him a royal crown. In June of the same year, Emperor Xie ordered the planting of tea in Jiji, Linjiang, Danbo and Bomo as an annual tribute. Later, tea gradually became a palace thing, loved by the royal family and gradually spread to the people.

Another important figure in spreading China tea culture is the drunken Japanese monk. After getting drunk in Zhejiang, he boarded Tiantai Mountain, followed Jia Dao to learn Tiantai Sect, and went to longxing temple, Yuezhou to learn Tantric Sect from Shunxiao. Yong Zhenyuan (805) in August, Yong Zhenyuan left for home with Du Yongzhong from Mingzhou. Tea seeds are brought from Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang. According to the secret records of Japanese social Shintoism, tea seeds were most definitely spread from China and planted next to Riji Shrine (today's Jiji Tea Garden). Zuyi introduced tea varieties to Japan and also to the imperial court, which attracted the attention of the emperor and had the same achievements as Du Yongzhong.

Before the Qingming Festival, many eminent monks from Tiantai Mountain and Tiantai Sect went to Japan to preach, such as Jian Zhen in the 13th year of Tianbao (754). They brought not only the teachings of Tiantai Sect, but also technology and living customs, and the way of drinking tea is undoubtedly one of them.

The Southern Song Dynasty was an important stage in the spread of tea ceremony in China. Japanese monk Rong visited China twice. Rong first entered the Song Dynasty. After returning to China, he brought back more than 30 articles and 60 volumes of Tiantai New Chapter, and also brought back tea seeds, which were planted in Beizhen Mountain and Tuwei Mountain before flying in Saga County. Rong entered the Song Dynasty for the second time in April of the third year of Japanese civilian rule (Song Xiaozong 14th year, AD 1 187), and in July of the second year of Japan's establishment (Song Guang Zongshaoxi 2nd year, AD 1 19 1), Rong returned to Nagasaki, and then returned to Nagasaki.

During this period, the fine tea sets of China in Song Dynasty-Tianmu Tea Bowl and Celadon Tea Bowl were also introduced to Japan from Zhejiang. Tianmu tea bowl plays a very important role in Japanese tea ceremony. At the beginning of tea drinking in Japan, when Dongshan founded the tea ceremony, the use was limited to Tianmu tea bowls. Later, due to the popularity of tea ceremony, Tianmu tea bowls are generally imitations of North Korea and Japan. Tianmu tea bowls are expensive and limited to more solemn occasions such as "Tianmu Mountain tea", such as guests coming to the door or offering tea to the Buddha.

Tea ceremony with Japanese national characteristics is based on Zhuguang Uemura (1425- 1502), a famous temple in Nara, which combines the gathering of common people with the gathering of aristocratic tea parties to form a Zen tea ordering method. Since Zhuguang completed the establishment of the tea ceremony, Mori Norikyo (1522-1591) has been developing continuously, refining the four principles of "harmony, respect, purity and silence" and achieving the status of "world tea maker". Since then, various schools of Japanese tea ceremony have their own characteristics, but the four principles of "harmony, respect, purity and silence" and the seven principles of treating people are still the main spirit of tea ceremony. The whole Japanese tea ceremony art is closely related to Buddhism, and it still exudes the cultural atmosphere of China in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and retains the legacy of Buddhists drinking tea in Tiantai Mountain and Jingshan Mountain in Zhejiang Province.

(3) Tea enters Russia.

China tea was first introduced to Russia, and it is said that it was transported to Central Asia by Hui people in the 6th century. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols made an expedition to Russia, and Chinese civilization was introduced. In the Ming Dynasty, China tea began to enter Russia in large quantities.

By the fifth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1727), China and Russia had signed a mutual trade treaty and launched land trade centered on Chaktu. Tea is one of the main commodities, and its export mode is to transport tea to Tianjin by horse and then to Chaktu by camel.

After 1883, China tea seeds were introduced to Russia many times in an attempt to cultivate tea trees. 1884, Solovozov transported 65,438 tea seedlings and 02,000 boxes of tea seeds from Hankou, opened a small tea garden near Chawak-Batumi, planted tea trees and made tea.

1888, Russian popov visited a tea factory in Ningbo. After returning to China, he hired 10 tea artists headed by Liu and bought a lot of tea seeds and seedlings. Later, Liu and others began to work in Caucasus and Batumi. Three years later, they planted 80 hectares of tea trees and set up a small tea factory. 1896 Liu et al. Contract expires. Before returning home, popov asked Liu to recruit technicians to produce vegetables and buy tea seeds. 1897, Liu led 12 technicians to Russia, planted 150 hectares of tea trees in Azaria 1990, and established a tea processing factory.

Liu Yu 1893 was recruited to go to Russia and returned to his hometown on 1924. In the past 30 years, he has made great contributions to the development of Russian tea industry. Soviet historians specially wrote articles to commemorate this.

The spread of tea in China, the earliest spread to Japan, should have started in the Han Dynasty, and there are exact literature records in the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Tang Yongzhen, the most sincere Japanese Zen master, went to China Tiantai Mountain National Assembly Temple to study. After returning home, he brought the seeds of tea trees and planted them in Tailu Mountain (in today's Shiga County) by the river. Soon, Konghai monks also came to China to study Buddhist scriptures many times, and returned to China to try to plant tea seeds. In the Song Dynasty, Rong and Heshang studied in China twice and brought back tea seeds for large-scale planting, making tea industry a sideline for Japanese farmers. At the same time, he also wrote two volumes of "Drinking Tea for Health" in Chinese characters, which strongly advocated drinking tea and was known as Lu Yu of Japan.

When Buddhism was introduced to Korea from China in the late 4th century and early 5th century, tea was also introduced to the Korean peninsula. By the Tang Dynasty, tea had been planted on the Korean peninsula.

Tea was introduced to Europe as late as16th century. In1517th year, Portuguese brought back tea from China. Decades later, because Princess Catherine loves tea, she advocated royal tea drinking after marrying King charles ii, which promoted the national tea drinking atmosphere. From 17 14 to 1729, China tea entered the British London market in large quantities, and later formed the habit of drinking tea and eating snacks at 5 pm, which was called "afternoon tea" or "five-hour tea".

Britain also shipped tea to American colonies and then to Germany, France, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Hungary and other countries. In American colonies, American immigrants poured tea from British tea boats into the sea in Boston Harbor to protest against the increase of tea tax in Britain, which led to war and eventually led to American independence.

/kloc-In the early 7th century, tea spread to Russia in the north. 16 18, the angel of China took several boxes of tea to Russia to give to the tsar, and drinking tea became popular in Russia.

China tea seeds were first introduced to India in 1780. 1826, Indonesian overseas Chinese introduced tea seeds from China, which laid the foundation of tea industry.

184 1 year, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) began to introduce tea trees from China.

In the 1960s, at the request of African countries, China sent tea experts to Guinea, Mali in West Africa, Morocco in Northwest Africa and other countries to guide tea planting, and Africa really had tea planting.