Menstruation is mainly composed of blood (3/4 arterial blood,14 venous blood), endometrial tissue fragments and various active enzymes and biological factors. Among them, fibrinolytic enzyme makes menstrual blood become liquid without coagulation, and prostaglandin plays a role in contracting uterus. Medically, the reproductive cycle experienced by only primates (including humans) is called menstruation, and the reproductive cycle of other mammals is called * * * cycle. Menstruation is regulated by reproductive hormone system and is the need of biological reproduction. The first menstruation of women is called menarche, and the appearance of menarche indicates that women have entered puberty. Average age of menarche in women 12. Many factors, such as heredity, diet and health, will advance or postpone menarche. The cessation of menstruation marks that women have entered menopause, also known as menopause. The average age of menopausal women is 5 1 year. Of course, just like menarche, many factors, such as heredity, disease, surgery, medical care and so on, will advance or postpone menopause. It is normal to enter menopause between 40 and 58. Menopause that begins at or before the age of 35 is defined as premature aging.

First of all, we must understand the structure and physiological function of female reproductive organs in order to explain this problem.

Female internal reproductive organs are composed of ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes. The main function of the ovary is to produce eggs and synthesize ovarian hormones, while the uterus and fallopian tubes are reproductive organs. There are hundreds of thousands of follicles in the ovary, and each follicle contains 1 egg.

Prepubertal follicles basically have no function. In adolescence, under the action of gonadotropin in the anterior pituitary gland, immature follicles gradually develop and estrogen is synthesized. When the follicle matures and ovulates, the cell wall of the oocyte collapses and the cells become larger and yellow, which is called corpus luteum. It synthesizes estrogen and produces progesterone at the same time.

With the change of ovary, the endometrium also changes periodically. Estrogen makes endometrium thicken, endometrial cells increase and enlarge, and interstitial arterioles become more tortuous and spiral, which is called proliferative endometrium. After ovulation, due to the interaction of estrogen and progesterone, endometrial edema occurs, and glands produce a lot of mucus and glycogen, and the thickness of endometrium increases from 1 mm to 6 mm, which is called secretory endometrium.

If the ovum discharged at this time is fertilized, the fertilized egg is transported to the uterus through the fallopian tube for development, which is called pregnancy. The pregnant tissue synthesizes chorionic gonadotropin to support the continuous development of ovarian corpus luteum. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum will shrink about 14 days after ovulation and stop secreting estrogen and progesterone. At this time, the blood vessels in the endometrium contract, and the endometrium is necrotic and falls off, causing bleeding and forming menstruation.

Therefore, the length of menstrual cycle depends on the length of ovarian cycle, generally [1] is 28-30 days, but it varies from person to person, and there are also 23-45 days, even 3 months or half a year is 1 cycle. As long as it is regular, it generally belongs to normal menstruation.

The bleeding time is generally 2-7 days, and the total amount of menstrual bleeding is 30-50ml. Some people think that menstrual flow exceeding 80ml is a pathological state.

The bleeding 1 day is the beginning of menstrual cycle, and the interval between two menses 1 day is called menstrual cycle, so the calculation of menstrual cycle should include the time of menstrual cramps. Some women only calculate the time when menstruation is clean, so they may think that the menstrual cycle is shortened. Clinically, some women often complain that menstruation is abnormal, and they menstruate twice a month. In fact, it is normal to have 1 waves at the beginning and end of the month. The normal menstrual cycle is 28~35 days, and the length of the cycle can vary from person to person. 7~ 10 days before or after the mistake can be regarded as a normal range, and as long as it can maintain a certain regularity, it can not be regarded as irregular menstruation.

The last menstruation refers to the last menstruation from the date of seeing a doctor, and should be counted from 1 day of bleeding. However, it should be noted that the last menstruation refers to the same duration and amount of menstruation as usual. Don't mistake abnormal bleeding for menstruation. This kind of bleeding is generally less than menstruation, shorter or longer, or the regularity of menstrual cramps is lost.

The duration of menstrual cramps is generally 3~7 days, and the amount of bleeding is within 100 ml, with the most on the second to third day. Menstrual blood is generally dark red and does not coagulate. In addition to blood, it also contains endometrial debris, cervical mucus and epithelial cells. Women's menstrual period is generally asymptomatic, and a few people will feel discomfort such as falling in the lower abdomen or lumbosacral region, pain, constipation or diarrhea and headache, which generally does not affect their daily work, study and life.

2. What should I pay attention to during menstruation?

1. Try not to wash your hair during the physiological period. If you have to wash it, try to wash it at noon and blow dry your hair immediately after washing.

2. Pay attention to keep warm during the physiological period, that is, blow less air conditioners and wear more clothes in air-conditioned rooms.

3, avoid drinking cold drinks: this is already a very basic common sense, don't violate it, don't make fun of your own beauty, drinking ice water will make dirty blood unable to be discharged smoothly, and staying in the body is absolutely harmful to the body. Try the following drinks to make the physiological period more comfortable: longan jujube tea, health tea, Wei Zhendan ginseng, brown sugar Jiang Shui, astragalus gouqi tea, rose tea (especially if you have menstrual pain, you can drink rose tea).

4, eat sweets: eat chocolate and cakes during the physiological period, because eating sweets during the physiological period is not easy to gain weight! It also helps the metabolism of dirty blood.

5, refuse fatigue: adequate rest is very important, too tired will lead to prolonged menstrual period or excessive blood loss.

6, don't be too emotional: It is said that girls will naturally be in a bad mood during their physiological period, but don't indulge yourself in losing your temper, because losing your temper will disturb your menstrual period and hurt your liver.

7, avoid taking a bath: because the uterine mouth is relatively open during the physiological period, it is more susceptible to pollution, so it is best to take a bath.

8, physiological period to eat: just a few days after the physiological period, you can eat more sesame oil pig liver to help waste blood discharge. You can eat kidney flowers with sesame oil these days. In addition, scrambled eggs with sesame oil and nine-story tower are also good physiological foods. Red bean soup and longan >; Soup and eight-treasure porridge are good snacks, and boiled eggs with wine are also good. At the end of the physiological period, you can consider drinking a little biochemical soup (biochemical soup during menstruation, if you don't drink it during confinement, just ask the Chinese pharmacy), which can completely drain the dirty blood from your body. If the dirty blood in the body is not discharged cleanly, long-term accumulation can easily lead to endometritis, liver disease, lupus erythematosus and other diseases.

Why are girls less likely to get liver disease than boys? It is said that it is because the toxins in the body are discharged from the menstrual blood every month, so the possibility of getting liver disease is relatively small.

9, aftercare after the physiological period: eat Siwutang! It's wrong to drink siwutang when your period is coming. Drink Siwu decoction to replenish blood until the dirty blood is eliminated, otherwise it will be replenished for nothing. You can put some ribs or chicken when cooking siwu soup, and you'd better add some rice wine.

10, facial cleaning should be done well: physiological period, because pores are relatively open and acne is easy to grow, facial cleaning should be done well. Shampooing during the physiological period is also prone to acne and acne due to poor blood circulation.

1 1, some people will have low back pain during physiology. You can consider soaking your feet with hot water to increase blood circulation and divert your attention. Your waist doesn't seem to hurt so much. Source: Internet.

3. Women's physiological knowledge

Q: What physiological knowledge should men know about women? Especially an object!

Netizen: Men should know women's menstrual cycle, ovulation period, safety period, and allergic foods or drugs. These are the most basic situations when you know your girlfriend.

Follow-up: Can you be more specific?

Netizen: menstrual cycle refers to the normal physiological cycle of women. In junior high school, teachers should teach. Ovulation period and menstrual cycle are the same. Just read by yourself. As for the safety period, you should know it when you are in love. Other times, it doesn't matter whether you know it or not. So allergic foods or drugs are what boyfriends should know, and more importantly, what kind of allergic foods or drugs your girlfriend can't use.

Q: What should girls pay attention to during menstruation?

Netizen: Try not to wash your hair during the physiological period: you must dry it immediately after washing your hair. Physiological period, you can wash your hair at noon.

Pay attention to keep warm during the physiological period: that is, blow less air conditioning. If the air conditioner is on, wear more clothes in the air-conditioned room.

Avoid cold drinks: this is very basic common sense. Don't violate it. Don't joke about your beauty. Drinking ice water will prevent dirty blood from being discharged smoothly, and staying in the body is absolutely harmful to the body.

Try the following drinks to make the physiological period more comfortable: longan jujube tea, health tea, Wei Zhendan ginseng, brown sugar Jiang Shui, astragalus gouqi tea, rose tea (especially for menstrual pain, you can drink rose tea).

Eat sweets: eat chocolate and cakes during physiological period, because eating sweets during physiological period helps the metabolism of dirty blood.

Reject fatigue: It is very important to have a good rest. Excessive fatigue can lead to prolonged menstrual period or excessive blood loss.

Don't be too emotional: it is said that girls will naturally be in a bad mood during their physiological period, but don't indulge yourself in losing your temper, because losing your temper will disturb your menstrual period and hurt your liver.

Avoid bathing: Because the cervix is relatively open during the physiological period and is more susceptible to pollution, it is best to take a shower when taking a bath.

Eat well during the physiological period: just a few days after the physiological period, you can eat more sesame oil pork liver to help waste blood discharge. You can eat kidney flowers with sesame oil these days. In addition, scrambled eggs with sesame oil and nine-story tower are also good physiological foods. Red bean soup, longan soup and eight-treasure porridge are all good snacks, and boiled eggs with wine are also good. At the end of the physiological period, you can consider drinking a little biochemical soup (biochemical soup during menstruation, if you don't drink it during confinement, just ask the Chinese pharmacy), which can completely drain the dirty blood from your body.

If the dirty blood in the body is not discharged cleanly, long-term accumulation can easily lead to endometritis, liver disease, lupus erythematosus and other diseases. Why are girls less likely to get liver disease than boys? It is said that it is because the toxins in the body are discharged from the menstrual blood every month, so the possibility of getting liver disease is relatively small.

Q: Some common sense about women's health? thank you

Netizen: Sleeping naked in a clean bed; Ensure that you have more than 2 hours a day to free your feet from high heels. Don't eat chocolate during physiological period, because it will aggravate dysmenorrhea, and only wear rimless underwear during menstruation; Develop the habit of recording the physiological cycle; Shape curves through exercise instead of adjusting underwear; Don't cross your legs; In order not to oppress the nerves, go to the toilet after ML, especially * * *, so it is recommended to use Durex intimate clothes to make you love health more in * * *. Close-fitting clothes should be dry-cleaned; Fashionable thongs are not suitable for everyday wear.

4. What are the most basic medical knowledge?

If you have a cold, use 999 Ganmao Granule Shuanghuanglian Capsule, drink plenty of water and pay attention to your diet.

If you have a bad fever, you should take antipyretics and cold compress.

Abdominal pain is psychological, for example, it hurts because of nervousness in the examination room, so we should adjust our psychology and relax.

Diarrhea can be treated with norfloxacin and antibiotics (preferably not)

Treatment of irregular menstruation:

Matters needing attention

1. The course of treatment for irregular menstruation is three months, and the menstrual cycle is observed after stopping taking medicine in the fourth month. After taking the medicine regularly, it can return to normal after a course of treatment.

2. During the treatment of irregular menstruation, if you catch a cold, please stop taking menstrual drugs and take them after catching a cold.

3. During the treatment of irregular menstruation, if you take other drugs (Baifeng Pill, Siwu Decoction, etc.). ), please tell your doctor.

4. After menstruation returns to normal, please control cold fruits and cold drinks specially to avoid recurrence.

It takes a long time to regulate menstruation, so please take the medicine patiently.

Also, traditional Chinese medicine is popular now, which is slow to take effect, but safe.

How to deal with gas poisoning in an emergency?

1, immediately open the doors and windows to let fresh air into the room.

2. Quickly transfer the poisoned person from a room with gas to a place with fresh air or ventilation.

3. Quickly untie the underwear, bra and belt of the poisoned person. Keep the poisoned person breathing smoothly.

4. If the poisoned person is unconscious, put it flat, wipe your mouth and give artificial respiration.

5. Poisoned personnel should be immediately sent to a nearby hospital or medical emergency center with hyperbaric oxygen chamber for help.

Emergency treatment of burns and scalds

1, critically ill patients, especially those with bad breathing or heartbeat, should be given first aid immediately, and then sent to the hospital after the situation improves.

2, burn first aid is to use all kinds of effective measures to put out the fire, make the wounded out of the heat source as soon as possible, try to shorten the burn time.

3. Cut the clothes, shoes and socks of the wounded with scissors, and then take them off. All wounds are covered with clean cloth to prevent pollution. When the limbs are burned, wash them with clean cold water first, then cover them with clean cloth and sterile gauze and send them to the hospital.

4. For the wounded burned by explosion shock wave, pay attention to whether there is craniocerebral injury, abdominal injury and respiratory system injury.

5, on the way to the hospital, can give the wounded a small amount of oral saline for many times.

5. What role does menstruation knowledge Center of Chinese Medicine play in menstruation?

The hidden god cures blood, and the president is in blood.

Heart and blood flow downward, participate in the transformation of menstrual blood and excrete menstruation. Heart and uterus are both connected and dominated in meridians. When qi and blood are full, the uterus is full of qi and blood, but menstruation is sometimes. Moreover, Chongren and other strange classics and eight veins belong to the heart of the king.

"Taiping Shenghui Fang" "The husband's heart governs blood, which is combined with the small intestine, and the small intestine is connected with the viscera of the cell door. Therefore, the hand is yin-deficient, with the meridian of the sun as the exterior and interior, with milk on the menstrual blood and moon water under it." In addition, the heart governs the fire, the liver and kidney are angry, and the fire moves with the fire, which affects the coordination of yin and yang, qi and blood. The intercourse between heart and kidney is of great significance to regulate the menstrual cycle.

To sum up, menstruation can come because kidney qi is sufficient and day qi is sufficient. Then, the kidney essence is mature, the pulse condition is smooth, and the functions of heart, liver, spleen and stomach are normal. * * * acts on the uterus to make it store and diarrhea normally, thus promoting the smooth arrival of menstruation on a monthly basis, and it is often constant.