Source of works
From the Warring States period Zhuangzi's "Health Lord".
The Lord of Health Preservation is the third book in Zhuangzi, which belongs to the inner chapter. It is generally believed that Zhuang Zhou wrote it himself. This is an article about keeping in good health. The meaning of "health care master" is not "health care" in the modern sense. Its meaning should be "keeping in good health", "all one's life", "raising relatives" and "doing one's best".
original work
My life is limited, but so is my knowledge. With restrictions, there is no restriction, and it is almost there! It's almost enough for people who already know! Good has no near name, and evil has no near punishment. The Governor thinks that classics can preserve our health, nurture our life, support our loved ones and last for several years.
My skillful hands, shoulders, feet, knees, knives and tenors are all in harmony with the dance of Sanglin, which is a chance for longevity. Wen said, "Good! Is that all? " My master put a knife on him and said, "I am good at what I do, and my technology is advanced." When the first minister solved the cow, he saw nothing but the cow. I haven't seen all the cows for three years. At this time, I saw God instead of looking at him. Zhi Zhi was an official and wanted to do something. According to heaven, nature is a big criticism and a big lesson. Technology and experience are not bad, but what's the situation? A good man is a better cutter; There are many knives and many folds in the family month. Today, I have killed thousands of cows with my sword for nineteen years, but if the blade is new. There are gaps on both sides, but the blade is not thick. Without thickness, there will be room for recovery, so 19 years, the blade is still new. " Although, whenever it comes to kinship, I see difficulties, take a warning, don't look at them, act late, and solve them all at once with a small knife. For example, the Land Commission, holding a knife, looks around, is full of ambition and hides a good knife. "Wen Huijun said," good! "I have listened to my master, so I can stay healthy."
Seeing the right teacher, Wen Wenxuan was surprised and said, "Who is it? Is it evil? Heaven and man? " "Heaven is not human. Heaven is born unique, and people's appearance is both. Therefore, it is known that it is also inhuman. " Zepheasant pecks every ten steps and drinks every hundred steps, leaving no livestock in the van. Although God is king, he is not good.
Dead, Qin hung up and came out in three days. Disciple said, "Is it evil not to be friends with Master?" Say: "Ran". "However, what's the point?" "however. At first I thought he was a man, but now he is not. Hanging to me, there are old people crying, such as crying their sons; Crying less is like crying for your mother. If he knew, someone would have cried without saying anything. It is a punishment to escape from heaven and forget what you have suffered. At the right time, so is the master; Appropriate, the master is also suitable. " In times of peace, sorrow and joy cannot enter. The ancients called it the solution of the emperor county. "
It means that poverty is the wage, fire is spreading, and I don't know what to do.
Annotation of works
1. Ya: deposit, limit.
2. Knowledge (intelligence): knowledge, intelligence.
3. follow: follow the question.
4. Almost: danger, here refers to exhaustion, mental injury and physical exhaustion.
5. already: this, so; This refers to the situation that the limited life is used to ask for infinite knowledge.
6. Proximity: Proximity means pursuing and coveting.
7. Fate: Follow, follow. Du: Right, right. Traditional Chinese medicine has the theory that there are eight strange meridians. The so-called Du meridian is the middle meridian of the human back and has the function of Du meridian to help yang. "Fatalism" means following the meaning of Tao in nature. Jing: Chang.
8. Life: commonly known as "sex", "whole life" means preserving nature.
9. Parenting: Literally speaking, context cannot be linked. It is also far-fetched to always say that you don't leave your parents with worries. For your reference.
10. End the year: Enjoy the last year and don't die.
1 1. Dong (páo): kitchen. "My master" is a chef. When I say "Dong", I mean the chef and "Ding" is his name. For (wèi): For，for。 Text: The old saying refers to Liang. Solution: Cutting decomposition.
12. Touch: Touch.
13.y: shit.
14. Shoes: step by step.
15. You (yǐ): Kneel down.
16.huā ran: the sound of separation of flesh and blood. To: often used as "ring", sound. "Xiang" is the way in which many voices respond to each other.
17. Play: Hello. Hu Ran: The sound of cutting cattle quickly with a knife.
18. Zhong (zhòng): in line with; "Alto" means in line with the rhythm of music.
19. Sanglin: the legendary musical name of Shang Dynasty. "Sanglin Dance" refers to the dance accompanied by Sanglin music.
20. Buddhist scriptures: the legendary music name of the Emperor Yao era. Will: Music, rhythm.
21.xi (xρ) (xρ): a variant of the word "xi".
22. Guy: What do you mean? The modal particle in the sentence is pronounced "Gai".
23. release: put it down.
24. Hao: Preference. Tao: the law of things.
25. Enter: enter a new level, which means to surpass or surpass. Hu: Yu, Bi.
26. God: spirit, mind.
27. Officer: Organ, here refers to the eyes. Knowledge: perception, here refers to vision.
28. Justice: Natural texture, here refers to the natural structure of cattle.
29. Batch: Direction: Xi (x √): commonly known as "gap", which refers to the gap between tendon and bone of cattle.
30. Tao: the same as "guiding" and following. (ku ǐ n): Empty, which refers to the large empty space between bovine joints.
3 1. Cause: follow. Of course: the original structure of the cow body.
32. Skill (zhι): It is often used as "branch" and refers to branch vein. Meridian: Meridian. "Technical Classics" refers to the place where meridians meet. Ken: The meat on the bone. ǐ (qǐ): A place where flesh and blood are closely linked. No: no. Taste: try.
33.ū (gū): big bones.
34. Year: every year. Gēng: replace.
35. Family: numerous; "Family" refers to the average chef.
36. Fold: break; This refers to cutting bones with a knife.
37. hair: out, here refers to just grinding off the grindstone. Xing: whetstone.
38.jiàn: seams and gaps; In this sense, later generations wrote "space".
39. recovery: broad. Blade: A running blade.
40. Family: the wrong parts of knuckles and tendons.
4 1 .1 (chù) Of course: Be cautious.
42. tapir (Hu): the sound of decomposition of cattle carcasses.
43. Committee: accumulation.
44. Hesitation: A carefree look. Manzhi: Satisfied my heart.
45. Goodness: It means to fiddle and wipe.
46. Health care: Later, the provincial central language means "the way of health care".
Translation of works
My life is limited, but my knowledge is infinite. It is really dangerous to pursue infinite knowledge with limited life! There is danger, but also the persistent pursuit of knowledge, then there is nothing but danger. You don't need fame to do good, and you don't need punishment to do bad. With the aim of following the nihility of nature, you can protect your life, preserve your nature, save the opportunity of new life and enjoy all your years.
My master is Wen Zai Niu, and all kinds of movements, such as touching the shoulders and stepping on the knees, creaking the separation of cattle from their flesh and blood, and rushing into the knife to solve the cow, are in line with the rhythm of music and coordinated with the rhythm of mulberry dance and Beijing first song. Wen Huijun said, "Oh, great! How can your skills be so superb? My master put down the butcher knife and replied, "I like Tao, which is beyond the scope of technology." When I first slaughtered the cow, all I saw was the whole cow. Three years later, I have never seen the whole cow again. Now when I slaughter cattle, I get information with my heart, and I don't need to look with my eyes. The function of vision has stopped, but the mind is still working. According to the physiological structure of cattle, chop the knife into the big gap between bones and muscles, and then introduce the knife into the gap between joints. Because the knife is used completely according to the original structure of the cow body, even the places where the meridians are connected and the bones are staggered will not touch, let alone the big bones! Good chefs change a knife every year, because they cut with a knife; Generally, chefs change knives once a month, because they cut with knives. My knife has been used for 19 years, killing thousands of cows, but the blade is as good as ever. There are gaps between the joints of cattle, but the blade is so thin that there is no thickness. If you use a blade with no thickness to cut a seam with a gap, it should be wide and have enough space for the blade to move. So this knife has been used for 19 years, just like when it was first opened. Even so, every time I touch the place where the bones and muscles are knotted and see that it is difficult to start, I am still afraid of vigilance, staring at it and slowing down. Although the knife was light, the whole cow immediately disintegrated with a clash, just as the soil was dumped on the ground. I stood up with a knife, looked around, carefree and satisfied, then wiped the knife clean and put it away. " Wen Huijun said, "Well, after listening to me, I know the truth of keeping in good health. "
Wen Wenxuan was surprised to see Teacher You and said, "Who is this? Why only one foot? Is it born with only one foot, or is it artificially lost? " The right teacher said, "Heaven made it, not man-made. God gave me such a body, I only have one foot, and people's looks are completely given by God. So knowing is natural, not artificial. "
The pheasant on the edge of the swamp can only peck at one bite of food after ten steps, and can only drink one mouthful of water after hundreds of steps, but it will not pray for animals to be locked in cages at all. Although you don't have to struggle to find food in the cage, even if you are strong, you are very uncomfortable.
Dead, his friend Qin lost. He left in tears. Lao Dan's disciple asked, "Aren't you a friend of our teacher?" Qin Shi said, "Yes." The disciples asked again, "Is it okay to mourn your friends like this?" Qin Shi said, "Good. I thought you had been detached from the teacher for many years, but now it seems that this is not the case. Just now, I walked into the mourning room to pay my respects. Some old people are crying for him, just as parents are crying for their children. There are young people crying for him, just like children crying for their parents. The reason why they are gathered here must be that someone doesn't want to say anything but can't help saying something. He didn't want to cry, but he couldn't help crying. It is against common sense to love life so much and hate death. They all forget that man is endowed by nature and ordered by heaven. In ancient times, people called this practice a fault of deviating from nature. Accidentally came into the world, Mr. your was born in time; He died unexpectedly, and Mr. You died accordingly. Be content with the constancy of nature and obey natural changes, and sorrows and joys will not enter your heart. In ancient times, people called it liberation from nature, as if to relieve the suffering of hanging upside down. "
The candle will burn out eventually, but the fire will continue and never go out.
Creation background
The meaning of "health master" is the main key to health. This article aims to explain the way of keeping in good health. The author believes that human society is complex and human life is limited. Living in such a complicated society, we should conform to the way of nature and regard it as a normal law of life. Do not pursue fame and gain for good, and do not suffer punishment and humiliation for evil. He is good at avoiding all contradictions and right and wrong, "entering a room without thickness" and living his life in the cracks between right and wrong. Only in this way can you "protect yourself", "live a good life", "raise your loved ones" and "do your best". In fact, this way of keeping in good health is developed from Laozi's thought of "knowing enough, not humiliating, being content with risks and lasting", which embodies Zhuangzi's thought of avoiding contradictions as much as possible and is a negative philosophy of life.
This negative philosophy of life gives spiritual comfort to people in dangerous and chaotic times or people who are pessimistic and frustrated in the future, which is undoubtedly a negative psychotherapy. However, the story of "an expert knows the cow" itself has positive materialistic thought, and it also gives profound enlightenment to future generations, which also produces popular idioms such as "comfortable" and "full of ambition", which are still in use today. Wang Yang's articles are arbitrary, and his stories are rational and imaginative, which are loved by generations. It is of great philosophical and literary research value. There have always been many annotations, such as Jin Guo Xiang's annotations, Zhuangzi's Notes, Guo Qingfan's Zhuangzi's Notes, etc.
Zhuangzi's thought is inherited from Laozi. It is unscientific to say that he is passive. Looking at Zhuangzi's thoughts, he is idealistic and always carries out Lao Tzu's ideological realm of doing nothing. It should be said that he is in a state of right and wrong, much like Lao Tzu said, catering to troubled times with a natural and inaction attitude. Everything takes nature as the code of conduct. If a person is active or enthusiastic about something, then he has desire and desire, which runs counter to Laozi's thought.
works appreciation
The full text is divided into three parts. The first part is "You can spend all your years", which is the general outline of the whole article. It is pointed out that the most important thing for health preservation is "learning from the law and destiny", that is, adhering to the virtual Tao in things and adapting to the changes and development of nature. The second part is about "how to preserve one's health", which means comparing one's health to a chef's decomposition of cattle, indicating that life and life should be "nature-oriented" and "sky-oriented", and only by taking the virtual "space" as one's own can one be "comfortable", thus avoiding the entanglement of right and wrong and contradictions. The rest is the third part, which further explains the sage's attitude towards life, that is, not sticking to things, advancing with the times, traveling with the heart, following nature, advancing with the times, poor benevolence and morality, and even death. This is basically understood by Wen. However, Zhuangzi wanted to express much more than that.
The center of Zhuangzi's thought is the state of mind of knowing that it is impossible and letting nature take its course. Although the words between the lines of this article are ostensibly about keeping in good health, they actually reflect the author's philosophical thoughts.
In Zhuangzi's view, all kinds of contradictions in human society are like tendons and bones in cattle. If it is not handled properly, the damage to the blade is just like the bones touching the blade, so is the damage to people themselves. Therefore, in order to save life from damage, people should "follow nature" and "conform to nature" and learn to survive in the cracks of contradictions. It's like solving a cow. As long as the blade walks along the gap between the tendon and the bone, it will remain sharp and will not be dulled by injury. This is the way of keeping in good health and philosophy of life advocated by Zhuangzi. Obviously, this kind of thinking is negative, but the story of "knowing the cow by skillful hands" itself has positive materialistic ideological significance. Why can an expert who knows cows reach the realm of "being comfortable"? The reason lies in "good Tao", and Tao is the regularity of things. Cattle's body has its natural structure, and I have learned and mastered its structure from long-term practice. Therefore, when solving the problem, I can "meet God without seeing him, and want to do things with Zhi Zhi as an official", which is orderly and rhythmic. Doesn't this mean that to master things skillfully, we must first master the regularity of things! At the beginning of my understanding of cows, the master "saw nothing but cows". Three years later, "I haven't seen all cows", and I have mastered the structure of cows. 19 years of practice has finally reached the realm of "freedom". This development process fully shows that to understand and master the laws of things, we must go through a long-term and serious practice process. After being extremely skilled, I still dare not take it lightly when solving cattle. He "sees difficulties for every family" and "takes a warning, watches its changes, acts late, and uses his knife". The reason is profound. For example, skilled people write about how to understand cows, express different movements of hands, shoulders, feet and knees by touching, leaning, walking and squatting, and express the subtle differences of different sounds by "tu", "tu" and "tu", with accurate words and descriptions. Others, such as The Voice of the Cow, are a combination of tenor and the dance of mulberry trees, which is the first meeting in Beijing. After thanking Niu, the expressions of "standing with a knife" and "full of ambition" are even more elegant and charming, reaching a high level in art, and the structure of the article is also commendable, consisting of six paragraphs. The first paragraph is the outline of the full text, which generally discusses the way of keeping in good health. The following four paragraphs tell four fables respectively. The last paragraph is the metaphor of the exhaustion of salary and fire, which summarizes the full text and further explains that the way of conforming to nature is the center of health preservation. This unique serial structure is unique to Zhuangzi.
Brief introduction of the author
Zhuangzi (about 369 BC-286 BC) was born in Song Guomeng (now the northeast of Shangqiu County, Henan Province) during the Warring States Period. I used to be a painter and lived in those days.
Zhuangzi's Notes on Shousheng is about the same as or later than Mencius. Zhuangzi, the main representative of Taoism in the Warring States Period, praised Laozi's theory and opposed Confucianism and Mohism. Later generations called him and Lao Zi "Lao Zi". Zhuangzi studied under Laozi, developed Laozi's theory and became a Taoist master. Zhuangzi pursues the absolute freedom of individual spirit and is called "Zhuang Sao" with Qu Yuan's Li Sao. * * * together constitute the source of romanticism in China's literature. His writing style is "deeper than metaphor" and "deeper than taking images", and he is good at using images to reason. It's Fable 19, Wang Yang with brilliant literary talent, elegant manners and graceful demeanor. With its peculiar imagination, extraordinary discussion, wanton writing and novel metaphor, it is unique in the prose of pre-Qin philosophers, and has had a great influence on the development of China's prose art.