When was the Forbidden City established?
Based in Nanjing Palace, the Ming Emperor Judy recruited skilled craftsmen and hired millions of laborers from the north and south of the Yangtze River, which took 1407- 1420 years to build.
Designer Kuaixiang (1397— 148 1 year, Suzhou native),
3 Introduction to the Forbidden City
1420- 19 1 49 1 year, there were 24 emperors (Ming dynasty 14, Qing dynasty 10) from Judy, the founding emperor of Ming dynasty, to Puyi, the last emperor of Qing dynasty. Chengzu Judy, Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji, Yingzong Zhu Qizhen, Wuzong Zhu Houzhao, Sejong Zhu Hougan, Zongshen Zhu Yijun, Guangzong Zhu Changluo, Xizong Zhu Youxiao, the emperor shunzhi Fulin, Kangxi Emperor Xuanye, Yong Zhengdi Yinyi, Qianlong Emperor Hongli, Jiaqing Emperor Gala, Daoguang Emperor Yongning, there are more than 9,000 halls in the palace, all of which are wooden structures.
The Forbidden City consists of an outer court and an inner court. The outer court is centered on the Hall of Supreme Harmony (Golden Hall), the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, and flanked by the Hall of Wenhua and the Hall of Wuying. It is the place where the emperor handles government affairs and holds major celebrations. The Forbidden City is centered on Gan Qing Palace (the emperor's bedroom), Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace (the emperor's wedding bridal chamber), with Dongliu Palace and Xiliu Palace (the palace) on the east and west wings, supplemented by hall of mental cultivation, Fengxian Palace, Zhaigong Palace, Yuqing Palace, Ningshou Palace, Cining Palace and Imperial Garden. It is the day when the emperor deals with government affairs and the emperor, empress, empress dowager and Ji Huan. The overall layout is symmetrical about the central axis. The first three halls and the last three palaces are located on the central axis of the whole city, which is magnificent. They are the largest and most well-preserved ancient buildings in China, the only magnificent buildings with Chinese classical style and oriental style in the world, and the largest palaces in the world.
The Xinhai Revolution of 19 1 1 overthrew the rule of the Manchu Dynasty and ended the feudal dynasty of more than 2,000 years, but the abandoned Emperor Boyi still lived in the second half of the Forbidden City.
19 12 years, Chaochao was turned into an "antique exhibition place".
1924165438+1On October 5, Feng Yuxiang expelled Boyi from the palace, and Lu.
1925 10 The Palace Museum was established in June 10.
1948, the Antiquities Exhibition Hall was merged into the Palace Museum.
After 1949, the government carried out a large-scale repair of this ancient building and cultural relics, sorted out and exhibited a large number of cultural relics, making it a world-famous museum of ancient culture and art, and set up the first archives in Xihuamen, specializing in sorting out government and court archives.
The title of the emperor is interspersed: the emperor is the supreme ruler of the feudal country and has supreme power. The emperor is the leader of the unity of politics and religion. The emperor has the right to make laws, make administrative decisions and command the army. In China, the title "Emperor" was first determined by Qin Shihuang and used by him. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he took virtue from Huang San and made contributions to the five emperors.
From the time when Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor to the time when Xuan Tong 19 1 year abdicated, 230 emperors were born in China during the period of 2 13 1 year BC. The first emperor of China was Qin Shihuang. The last emperor of China was Xuan Tong. The longest reigning emperor in China was Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, who reigned for 62 years. The emperor with the shortest reign time in China was Ming Guangzong of the Ming Dynasty, and his reign time was only 1 month. In addition, it is said that Xie reigned for 27 days, and the late Jin emperor reigned 1 day.
What are the architectural features of the Forbidden City? The majesty of the emperor
The Forbidden City was built in strict accordance with the principle of "the former dynasty was in the city and the left ancestor was in the right society" in the Textual Research of Zhou Li. The first half of the palace is the outer court, where the emperor held political affairs. The buildings are magnificent, especially the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe. They were built on eight marble steps to show the supreme majesty of feudal emperors. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is located in the diagonal center of the Forbidden City. The designers of the Forbidden City believe that it is not enough to just show the majesty of the emperor and shock the world.
In order to highlight the supreme authority of the emperor, the Forbidden City has a central axis running through the north and south of Miyagi. On this line, according to the ancient system of "the former imperial court followed by the later imperial court", there are three halls symbolizing the center of political power (Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall of Zhonghe and Hall of Baohe) and the last three palaces where the emperor lived (Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace). In its inner court (north of Gan Qing Gate), a Ningshou Palace centered on the central axis, the emperor's father lived in the palace and Cishou Palace, and the palace and the toffee lived in the palace, forming a left and right side. These two small shafts echo the gate of the Ethereum and the outer courtyard, and echo the Wenhua Hall on the left and the Wuying Hall on the right. Between the two minor axes and the central axis, there are Zhai Palace and hall of mental cultivation, followed by the Sixth Palace where concubines live. For the need of defense, these palace buildings are surrounded by palace walls as high as 10 meters, with turrets at the four corners and moats outside.
4 make an introduction respectively.
Wumen Gate: Wumen Gate is the main entrance of the Forbidden City. East, west, north and south are connected by terraces and surrounded by a square. The gatehouse in the north is nine rooms wide with double eaves and a yellow tile roof. There are thirteen bedrooms on the east-west platform, which are lined up from both sides of the gatehouse to the south, shaped like a wild goose wing, also known as the wild goose wing building. There is a pyramid-shaped roof with double eaves at the north and south ends of the east-west Swallow Wing Building. The majestic Wumen Gate is surrounded by mountains on three sides, with five peaks protruding and imposing, so it is commonly known as the Five Peaks Tower.
There are five doors at the meridian gate, but from the front, it seems to be three. In fact, there are two doors in front, one facing west and the other facing east. These two doorways extend into the platform to the east and west respectively, then turn north and go out from the north of the city. So from the back of the meridian gate, there are five doorways, so there is a saying of "Sanming and Five Darkness". The main entrance is usually only accessible to the emperor; When the emperor gets married, the queen can enter once; Three people who won the first prize, the second place and the flower exploration in the court exam can walk out of this door once. In the Qing Dynasty, ministers of civil and military affairs went in and out from the left door, and princes of the royal family went in and out from the right door. The left and right doors are usually closed. When the emperor held a ceremony in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, officials of civil and military affairs went in and out through two doors.
There are two pavilions around the gatehouse in the middle of the noon gate, with bells and drums inside. There are rules when to ring the bell and when to play the drum. The emperor offered sacrifices to the altar and temple and rang the bell at the noon gate; When the emperor worships the ancestral temple, he drums; When the emperor went to the temple to hold a ceremony, bells and drums rang.
On the first day of October every year, the Qing emperor presented the almanac of the following year at the meridian gate and held a presentation ceremony, which was called "the gift of presenting the new moon". In the Ming Dynasty, the emperor clubbed ministers who made mistakes in the square outside the noon gate. In the Ming Dynasty, many ministers were punished by Zhang Ting, and some were killed on the spot. 15 19 Zhu Houzhao of Wuzong wanted to go to the Jiangnan beauty pageant, which angered Wuzong because of the dissuasion of ministers. Results 130 officials were ordered to kill 1 1 person at the meridian gate.
Tiananmen Square, located in the center of Beijing, was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. It was called Chengtianmen at that time. As the main entrance of the imperial city, it marks the emperor's "holding the emperor to make the princes", and its scale is far smaller than that of Tiananmen Square now. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), it was rebuilt and named Tiananmen Square, which is still in use today.
Below Tiananmen Square is the Sumitomo Building in Bai Yushi, with a brick platform 13 meters high. There are five voucher-shaped doorways in the city platform, the largest of which is in the middle. At that time, only the emperor could pass through. The Tiananmen Gate Tower on the stage is 33.7 meters high, 9 rooms wide and 5 rooms deep. The number "Ninth Five-Year Plan" symbolizes the dignity of the emperor. Once upon a time, he called the throne the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The tower is located at the top of the mountain, with double eaves and covered with golden glazed tiles. Looking at Tiananmen Gate from a distance, the red walls and golden tiles are more magnificent against the blue sky.
The river in front of Tiananmen Square is called Waijinshui River. Neijinshui River is in front of Taihe Gate of the Forbidden City. The five stone bridges in front of Tiananmen Square are called Waijinshui Bridge, and there are two on each side, which used to be called Gong Sheng Bridge. The slope of the bridge is not big, with two wide ends and a narrow middle, forming two curves. In front of most vertical and horizontal buildings, it looks diverse, forming the beauty of Tiananmen composition.
Inside and outside Tiananmen Square, there are a pair of tall white marble watches, round and healthy, which go straight into the sky. Above the table is an exposed dish, on which there is a squatting beast named (Hou). Insert two stripper plates horizontally below the tray. On the solid stone pillars, in the layers of clouds, there is a dragon flying around. Huabiao, together with Mount Sumi, is 9.57 meters high. In ancient times, huabiao was used as a road sign, and later it was used as an ornament for tombs and other buildings.
There has always been a legend about these two pairs of China watches. Looking up at the sky on China's watch often watches the emperor's activities. The emperor traveled abroad for a long time, and he was advised to go back to the palace to deal with state affairs. Because people gave it a nice name, called "Wang". Call Hua Biao "Wang Zhu". At the same time, the gems on a pair of China watches in Tiananmen Square are facing the palace. The emperor stayed in the palace for a long time and had a good time, so he advised the emperor to go out and observe the people's feelings and named it "I hope you will come out." These magical legends reflected the good wishes of the working people at that time.
There are two pairs of stone lions in front of Tiananmen Square. They hold their heads high and squat. They are stout and muscular, and they are very majestic. The left and right men and women are paired and echo each other. According to legend, Li Zicheng, the king of Zhuang in the late Ming Dynasty, invaded Beijing and fought in Qipan Street. Li Guozhen suffered a crushing defeat, and King Chuang chased him out of Chengtianmen and chased him around Huabiao and Shishi. Li Guozhen suddenly turned around and poked a gun, and missed the feat of the bridge on the right side of the lion's stomach. So now the stone lion has left a bullet hole about an inch deep in its stomach. It is also said that the loophole of the stone lion was left by Eight-Nation Alliance when he invaded Tiananmen Square. The stone lion survived, bravely pounced on the intruder and was shot.
Jinshui Bridge is in front of Taihe Gate, and there is an artificial river shaped like a bow back, called Neijinshui River. There are five parallel stone bridges on the river, which are called Neijinshui Bridge (the artificial river in front of Tiananmen Square is called Waijinshui River, and the five stone bridges are called Waijinshui Bridge). Neijinshui River is introduced into the Forbidden City from the moat in the northwest corner of the Forbidden City. It twists and turns to the south, east and south, hidden or present, wide or narrow, and communicates with the moat outside the southeast corner of the Forbidden City, with a total length of more than 2,000 meters. The river section in front of the Ethereum is the widest, the most regular and the most gorgeous. The bottom and banks of the river are all made of white stone, and there are white marble columns and fences on both sides of the river.
The longest and widest Jinshui Bridge among the five bridges is the main bridge. In the past, only the emperor could pass. The left and right four bridges are passenger bridges, which can be used by royalty and officials.
The five stone bridges are all white marble, and Yunlong patterns are engraved on the doorposts and railings. They are beautifully shaped and exquisitely carved, just like carved Kethleen, lying on the blue waves and surrounded by red walls and yellow tiles of surrounding high-rise buildings, which is even more elegant and beautiful.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony, also known as the "Golden Hall", is the most magnificent building in the Forbidden City, with a width of 1 1 and a depth of 5 rooms. Double eaves, yellow glazed tiles, stand on a three-story white marble pedestal (35.05 meters high). Covering an area of 2,377 square meters, the main hall is the largest wooden palace building in China and even in the world. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is a place where grand ceremonies are held. Emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties ascended the pole, announced their accession to the throne, got married, conferred the title of queen, and were ordered to go to war. Every year, officials here celebrate New Year's Day, winter solstice, longevity (the emperor's birthday) and other festivals, and hold banquets.
There are many special furnishings inside and outside the Hall of Supreme Harmony. The bronze tripod, turtle and crane placed on the platform in front of the main hall are used to burn incense during the ceremony, which means that the mountains and rivers are impregnable. On the platform, sundials and beautiful figures symbolize imperial power. There is a drainage faucet under each railing of the three-story white marble abutment, which can form a spectacular scene of thousands of dragons spraying water during heavy rain to show imperial power. The pearls of Yudaoshi in Shuanglong Opera in front of the temple are auspicious pearls. Among the Ssangyong, one represents the Heaven Emperor and the other represents the Emperor. The emperor was entrusted by God's will and obeyed God's will to make the country prosperous and peaceful. The pattern of mountains and seas under the Shuanglong symbolizes the eternal existence of rivers and mountains. The golden dragon throne and screen in the temple are placed on a golden pedestal about 2 meters high, between the six golden pillars of Panlong, to highlight the emperor's exclusive position. There is a big ball hanging upside down at the Longkou in the middle of the algae well, which is called "Xuanyuan mirror", which is a thing to ward off evil spirits and also contains the meaning of hanging the mirror high.
Zhonghe Hall This is the place where the emperor rested and received letters and salutes from officials before the ceremony in Taihe Hall.
Baohe Hall Baohe Hall is located on the top of the mountain, with double eaves and nine rooms wide. This is where the emperor changed his clothes when he held a ceremony to confer the titles of queen and crown prince. After the Qing Dynasty, court examinations were also held in Baohe Hall. In the Qing Dynasty, on the first and fifteenth day of the first month of each year, the emperor often entertained princes and ministers of all ethnic groups in this hall.
Visitors can see many royal stones when they visit the three halls, among which the one behind Baohe Hall is the largest and most magnificent. Carved with a whole piece of mugwort leaf, it is16.07m long, 3.07m wide,1.70m thick and weighs 200 tons. Kowloon is soaring in the sea, and the clouds are lingering, symbolizing that the only thrill unites the mountains and rivers.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the symbol of China's imperial power in the Forbidden City. It is not only the largest in the Forbidden City, but also the highest in specifications. The base of the Forbidden City is 37.44 meters high, with a width of 1 1 and a depth of 5 rooms, with a construction area of 2,377 square meters. The doors and windows are embossed with Yunlong patterns, and the inside is covered with a hard and thin square brick called BRIC, with a throne in the middle. There are six golden dragon pillars on each side of the throne, and each pillar is painted with a dragon by the process of draining powder and pasting gold. Yunfei colorful flying, the whole hall looks solemn and magnificent. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, grand ceremonies were held here on New Year's Day (Spring Festival), winter solstice, longevity (emperor's birthday), accession to the throne, weddings and imperial examinations.
The Zhonghe Hall behind the Hall of Supreme Harmony is a square pavilion building with a pyramid roof. It has three deep and three wide rooms, surrounded by corridors, with a building area of 580 square meters. The roof is a single-eave drill-pointed type, and the top of the center is equipped with a gold-plated round treasure top, which is like a huge treasure. Its sharp top is the intersection of four roof beams, and its wooden components can best prevent rain from rotting. The top of the hook is covered with a complete metal dome, which effectively protects the hook. Zhonghe Hall is basically a place to prepare for the activities of Taihe Hall. Before going to the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the emperor stopped here for a short time, accepted the salute of cabinet ministers and officials of the Ministry of Rites, and then entered the Hall of Supreme Harmony for a ceremony. In addition, the emperor should also review the "classes" written with the eulogy here before offering sacrifices to heaven, earth and ancestral temple to show his sincerity. Before you go to Zhongnanhai to perform farming, you should also look at the farming tools here to show the truth.
Baohe Hall is one of the three halls of the Forbidden City, behind Zhonghe Hall. It means "focus on your ambition", that is to say, you must be single-minded in order to maintain harmony in the house, live a long and healthy life and have peace in the world. Built in the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420), the original name was only Temple. When Jiajing proclaimed himself emperor, it was renamed Jianji Hall, and when Shunzhi proclaimed himself emperor, it was called this name. It was rebuilt during the Qianlong period. Baohe Hall is 9 rooms wide and 5 rooms deep, with a rectangular plane and yellow glazed tiles with pointed corners. During the Qing Dynasty, on New Year's Eve and Lantern Festival every year, the emperor would entertain the princes and nobles of the Qing Dynasty and the civil and military ministers of Beijing here. In the late Qianlong period (118th century), Baohe Hall was also the highest imperial examination in Qing Dynasty. One to three candidates in the imperial examination are called the champion, the second place and the flower exploration respectively.
Fourteen emperors of Ming Dynasty and two emperors of Qing Dynasty, Shunzhi and Kangxi, lived in Gan Qing Palace. They live here and deal with daily affairs. The emperor studied, reviewed the memorial, summoned officials, met foreign envoys, held court ceremonies and family banquets.
A huge plaque of "aboveboard" hangs in the main hall of Gan Qing Palace. These four words were written by the imperial pen of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty. On the surface, feudal rulers flaunted aboveboard, secretly intrigued, and the struggle for the throne among governors was fierce. Since Yongzheng Dynasty, in order to alleviate this contradiction, Yong Zhengdi adopted the method of secret storage, that is, the emperor unfairly opened the throne before the Crown Prince's death and secretly wrote down the documents of the heir to the throne, in duplicate, one for the emperor; One is sealed in the "storage box" and reviewed with the one hidden by the emperor. The secretly appointed heir succeeded to the throne. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, because Emperor Xianfeng had only one son, Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu had no sons, so this method was unnecessary.
Gan Qing Palace has hosted two thousand banquets. Kangxi once in sixty-one years (1722) and Qianlong once in fifty years (1785). For the second time, more than 3,000 people over the age of 60 attended the banquet hosted by Emperor Qianlong, including ministers, officials, non-commissioned officers, civilians, craftsmen and other people. At that time, Emperor Qianlong also called the ministers of Yipin and people over 90 years old to serve wine to the memorial, and gave everyone crutches and other items. At the banquet, there were more than 3,400 Republican poems. Show "Celebrate the whole world and share peace" to appease people's hearts.
In the Qing Dynasty, Gan Qing Palace was also the place where the coffin was parked after the emperor died. No matter where the emperor dies, his coffin (named Zigong) must be transported to Gan Qing Palace for a few days. The emperor shunzhi died in hall of mental cultivation, Emperor Kangxi died in Changchun Garden, Yong Zhengdi died in Yuanmingyuan, and Emperor Xianfeng died in the summer resort. They all transported the coffins back to Gan Qing Palace, where they stopped at the Shouhuang Hall in Jingshan after the memorial ceremony, and finally set a date for a formal funeral, and were buried in Qing Dongling in Zunhua County, Hebei Province or Qing Xiling in Yixian County.
Jiaotai Hall In Qing Dynasty, Jiaotai Hall was the place where the queen received greetings from ministers on New Year's Day and Qian Qiu (the birthday of the queen). Later, 25 party seals were stored in the place where the emperor exercised his power. In addition, there are copper pot drippers and chimes in the Qing Dynasty.
Kunning Palace was in the Ming Dynasty, and Kunning Palace was the queen's bedroom. Nine rooms are wide. It turned out that the front door opened in the middle, and something warmed the pavilion. When the peasant uprising army of Li Zicheng entered Beijing, Zhou, the empress of Emperor Chongzhen, hanged herself in Kunning Palace.
By the Qing Dynasty, except for the two passages at the east and west ends, the four rooms at the west end of Kunning Palace were all transformed into places of worship according to Manchu customs. Open the third door in the east and change it into two opposite doors. There are three cauldrons opposite the entrance, which are used to sacrifice and cook meat. Every morning and evening, there are activities to worship the gods. On the day of the big sacrifice and the first and fifteenth day of each month, the emperor and queen personally offered sacrifices to God.
Every major celebration and New Year's Day, the Queen will also hold a celebration ceremony here. In the Qing Dynasty, the two rooms at the eastern end of Kunning Palace were the emperor's wedding rooms. The walls of the room are decorated with red paint, and double happiness palace lanterns are hung on the ceiling. The bridal chamber has an east gate and a west gate, and the wooden shadow wall outside the west gate and the east gate is decorated with gold-painted double happiness characters, which means going out to see happiness. In the northwest corner of the new house, there is a Zhang Longfeng bed. The curtains hanging in front of the bed and the quilts placed on the bed are all exquisitely embroidered in Jiangnan, with 100 children with different expressions embroidered on them. They are called "the ancient philosophers' account" and "the ancient philosophers' quilt", which are colorful and dazzling. The emperor will stay here for two days when he gets married, and then he will live in other palaces. If you get married first and then become an emperor, you won't enjoy this treatment. Therefore, in the Qing Dynasty, only two young emperors, Tongzhi and Guangxu, used this new house. The emperor's wedding was extremely luxurious. In the 11th year of Tongzhi (1872), Tongzhi emperor Zai Chun got married, which cost a total of11000000 two silver. In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), Emperor Zai Chun of Guangxu got married. In the case of extremely poor national conditions, it still cost 5.52 million taels of silver. At present, the decoration and furnishings in the bridal chamber are in the original state when Emperor Guangxu got married.
The widow's home in the Forbidden City of Cining Palace is for the widows of the late emperor, and it is the widow's world in the palace.
According to feudal etiquette, the emperor could not live with the concubines of the previous dynasty. In order to accommodate the concubines of the dead old emperor, Cining Palace was specially built for them. In terms of daily expenses, the empress dowager enjoys the highest treatment in the harem. According to the regulations, the Empress Dowager can get 20 taels of gold, 2,000 taels of silver, precious hides 124 and 400 pieces of silver buckles every year. Some toffee with low status were fashionable and neglected in front of the emperor, and their status was even lower after living in Cining Palace. Usually they can only get a little money, and some even have to do some needlework in private, so that eunuchs can secretly take it to the market for some money.
Ten years after Xiao Zhuang became the first "palace master" of the Qing Dynasty, Cining Palace was renovated and sourdrang dowager became its first palace master. In the past, people were unfamiliar with sourdrang dowager and thought she was Manchu. However, Mr. Li Shoujing, director of Zhenjiang Historical Society and director of Zhenjiang Local Records and Yearbook Research Association, recently revealed that sourdrang dowager was a Mongolian in Horqin. He was born in the forty-first year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty and died on December 25th of the 26th year of Kangxi at the age of 76. The real name is Bumu Butai,/kloc-married (Qing Taizong) Huang Taiji at the age of 0/3. By the time she was 30 years old, 52-year-old Huang Taiji died, 6-year-old Fu Lin acceded to the throne in Shenyang, and 30-year-old Zhuang Fei was the Queen Mother. The following year, the title was changed to Shunzhi. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, the emperor shunzhi Fu died, and his third son acceded to the throne at the age of eight, honoring his grandmother as the Queen Mother. At this time, she was 48 years old.
She succeeded in being the empress dowager and the empress dowager. She is the only two Empresses in the history of China, the only powerful Empress Dowager in the history of China, and also an indifferent Empress Dowager. Before becoming the empress dowager, she became the empress dowager of 18.
Ganlong danced in colorful clothes to celebrate his birthday. On November 25th, 16th year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong celebrated his mother's 60th birthday in Cining Palace. At the birthday celebration, first of all, Emperor Qianlong led the king to pay homage to Empress Dowager Cixi. The most Manchu etiquette is that Emperor Qianlong dressed in colorful clothes, holding a glass, dancing and congratulating the empress dowager, followed by the prince, grandson and forehead.
Cining Palace, the official palace of Empress Dowager Cixi, flourished in the early and middle Qing Dynasty. At that time, the famous Empress Xiaozhuang Wen and Empress Xiaoshengxian lived here successively. The emperor shunzhi, Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong were all famous for their filial piety, and Cining Palace often held ceremonies to celebrate the birthday of the Empress Dowager. However, after Daoguang, with the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the treasury was empty, and the filial piety queen and Rui at that time had to cut back on court expenses, and Cining Palace gradually lost its former glory.
At present, the offices of many departments of the Palace Museum are located in Buddhist temples on both sides of Cining Palace. These houses have undergone internal transformation, and they are even more unrecognizable than those in the Qing Dynasty. A staff member of the Palace Museum told reporters that the restoration of Cining Palace will begin soon.
The royal garden is the northern line of Kunning Palace, with doors connected to the Sixth Palace. The garden is130m long from east to west and 90m wide from north to south. Qin 'an Hall, the main building, is located on the central axis. In the Ming Dynasty, it was used to admire the moon in autumn and offer sacrifices to Emperor Xuanwu. In the Qing dynasty, it was changed to a temple. There are stacked stones and Xiushan in the northeast of the park, which is the place where the concubine of Empress Dowager Cixi "climbs the mountain on Chongyang". Royal garden is a palace garden with architecture as the main body. Pavilions and pavilions are exquisitely structured, rocks and trees are arranged in an orderly manner, exotic flowers and different trees are blooming, and five-color stone tunnels extend in all directions. Tourists are willing to enjoy and take photos here.
This is the place where concubines live, commonly known as "three palaces and six hospitals". At present, most of Dongliugong has been converted into ancient art galleries, including the Ming and Qing Arts and Crafts Museum, the ceramics museum, the Bronze Museum, the Watch Museum, the Painting Museum and the Treasure Museum. The most people visit the Treasure Hall and the Watch Hall, which is located in Fengxian Hall, and the Treasure Hall is located in hall of mental cultivation, Leshou Hall and Yihexuan in the northeast corner of the Forbidden City. The toy exhibition hall is located on the east side of Kunning Palace, which is called the East Board Room. The West Sixth Palace has basically not been moved, and it is still arranged as it was.
Hall of mental cultivation, located in Gan Qing Gate of hall of mental cultivation, lived here for nearly 200 years from Yongzheng to the end of Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu, hall of mental cultivation Dongnuange was the place where Cixi and Ci 'an listened to politics.
The Forbidden City turret: The Forbidden City has four turrets, each with nine beams, eighteen columns and seventy-two ridges, which is very eye-catching.
Because Beijing was the place where Judy, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was the prince, he wanted to move to Beijing after he became emperor in Nanjing, so he sent a trusted minister to Beijing to build a palace. Judy told the minister that four towers with particularly beautiful shapes should be built at the four corners of the Forbidden City, which is the outer wall of the palace. Each tower should have nine beams, eighteen columns and seventy-two ridges. He was appointed Minister of Water Heating. After receiving the imperial edict from the emperor, the minister of plumbing was very worried and didn't know how to build this watchtower with nine beams, eighteen columns and seventy-two ridges.
When the Minister of Industry arrived in Beijing, he called 8 1 big contractors, foremen and carpenters, told them the emperor's will, and told them that these four grotesque turrets must be built on schedule, and said, "If they can't do it, the emperor will naturally kill my head, but before I kill my head, I will cut off your heads and be careful with your heads." The foreman and carpenter are not sure about such a project, so they often have to think of ways together.
The period of three months is very short, and it will be one month in the blink of an eye. The foreman and carpenter haven't come up with a clue or method yet. They made many styles, none of which fit. This is just in time for the dog days in June and July. It was stifling hot, and they were bored. It is really inappropriate for foremen and carpenters to sit or lie down. There was such a carpenter, and I couldn't stay any longer, so I went for a walk in the street.
Walking, I heard the sound of fruit in the distance, and then I heard the shouts of fruit. Looking closer, I saw an old man carrying a lot of stalks, big and small, peddling along the street. One of them is a cage with a straw stick, which is as exquisite as a pavilion in the painting. There are some crickets in it. The carpenter thought: Anyway, I was bored to death. Shit, I couldn't live any longer, so I bought a beautiful cage. It looked interesting and I bought it.
The carpenter returned to the construction site with the cage. Another carpenter subconsciously looked at the cage. At first, he just thought it was beautiful, but before long, he felt a little special. He curiously counted the beams, columns and ridges of the cage. Over and over again, many people were fascinated by his number, looking straight at it quietly, but there was no sound at all.
After counting the cages, the carpenter jumped up and patted his thigh and said, "Isn't this the seventy-two ridges of nine beams, eighteen columns?" Everyone was very happy to hear that. This one takes over counting cages, and that one takes over counting cages. They all said, "This is really a castle with nine beams, eighteen columns and seventy-two ridges." Inspired by this cage, everyone came up with the appearance of the turret of the Forbidden City, scalded out pulp to make patterns, and finally repaired it into a horn arm that still exists today.
Palace of Gathered Elegance Wanrong lived in Palace of Gathered Elegance for nearly two years after her marriage. What kind of lady is she? Some people say that she "has the qualification of a star queen", which seems to be no exaggeration, because she not only has the status of a queen, but also surpasses the performance of the Qing Dynasty queen, especially her westernization tendency. As an American commented on Wanrong: "Although she comes from a noble family, her father is in business. She is the beauty of Manchuria. She and the emperor have the right idea, and like him, she received a new education in the west and took a foreign name, Elizabeth. "
The Red Palace Wall did not block the connection between Wanrong and the western "new learning" because of the support of Puyi who was "right-leaning". At first, Puyi hired two masters for Wanrong: one was Ma Xiurong, the daughter of a priest in Philadelphia, USA, and the other was Yingmu. They are obviously related to the missionary school Wan Rong attended in Tianjin, and they are the candidates Wan Rong found himself. Soon, Ms. Isabel Rensam was also hired to the palace. She and Wanrong knew each other for a long time. They not only teach English, but also teach literature, history, art and landscape knowledge all over the world.
Wanrong was deeply influenced by the masters and got along well with them. Wanrong learns English very well. She can not only speak in English, but also write letters in English. She wrote many short messages to Puyi in English in the palace. The young royal couple live in the same palace and meet every day, but they still communicate in English. Of course, the content of their letter can be imagined. When Wanrong writes English short messages to Puyi, she always uses the same name as the Queen of England: Elizabeth.
For China's classical literature, Wanrong has also read some books. According to Zhao Rongsheng, the eunuch who takes care of Wanrong's daily life in Palace of Gathered Elegance, widows and concubines in the Qing Palace are bored every day. They usually practice calligraphy and painting in their spare time. Wanrong is young. She often reads books and is interested in writing poems and lyrics. After Puyi left the palace, she found some works of Wanrong in Palace of Gathered Elegance, including two poems:
In Puyi's historical archives, beautiful handwriting can be found, most of which are written in Chinese and English with pens, poems and diaries, and a few are written in small print with a brush. The sentence is written in white, but there are many typos. Calligraphy can be read, but I haven't found her paintings yet. It is said that she, like Puyi, can draw a few strokes. She is also in contact with painters inside and outside the palace. Yang Ling, a Chinese-American female painter, once went into the palace to "take pictures" of Wanrong, leaving a portrait of the last queen: Wanrong stood on the carpet in front of the landscape screen, wearing a rockhopper, a phoenix robe and full flags, looking tall, dignified and beautiful. After arriving in Tianjin, Wan Rong also hired a painting teacher.
Overall evaluation of cultural heritage:
1 is an unparalleled masterpiece of ancient architecture.
Palace buildings in the Forbidden City are the largest and most complete ancient buildings in China. The palaces are arranged along a north-south central axis, symmetrical from left to right, reaching Yongdingmen in the south and Drum Tower and Bell Tower in the north, running through the Forbidden City. Carefully planned, magnificent. No matter in the plane layout, three-dimensional effect and form, it is magnificent, solemn and harmonious, which is an unparalleled masterpiece. It marks a long cultural tradition in China and shows China's outstanding achievements in architectural art more than 500 years ago.
A treasure house of precious cultural relics
Some palaces in the Palace Museum have set up comprehensive historical art galleries, painting galleries, classified ceramic galleries, bronze galleries, Ming and Qing arts and crafts galleries, sculpture galleries, toy galleries, Four Treasures of the Study galleries, toy galleries, treasures galleries, clocks and watches galleries and cultural relics exhibitions in the Qing Dynasty. According to statistics, there are a large number of ancient art treasures here, totaling 1052653 pieces, accounting for one sixth of the total number of cultural relics in China, and it is the richest cultural relics collection in China.
The treasures of the ancient imperial palace in China.
The ancient buildings of the Forbidden City were planned and built by Emperor Zhu Xiang himself. It is a world-famous palace complex with large scale, rigorous structure, exquisite decoration and numerous cultural relics, which is unique among the ancient buildings in China.
Promote cultural exchanges with other countries in the world.
The cultural relics of the Forbidden City are divided into two display systems: the original state of the Forbidden City and ancient art, and 5 1 original state display has been arranged successively, which is highly authentic. First, more than a dozen specialized museums have been established.