Qixia temple ticket price: 20 yuan/person in off-season, 40 yuan/person in peak season, morning exercise is free;
Opening hours: 7: 00-17: 30;
Tel: 025-85761831; 025-85766979;
Address of the scenic spot: No.88 Qixia Street, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu;
Qixia temple is located at the west foot of Qixia Mountain in Qixia District, Nanjing, surrounded by mountains on three sides and the Yangtze River in the north. It is one of the four famous temples in China, the birthplace of Buddhism "Sanlun Sect", and the Buddhist center of China in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which is as famous as Jiming Temple and Dingshan Temple in the Southern Dynasties. Qixia temple was founded in the seventh year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty (489), where Liang Sanglang made great contributions to the three religions and was called the ancestor of the three religions in the south of the Yangtze River. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the emperor of Sui Dynasty, built stupas in eighty-three states, with Jiangzhou qixia temple as the head. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Gongde Temple, with a large scale. It was also called the four largest jungles in the world together with Lingyan Temple in Changqing, dangyang city, yuquan temple, and Tiantai National Temple in Zhejiang.
1. Introduction qixia temple is located at the west foot of the middle peak of Qixia Mountain in Qixia District, Nanjing, surrounded by mountains on three sides and the Yangtze River in the north. It is one of the four famous temples in China, the birthplace of Buddhism "Sanlun Sect" and the Buddhist center of China in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Southern Dynasties, it was as famous as Jiming Temple and Dingshan Temple.
Qixia temple was founded in the seventh year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty (489), where Liang Sanglang made great contributions to the three religions and was called the ancestor of the three religions in the south of the Yangtze River. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the emperor of Sui Dynasty, built stupas in eighty-three states, with Jiangzhou qixia temple as the head. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Gongde Temple, which was very large. Together with Lingyan Temple in Changqing, Shandong, yuquan temple in dangyang city, Hubei and Guosi in Tiantai, Zhejiang, it is called the four largest jungles in the world.
1in April, 983, qixia temple was identified as a key Buddhist temple in the Han area of China, and Qixia Mountain Branch of China Buddhist College was established in the same year. 1988 1 month, listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Second, the architectural pattern of qixia temple covers an area of more than 40 mu, and the Pilu Hall and the Tibetan Scripture Building are in hospital service, rising step by step along the mountain, with neat and beautiful pattern. In front of qixia temple is an open green lawn, with a mirror-like lake and a crescent-shaped white lotus pond, surrounded by lush trees and flowers, and winding peaks in the distance. The air is fresh and the scenery is quiet and beautiful. The main buildings in the temple are the mountain gate, Maitreya Buddha Hall, Pilubao Hall, Dharma Hall, Buddhist Hall, Buddhist Scripture Building, Jian Zhen Memorial Hall and the stupa. There is a monument to Amin Hui Jun in front of the temple, and there are many places of interest behind the temple, such as Thousand Buddha Rock.
In front of the temple, there is a Ming monument on the left, which was erected in memory of Shao, a famous monk in the early Tang Dynasty. The inscription was written by Li Zhi, written by calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty, and the word "Qixia" was written by Li Zhi himself. This is one of the historic sites in the south of the Yangtze River and a precious cultural relic.
Entering the mountain gate, there is the Maitreya Buddha Hall, where Maitreya Buddha with naked chest and smiling face is enshrined, and King Wei Tuo holds his head high. Stepping out of the temple gate, there is the main hall in the temple, that is, the Hall of the Great Hero, which is dedicated to the 10-meter-high Sakyamuni Buddha. Then there is the Pilu Hall, which is majestic and solemn. In the center of the main hall, there is a golden Buddha, Pilu Jinna, which is about 5 meters high. Disciples Wang Fan and Dishi stood on the left and right, while twenty days were on both sides of the hall. There is an island Guanyin statue behind the Buddha, with Guanyin standing on the top and auspicious and dragon girls next to it. The whole island should be transformed into Guanyin. The statues in the hall are exquisite in craftsmanship and vivid in expression, which is amazing.
In addition to Pilu Hall, there are Buddhist temples, Buddhist temples and Buddhist scripture buildings built on the mountain. There are 7 168 volumes of Tibetan scriptures and more than 4,000 volumes of various scriptures. A jade statue of Sakyamuni is enshrined in the Buddhist shrine. On the left side of the Buddhist Scripture Building is the Memorial Hall of the Master Crossing the Sea, which is dedicated to the statue of Jian Zhen monk Tuosha and displays cultural relics such as Jian Zhen's sixth eastward crossing and Jian Zhen monk memorial collection. These are all gifts from the Japanese Buddhist community, and they are historical testimony of the friendly exchanges between the Chinese and Japanese Buddhist communities.
A new jade Buddha building has been built in the temple, in the middle of which a jade Buddha is enshrined, which is 1.5 meters high and weighs 390 kilograms. The jade Buddha is finely carved and decorated with gold, donated by Master Xingyun, a monk in Taiwan Province Province. On the two walls of the Jade Buddha Building, there are colored paintings of Buddha Sakyamuni.
On the right outside the temple is the stupa, which was built in the first year of Renshou of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty (60 1), with seven floors and eight sides. It is made of white stone and is about15m high. There are stone railings on all sides of the tower foundation and Mount Sumi on the foundation. On the eight sides of the tower, Sakyamuni Buddha's "eight-phase road map" is engraved. A white elephant was reincarnated, born under a tree, bathed in the Prince in Kowloon, went to Ximen and Tancheng for penance, bathed in meditation and achieved enlightenment, demonization and nirvana. Above the eight-phase diagram is the first-stage tower, which is very high and octagonal with inclined columns at each corner. The tower body is engraved with reliefs such as Manjusri, Samantabhadra Bodhisattva and Four Heavenly Kings. The upper and lower eaves of the above floors are short, the income of the five-story eaves is from bottom to top, and the tower body is also divided. There are two stones on all sides, and a Buddha sits in the niche. On the slope under the eaves, there are also statues of flying, lotte and supporting heaven and man, which have the same effect as the flying of Dunhuang Five Dynasties Grottoes. The brake post at the top of the tower is lotus-shaped. The whole stupa is exquisitely carved, which is not only a masterpiece of stone carving art in the south of the Yangtze River in Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also a precious object for studying ancient Buddhism, art and culture.
Iii. Main scenic spots 1, stupa
Qixia temple stupa is a relic of the Southern Tang Dynasty, one of the oldest stone pagodas south of the Yangtze River and the largest stupa in China. Built in the Sui Dynasty, in the second year of Sui Renshou (602), Emperor Wendi of Sui ordered eighty-three states to build Renshou Pagoda, one of which is qixia temple, which was built in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the tenth century and is the most valuable ancient building in qixia temple. The stone pagoda is octagonal and about15m high. There are hook stone railings around the base, which restore the original objects excavated in the modern five dynasties. The ground of the pedestal is carved with figures such as sea water, dragons and phoenixes, fish and shrimp, and only a part of them are reserved.
Eight-phase Sakyamuni embossed on all sides of Mount Sumi under the tower. The tower on the first floor is extremely tall, with carved doors in the front and back, Manjusri (extinct) and Bodhisattva statues in the northeast and southwest, and the statues of heavenly kings on the other four sides. There are five layers of dense eaves on it, and there are small Buddhist niches inside. The eaves are like wooden tiles, and there are bells around the temple at the end of the corner beam, and there are several others. The top of the tower used to be a metal gate. There was an iron ring on the back of the heavy beast and a chain leading to the ridge. Later, it was replaced by several layers of treasure tops made of lotus. The tower is a masterpiece of Buddhist art in China during the Five Dynasties, with rigorous and natural image, vivid image, exquisite carving and rich Chinese painting style. After thousands of years of wind and rain, although some stone eaves have been destroyed, they still stand tall and stand tall, which has become a witness to the prosperity of Jinling Giant Buddha.
2. Giant Buddha Pavilion
The Giant Buddha Pavilion, also known as the Three Temples, was carved by the Buddha with infinite longevity in the Southern Qi Dynasty, and is located in the east of the stupa. The sitting height of the Buddha statue is10.8m, and the seating height is13.3m.. Guanyin and Shi Zhi Bodhisattva stood on the left and right, with a height of 1 1 m. The folding style of Buddha statues is quite similar to that of Yungang Grottoes in Datong. It turns out that there are two Buddha statues beside the stupa, which are more than three meters high, exquisite and elegant, similar to the Longmen Stone Buddha in Luoyang, and are also peerless treasures in the golden age of Buddhist art in China.
Qixia temple is the place where Jian Zhen monks traveled in the Tang Dynasty. There is a "Jian Zhen Monk Memorial Hall" in the courtyard of the Buddhist Sutra Building in the temple, which is dedicated to a statue of Jian Zhen monk born during the Japanese delegation's visit to Ning in 1963, and also displays a variety of historical materials about Jian Zhen monks.
3. Thousand Buddha Rock
Thousand Buddha Rock is located in the rocks behind the stupa, and there is also a group of grottoes excavated during the Southern Dynasties, in which more than 500 Buddha statues are carved, called Thousand Buddha Cliff. Among them, the largest Buddha statue is the Infinite Life Buddha, which is as high as 10 meter, with Guanyin and the Great Trend Bodhisattva standing on the left and right, forming the three sages of the West. The surrounding rock walls are covered with Buddha statues and statues. In the last grotto, a brick statue with a hammer and an iron cone appeared, and the sculptor of the Buddha carved his image into the niche. The Buddha statues on Ganfo Cliff are spectacular, reflecting the wisdom and strength of ancient working people.
Behind the Giant Buddha Pavilion, to the east of the pagoda, and between the cliffs behind the Infinite Hall, there are thousands of Buddha rocks, which are known as "Yungang in the South of the Yangtze River" and are the only grottoes in the Southern Dynasties in China. According to "qixia temple Monument", after Shao died, his son and Saman first carved the infinite longevity Buddha, Guanyin and two Bodhisattvas on the two walls of Xifeng. According to legend, after the Buddha statue was carved, it shone on the top of the niche, so the nobles of Qi and Liang dynasties heard the news and moved according to the height of the rock.
Under the deep and wide, there are Buddha statues carved on the stone walls, or five or six or seven or eight statues are shrines, which are called Thousand Buddha Rock. * * * There are 294 niches and 5 15 Buddha statues in the Southern Dynasties. Later, Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming continued to dig, and there were 700 Buddha statues. Liang Linchuan Wang Xiaohong installed the Buddha statue and Liang Linchuan Wang Xiaohong decorated the Buddha statue. Qianfo Rock is located in the south, opposite to the north and south of Yungang Grottoes. It is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese sculpture.
In the next year of Liu and Song Dynasties, monk Shao lived in seclusion in Qixia Mountain, and the Tathagata shone among the rocks at night, so he made a wish to build a cave, but failed. The second son, Ming Zhangzhong, inherited the inheritance and asked the monk master to design and carve a niche on the stone wall of Xifeng. In 484, he carved the Infinite Life Buddha (Amitabha Buddha) and Guanyin and Shi Zhi, both of which were ten meters high. After carving, the nobles of Qi Liang all collected their own goods. According to the depth and width of the rock, they carved Buddha statues on the stone wall, or five or six, or seven or eight, which is called a thousand Buddha rocks. During the Liang Wudi period (5 1 1 year), Wang Xiaohong of Liang Linchuan decorated the Buddha statue to make it resplendent. The "Giant Buddha Pavilion" carved by Zhong Zhang and Fadu in Ming Dynasty is the first cave of Thousand Buddha Rock. It is also called "Infinite Hall" and "Three Temples" because it worships the three saints in the West. Today, these brick doors are the result of repairs for future generations. There are four niches in the east of the Great Buddha Hall, about 20 caves in the west, and the rest are scattered on the rocks and the north of the rocks. The layout in the niche, or one Buddha and two bodhisattvas, or one Buddha and two disciples, has statues of King Lux on both sides of the cave door. Double lions often crouch under the Buddha's seat. In the stroll, you can often see ancient inscriptions, among which Lu Jiuyuan's "Ancient Thousand Buddha Rocks Qixia Mountain" is the most striking.
4. Infinite Hall
Infinite Hall is the earliest and largest Buddhist shrine in Thousand Buddha Rock. The infinite longevity Buddha is in the middle, and Guanyin and the general trend are divided on both sides. The statue is symmetrical and smooth. The folding style of the Three Buddhas is similar to Yungang Grottoes, and the excavation age is seventeen years earlier than Yungang Grottoes. The sculpture is exquisite and simple, comparable to Datong and Longmen. Its value lies in preserving the original rhyme of Buddha statues in the Southern Dynasties, especially in the south of the Yangtze River.
There is a unique "Buddha" in the Thousand Buddha Rock, that is, the "Stone Buddha" on the left side of the Three Temples. According to legend, when carving the last Buddha statue, the hammer was light and the stone did not move; Hammer weight, stone crack; It's not light or heavy, it's just a spark, but it can't be cut through. Seeing that the deadline had come, the stonemason jumped into the niche to avoid everyone's death and became a "stone Buddha" with a hammer in one hand and a chisel in the other. This legend reflects the respect and nostalgia of later generations for Wang Shou, a famous craftsman in Ming Dynasty.
5. rainbow mirror
Mingjing Lake, located 50 meters in front of qixia temple Mountain, is the combined name of Rainbow Bridge and Mingjing Lake. Mingjing Lake used to be the gathering place of peach blossom stream water (now it has been diverted). The lake is clear and bright, and light can shine on people. There is a hexagonal pavilion on the lake, which is connected by a curved bridge and looks like a rainbow. It is nicknamed "rainbow mirror". Rainbow Bridge was destroyed by soldiers in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty. It was rebuilt in the 1920s and restored to its original appearance. Since then, bridges and pavilions have been restored. 198 1 year, rare phenomena such as lake bed collapse, rainbow bridge fracture, rainbow pavilion collapse and "rainbow mirror" disappearing for a period of time appeared. 199 1 year, the "rainbow mirror" reconstruction project was officially started and completed the following year. The rebuilt Mingjing Lake is square with an area of about 3000 square meters. There are pavilions, hexagons, black tiles and cornices in the lake. The word "Hong Ting" above was inscribed by Master Mingshan, a contemporary monk. The rainbow bridge twists and turns in the waves and is integrated with the pavilion. There stands a monument by the lake, which is more than 2 meters high. "rainbow mirror" is engraved on the front and "Fu Jianming Jinghu Monument" is engraved on the back, explaining the reasons and process of reconstruction in detail.
6. Ming Zheng Jun Monument
In the third year of the Tang Dynasty (676), Emperor Gaozong of Li Zhi erected a monument. Ming Chongyan, a hermit who founded qixia temple in the Southern Dynasties (a favorite of Tang Gaozong), asked Li Zhi for a "Imperial Monument" in memory of his ancestors and stood in front of qixia temple Mountain. Shao, a monk in the Ming Dynasty, was called "Zhao Jun" because the court failed to recruit him many times. The monument is 2.74m high,1.31.36m wide and 0.36m thick. There are six dragon arches at the head of the monument, and the words "Zheng Mingjun Monument" are engraved on it, which was written by Wang Zhijing, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. On both sides of the monument, the lion's head ribbon is decorated with passion fruit; The inscription was drafted by Li Zhi, a master calligrapher. The whole article is 2376 words, which is the rhyme of four or six poems and ends with 10 nouns. The monument records the life of Shao, a famous monk in Ming Dynasty, and the historical events of Qi and Liang Dynasties in Xingxing Temple in Qixia Mountain. The tablet is engraved with the word "Qixia", which is said to be the imperial book of Li Zhi. There are bean-shaped white markings on the stone tablet, which is the stem fossil of an animal sea lily and the coral fossil of China Cave in shallow sea 280 million years ago. There is a fossil strutting with a ball at the glans under the monument, which was carved from the carbonaceous rocks of the Chuanshan Formation of the Upper Carboniferous 290 million years ago.
7. Grottoes statues
According to the evolution of literature records and carving styles, Qixia Grottoes statues can be roughly divided into three periods.
(1) the first stage
It was built between Jin and Song Dynasties, the first year of Song Yongguang. Represented by the statues numbered Xia 026 and Xia 024 on the left side of the Infinite Hall.
Summarize the style of this sculpture: it is a dome-shaped cave. The Buddha's body is short and square, mostly with high bun and spiral hair, U-shaped neckline, backlight and lotus on the back of the head. The pleats are shaped like a figure of eight covering the altar and a sub-shaped altar base. Bodhisattva wears a square crown and stands on a round lotus. There are three walls and three niches.
stage Ⅱ
It took more than ten years to dig at the end of the 5th century. Take the Infinite Hall (hereinafter marked as 020) and its surrounding areas as 022,021,0 19 (Sakyamuni Duobao Cave, namely 13 Cave marked by Nanjing Museum), 004 below, 102 above and/kloc above. It can be roughly divided into prophase and anaphase. Summarize the style of grotto statues in this period: all of them are domes, three-walled annular altars, mostly square and horizontal rectangles, and thousands of buddhas appear. Compared with the first phase, the trunk of the Buddha statue is obviously longer, with the performance of sitting, standing and sitting, and the wearing methods of Buddha clothes are also relatively rich. A robe with a U-shaped neckline, with "hanging shoulders", "praising clothes" and "half-wearing" coexists, with meditation seal and fearless seal, and the skirt hangs. Bodhisattva has a ⅹ-shaped garland, which shows the phenomenon of going through the wall. In terms of sculpture, the combination of round carving and straight knife method makes the shape more expressive, the thickness of clothing is weakened compared with the first phase, the trunk of Buddha statue is slender compared with the first phase, the style of explicit image is obvious, and the sculpture combination is also increased compared with the last phase. Other carving factors, such as holding the paw of a guardian lion and the shape of a small kneeling person, are also new contents in this issue.
(3) the third stage
From the beginning of 6th century to the first year of Liang Tianzheng (55 1). Represented by the introduction of Buddha in front of the present Infinite Hall. The seriously damaged one, with a low bun and spiral hair, stands on a round lotus base, and the right front of the Buddhist garment is attached to the shoulder along the left arm. The clothing pattern becomes a convex ridge and is symmetrically engraved on the chest, and the cassock is heavier. The other statue is well-preserved, with a fitted thin dress, a delicate description of the ups and downs of the lower chest and abdomen, a stepped and muddy pattern, a low bun and spiral hair, dressed in the same way as the previous statue. The two Buddha statues are similar in appearance, but slightly different in carving techniques and physical expression. Because both statues are single round carvings, their original sites can no longer be verified (it is said that they were moved from the stupa).
The overall style of the statues in the third phase of qixia temple Grottoes has evolved as follows: the statues have changed from short to long, the Buddhist garments have changed from the early U-shaped neckline to the later "banded", "semi-draped" and "shoulder-hanging" Buddhist garments, from rough and heavy Buddhist garments to human body portraits, and the thickness of the garments has gradually weakened, and then they have become light and fit. The Buddha's seat changed from a sub-shaped altar base to a square and rectangular altar base, and finally a three-walled annular altar appeared. The combination of idols has gradually increased from one Buddha and two bodhisattvas to one store with many statues. The carving technique has also changed from a straight knife to a round carving. In the second stage, a bodhisattva wearing a ⅹ-shaped wreath appeared in front of her abdomen.
9. qixia temple stupa.
The rescue and maintenance project of China's largest stupa-Nanjing qixia temple stupa was completed at the end of 1993. This maintenance, presided over by Cai Run, an associate researcher of China Institute of Cultural Relics, is the largest and the highest technical level in all previous maintenance. It is mainly to bond eight stone components that fell hundreds of years ago due to natural weathering and lightning.