I. Overview
According to scientists' experiments for many years, after smokers quit smoking, a series of beneficial changes will take place in their internal organs, which are roughly as follows:
Within 20 minutes: blood pressure drops to the standard level; Pulse drops to standard speed; The temperature of hands and feet rose to standard body temperature.
Within 8 hours: the content of carbon monoxide in blood drops to normal level; The oxygen content in the blood increased to normal level.
Within 24 hours: the risk of myocardial infarction is reduced.
Within 48 hours: the function of nerve endings gradually began to recover; Smell and taste are more sensitive to foreign substances.
Within 72 hours: no more bronchospasm, greatly relaxed breathing and increased vital capacity.
2 weeks to a month; Stable blood circulation; Steady and light; Lung function improved by 30%.
1 to 9 months: symptoms such as cough, sinus congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath are relieved; New cilia appear on trachea and bronchial mucosa, and the function of handling mucus is enhanced; Less sputum, cleaner lungs and less chance of infection; Improve the body's energy reserve; The weight can be increased by 2 _ 3kg.
1 year: the risk of coronary atherosclerosis is reduced to half of that of smokers.
Within five years: the mortality rate of lung cancer is lower than that of ordinary smokers (one pack a day), that is, from 1.37% to 0.72%, or close to that of non-smokers; The incidence of oral, respiratory and esophageal cancers dropped to half that of smokers; The incidence of myocardial infarction is almost reduced to the level of non-smokers.
10 years: precancerous cells were replaced by healthy cells, and the incidence of lung cancer dropped to the level of non-smokers; The incidence of cancer in oral cavity, respiratory tract, esophagus, bladder, kidney and pancreas decreased significantly.
/kloc-within 0/5 years: the risk of coronary atherosclerosis is the same as that of non-smokers.
Therefore, it is never too late to quit smoking, and it is best to quit smoking before your health is seriously damaged. A cohort study by British doctors shows that if smokers can quit smoking before the age of 35, the risk of dying from tobacco-related diseases is significantly reduced, which is almost the same as that of non-smokers.
Second, the changes in the incidence of major organs after quitting smoking.
1, respiratory system: the relative risk of lung cancer of smokers is 10- 15 times that of non-smokers, and the risk of lung cancer of a smoker after quitting smoking 10 years will be 30%-50% of that of continuous smokers. Quitting smoking can also reduce the risk of pneumonia and bronchitis. Smoking is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). After quitting smoking, the rate of lung function decline with age will be close to that of non-smokers.
2, circulatory system: the risk of smokers dying of coronary heart disease is twice that of never smokers. Within one year after smokers quit smoking, this risk will be reduced by 50%. After quitting smoking 15 years, the risk will be close to that of never smokers.
3. Nervous system: Compared with non-smokers, the relative risk of death from stroke is twice that of non-smokers. Some smokers can reduce this risk to the level of non-smokers within five years after quitting smoking, while others need to persist for 15 years to receive this effect. In addition, quitting smoking can improve cerebral blood flow.
4. Pregnant women smoking makes the fetal and infant mortality rate 25_50% higher than that of normal non-smokers, and the average weight of infants at birth is 200 grams lower than the normal value. If they can quit smoking before getting pregnant, their babies will weigh almost the same as those born to mothers who never smoke.
Some people worry that they will get fat, but a large number of studies show that the average weight gain of smokers is only 2.3 kilograms. This weight gain has little effect on health. Of course, there are very few people who gain more weight (more than 9 kg) after quitting smoking, but the possibility of quitting smoking is only 4%.
Third, China's research.
There is a common misunderstanding among middle-aged and elderly smokers in China: people who have long-term smoking habits suddenly give up smoking, which will not pay for it, and even lead to death. The results of a cohort study of the elderly in Xi 'an showed that after adjusting the important death risk factors such as age, blood pressure, blood lipid and weight, the total death risk of those who successfully quit smoking for two years or more decreased by 56%. The mortality rate of coronary heart disease decreased by 93%. It is worth noting that the risk of COPD death among smokers is still high (RR=4. 10). It is suggested that the overall health protection effect of middle-aged and elderly people quitting smoking is positive. For individual diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), it is necessary to quit smoking as soon as possible or for a long time because of the particularity of its natural course. However, such former smokers often quit smoking because of illness, and the recent death after quitting smoking is mostly related to the serious condition.
■ Hazards of smoking:
Someone said, "A cigarette after a meal is better than a living fairy." Therefore, some people, especially some young people, are often addicted to smoking. As everyone knows, just as they were having fun, all kinds of poisons in tobacco launched a cruel attack on them.
According to the analysis, tobacco contains about 1200 compounds, most of which are toxic to human body, especially nicotine, which is particularly harmful. Nicotine in one cigarette can poison a mouse, and nicotine in 20 cigarettes can poison a cow. If a person smokes 20 to 25 cigarettes a day, he will inhale 50 to 70 milligrams of nicotine, which can cause death. It is only because they are gradually inhaled that the human body has a certain detoxification ability and is spared.
Tobacco contains many carcinogens, in addition, there are many carcinogens and ciliated toxins that can reduce the body's ability to expel foreign bodies. These poisons attach to the tiny particles of cigarette smoke, reach the alveoli, and deposit there, strengthening each other. As a result, the carcinogenic effect is greatly enhanced. People who smoke more than 10 cigarettes a day have a lung cancer mortality rate 2.5 times that of non-smokers. In addition, smoking can also cause laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and so on.
Smoking will aggravate cardiovascular diseases, accelerate atherosclerosis and thrombosis, lead to arrhythmia and even sudden death. Some scholars have found that the sudden death of smokers due to coronary heart disease is more than four times higher than that of non-smokers.
Smoking can damage the nervous system, make people's memory decline and age prematurely.
Smoking can damage the respiratory system. Smokers often cough and expectorate all the year round, and are prone to respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema and bronchiectasis.
Smokers are prone to gastric ulcer, because nicotine in cigarette smoke will destroy the acid-base balance of digestive tract.
In a word, smoking is very harmful to health. According to a report of the World Health Organization, at least 654.38+0 million people worldwide die prematurely every year because of smoking. The report also provides some surprising figures: 90% of lung cancer patients and13 of all kinds of cancer patients are caused by smoking, 75% of chronic bronchitis patients and 25% of heart disease patients are caused by smoking.
Smoking not only harms itself, but also harms others, forcing others to "smoke passively". In fact, all kinds of diseases that smoking may cause may happen to passive smokers.
Teenagers are in the period of growth and development, and they are more likely to absorb harmful and toxic substances and be poisoned than adults. Smoking will also affect the cultivation of teenagers' moral quality.
The problem of tobacco control has been widely concerned in all countries. Smoking is regarded as an uncivilized habit in people's minds. The more developed countries are, the more measures are taken to restrict smoking, and the number of smokers is gradually decreasing. Many governments have announced strict laws against smoking in public places. During the period of 1979, the State Council approved the Notice on the Harm and Control of Smoking issued by the Ministry of Health, and many health experts also issued a strong appeal, especially pointing out that the problem of adolescent smoking should attract the attention and concern of the whole society, which is considered to be a major event related to improving the quality of the people and creating a good social atmosphere.
■ Benefits of drinking:
If you drink alcohol in moderation, have some good food and feel comfortable, you will often turn harm into benefit and receive unexpected benefits. Because alcohol needs a variety of enzymes and vitamins when it is decomposed by the liver, the higher the alcohol content of the wine, the more enzymes and vitamins the body consumes, so it should be supplemented in time. Fresh vegetables, fresh fish, lean meat, beans and eggs can all be used as side dishes.
Salted fish, sausages, bacon and other foods, because they contain pigments and nitrite, will not only harm the liver when reacting with alcohol, but also easily damage the oral cavity and esophageal mucosa, so it is not appropriate to use them as side dishes too much.
Drinking only without vegetables will affect your liver.
Some people only drink alcohol and don't eat vegetables, which will make their liver suffer. From the perspective of health care, the higher the alcohol content of wine, the more you should eat dishes rich in animal protein, which is also a trick to drink. All the hepatoprotective drugs sold in the market contain methionine and choline.
There are a lot of methionine and choline in animal foods and bean products such as beef, roast chicken and fish. So eating these foods is equivalent to taking liver-protecting drugs. Alkaline foods, such as cold dishes, vegetables and fruits mixed with vinegar, are also beneficial to protect the liver.
In addition, wine and meat are both acidic foods. Drinking alcohol and eating some alkaline foods such as vegetables can neutralize acidity, thus reducing the burden on the liver. It is also beneficial to eat more fish, chicken, tofu and lobster sauce when drinking.
If you are thirsty after drinking, you can eat some fruit.
Alcohol has diuretic effect and can excrete salt with urine. In order to supplement the salt lost in the body, it is best to drink a glass of light salt water after drinking alcohol in the morning. Because of the diuretic effect of wine itself, and the salt in dishes increases the blood concentration, it is easy to feel thirsty after drinking. At this time, drinking water one after another is not good for the liver.
The best way is to eat some fruits, which can not only neutralize the acidity, but also promote the burning of alcohol in the body, thus reducing its toxicity to the liver.
Eating while drinking and supplementing enough carbohydrates can reduce the occurrence of alcoholic fatty liver. Eating some vegetables while drinking can also reduce the burden on the liver. Vinegar mixed with cold dishes and fruits are good choices. They can neutralize alcohol, and the sugar in fruit can accelerate the burning of alcohol in the body. At the same time, supplementing important antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and trace element selenium can also reduce the toxicity of alcohol to the liver.
■ Harm of drinking:
Harm of drinking alcohol
In our daily life, we often drink beer, wine and white wine. The source, brewing technology and alcohol content of all kinds of wines are different. Alcohol usually refers to the percentage of alcohol content in wine (by volume), such as Beijing beer with 5.4% alcohol and wine with about11-kloc-0/6% alcohol, which is usually called11-kloc-0/6%.
Article 7 of the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents is "Those who drink alcohol should be limited", and there is a paragraph explaining the harm of excessive drinking. Drinking a small amount of low-alcohol wine is not necessarily harmful, but drinking too much or even drinking too much is definitely harmful. So what can I drink? How to limit alcohol consumption?
A large number of data in epidemiological studies show that if the daily alcohol consumption does not exceed 24 grams of ethanol, which is equivalent to 540 ml of beer, 200 ml of fruit wine and 60 ml of 40-degree liquor, the risk will be reduced.
Long-term drinking will lead to a variety of nutrient deficiencies in the body. Wine is one of the foods with pure heat energy. Can be decomposed in the body to produce energy. However, it does not contain any nutrients. Excessive drinking first reduces the intake of other foods containing many important nutrients (such as protein, vitamins and minerals). Secondly, it can reduce appetite, reduce food intake, and damage intestinal mucosa for a long time, affecting intestinal absorption of nutrients, which can lead to a variety of nutritional deficiencies.
The alcohol in wine has a direct toxic effect on the tissues and organs of the body, and the organ most sensitive to alcohol is the liver. Excessive drinking will damage liver cells and interfere with the normal metabolism of the liver, which will lead to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Excessive drinking affects fat metabolism. Ethanol slows down the oxidation of fatty acids, which may be beneficial to the storage of dietary lipids, increase the synthesis of liver fat, increase the content of triglycerides in serum and increase the possibility of triglycerides.
In addition, population epidemiological studies show that long-term excessive drinking will increase the risk of hypertension and stroke. Alcoholism can also lead to violent accidents and endanger personal health and social security.
Recently, people often talk about the beneficial effects of fruit wine. A report in France found that the incidence of coronary heart disease in some drinking areas is lower than that in other areas. However, the reduction of the risk of heart disease cannot be attributed to some ingredients in red wine, because in areas with high consumption of French red wine, vegetables and fruits are also consumed more, and their antioxidant capacity is higher. These data show that the lifestyle of people who drink fruit wine (such as less smoking and high consumption of vegetables and fruits) leads to a decrease in the risk of cardiovascular disease.
To sum up, drinking alcohol has advantages and disadvantages to human health. Drinking a small amount of low-alcohol wine has certain benefits, but drinking a large amount for a long time is harmful. Especially teenagers and pregnant women. Teenagers are in the stage of growth and development and are more sensitive to the harm of alcohol. So teenagers can't drink. The harm of alcohol to pregnant women affects fetal development and even induces fetal congenital malformation, so pregnant women are absolutely forbidden to drink alcohol.
Excessive drinking: the harm is not shallow
Although "no wine, no table", at the same time, wine is also "intestinal toxicity", and excessive drinking brings a lot of harm. Every year, I don't know how many people have accidents because of drinking, how many people have ruined their lives, and how much health has disappeared between bottles and cans.
Heartbreaking, excessive drinking breeds tragedy.
According to a statistical data of Peking University Institute of Mental Health, the number of drinkers in China has been on the rise in recent years. At present, the drinking rates of men and women in China are 84. 1% and 29.3% respectively, of which men 16. 1% and women 2.5% drink alcohol every day. 1982, the incidence of alcohol dependence in China was only 0. 16‰, which was more than three times that of 1990, and the alcoholics were younger and the proportion of women was increasing.
According to a set of data from the World Health Organization, the mortality and morbidity caused by alcohol are the sum of measles and malaria, which is also higher than that caused by smoking. In China, 1 14 100 people die of alcoholism every year, accounting for1.3% of the total mortality; 2.737 million people are disabled, accounting for 3.0% of the total disability rate.
Speaking of the tragedy caused by drinking, Professor Qu Yao, director of Shanghai Hepatology Research Center, told the reporter a story: A middle-aged patient with acute icteric hepatitis just returned to normal was discharged from the hospital, which coincided with the continuous wedding banquets during the Spring Festival. At first, he could still remember the doctor's repeated instructions when he was discharged from the hospital, and he didn't touch a drop of wine, no matter who advised him. But at a special dinner table, a close friend asked him what he smelled. He finally couldn't resist the temptation of Maotai, thinking that he would be fine if he only drank a small cup and tasted something new! But the day after drinking this cup of wine, he found that his urine was yellow, weak and disgusting ... It was this cup of wine that caused his hepatitis to recur and quickly developed into acute severe hepatitis, and eventually he lost his life because of ineffective rescue.
Excessive drinking has not only led to countless tragic events, but also seriously affected the image of individuals and even countries. Former Russian President Yeltsin is one of them.
It is said that one day in September, 1994, Yeltsin, then Russian President, flew back to Moscow from Washington and was scheduled to have a 40-minute meeting with Irish Prime Minister Reynolds. The day before he left Washington, US President Bill Clinton hosted a banquet for him. Although there is no wine on the table, there is everything in it. Yeltsin only ate a small piece of meat, but raised his glasses frequently, and the cups bottomed out. After the wine reached the top, Yeltsin talked a lot, saying a lot of rude words and "three-level jokes." The translator racked his brains to "purify" the dirty words he said. When the plane approached the Shannon airport, Yeltsin woke up, and his wife handed him a shirt, but his buttoned hand never listened. The accompanying officials saw something bad. After some discussion, they decided to let the Deputy Prime Minister have a brief meeting with Reynolds on behalf of the President. When the Vice Premier got off the plane, Yeltsin said to the accompanying officials in tears, "What you did made me lose face in front of the whole world." .
Excessive drinking is harmful to health.
"If you drink too much, it is the liver that hurts the most." Professor Qu Yao pointed out: "The core chemical of wine is alcohol (namely ethanol), and drunkenness is actually alcoholism. Because more than 90% of alcohol enters the body through the liver, its metabolites and the metabolic disorder of hepatocytes caused by them are the main causes of alcoholic liver injury. According to research, normal people drink 40 grams to 80 grams a day on average, and alcoholic liver disease can occur in 10 years, such as cirrhosis in 160 grams a day and 8 ~ 10 years on average. What a sensational figure! "
Professor Li Youming, vice president of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, told the reporter that he led a scientific research team to make a survey on the alcohol intake of 20,000 people in urban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province. The results show that the prevalence rate of alcoholic liver disease in this population is 4.34%, and 48% of people who drink more than 40 grams a day for more than five years will suffer from alcoholic liver disease in different degrees. Alcoholic liver disease basically occurs in drinkers who have been drinking for more than 5 years and their total alcohol intake exceeds 100 kg.
Studies have shown that excessive drinking is more than twice as high as non-excessive drinking, the incidence of thyroid cancer increases by 30% ~ 150%, and the incidence of skin cancer increases by 20% ~ 70%. The risk of breast cancer in women increases by 20% ~ 60%. Among patients with esophageal cancer, 60% drink excessively, and only 2% don't drink. Patients with hepatitis B are at greater risk of liver cancer. If they drink alcohol or drink too much, the incidence of liver cancer will increase greatly.
In addition, excessive drinking will also have adverse effects on other parts of the body:
Drinking more alcohol in the brain has serious damage to memory, attention, judgment, function and emotional response. Drinking too much can lead to slurred speech, blurred vision and loss of balance.
Alcohol in reproductive organs will reduce the sperm quality of men; For pregnant women, even a small amount of alcohol will increase the risk of physical defects of unborn babies.
People who drink a lot of alcohol in the heart will develop cardiomyopathy, which can lead to the weakening and damage of muscle tissue of the heart, while the proliferation of fibrous tissue will seriously affect the function of the heart.
A large amount of alcohol in the stomach will cause discomfort symptoms of acute gastritis, and continuous intake of alcohol will lead to more serious chronic gastritis.
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