Table wine is the wine to drink while eating, and wine is commonly used.
In the west, there is a custom of drinking after meals. The main types of drinking after meals are brandy and liqueur. Liqueur is also a strong liquor, but its taste is determined by the spices added. There are two main production methods. One method is to soak the essence in spirits, and the other method is to add spices for distillation. Both need to add syrup as sweetener, so liqueur is sweet wine.
Cocktails and long drinks are mixed wines. Based on spirits, with spice wine, eggs, fruit juice, ice cubes and sugar water. Spirits can be whisky, brandy, rum, Ouedec, etc. China famous wines such as Maotai, Jiannanchun and Wuliangye are also commonly used as base wines in China. Cocktails can be divided into pre-dinner cocktails, after-dinner cocktails or champagne cocktail, which are used in different occasions.
Cocktails and long drinks are prepared in a similar way. The difference lies in the different proportions of various materials.
Cocktails, also known as short drinks. Distilled liquor is generally used as the base liquor, which is characterized by high alcohol content, accounting for about 50-70% of the total capacity, and strong flavor, so it is not suitable for long storage.
Long-term drinking is a low-alcohol beverage mixed with spirits, fruit juice, soda and so on. There is less wine and more drinks in the ingredients, which are lighter than cocktails and can be stored for a long time.
Tequila wine
From the perspective of production methods, foreign wines can be divided into three categories: distilled wine, brewed wine and mixed wine. Distilled liquor is made from fermented raw materials by distillation and purification, with high alcohol content. According to different raw materials, it can be divided into grain distilled liquor, grape distilled liquor and other distilled liquors. The common distilled spirits in restaurants are as follows:
(1) Whiskey Whiskey is the most representative distilled liquor brewed from barley, rye and corn. , fermented, distilled and aged in wooden barrels.
(2) Gin Gin, also known as gin, can be divided into Dutch gin and English gin. Dutch gin is transparent and clear in color, outstanding in aroma and unique in style, which is suitable for single drinking. British gin, also known as Qianjin wine, is colorless, transparent, fragrant, mellow and refreshing.
(3) Vodka Vodka is divided into two categories, one is colorless and tasteless vodka, and the other is vodka with various spices. Vodka is a representative strong liquor in Russia, and its raw materials are potatoes and corn.
(4) Rum Rum is a by-product of sugar industry, which is refined from sugarcane and mostly produced in tropical areas. Famous brands of rum are: bacardi breezer, Meyer Black Rum and Captain Morgan.
(5) Tequila Tequila, produced in Mexico, is a kind of strong liquor made of cactus plant dragon tongue. Amber, strange aroma and fierce taste.
(6) Brandy Brandy is a good wine made from fermented grape juice by twice distillation. The French call the proud brandy cognac and the "king of brandy".
American whiskey.
American whisky and scotch whisky are made in similar ways, but the grains used are different, and the purity of distilled alcohol is lower than that of scotch whisky.
1. Pure whisky refers to neutral alcohol made from corn, rye, barley or wheat, which is brewed and stored in carbonized oak barrels for at least two years without mixing other whiskies or grains. This wine is subdivided into four types:
(1) bourbon. Bourbon is the place name of Kentucky, so Bourbon whisky is also called Kentucky Direct Bourbon whisky. It is fermented and distilled from 565,438+0-75% corn kernels, aged in new white oak barrels baked on the inner wall for 4-8 years, with amber color, rich original flavor, mellow and soft taste, long aftertaste and high alcohol content. According to the American wine law, this name can be used as long as the product meets the following three conditions: first, corn accounts for at least 51%of the raw materials for brewing; Second, the degree of distilled liquor should be in the range of 40~80 degrees; Thirdly, it is stored in new carbonized oak barrels with an alcohol content of 40~ 62.5 degrees, and the storage period is more than 2 years. So Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Missouri also produce bourbon, but only those produced in Kentucky can be called Kentucky pure bourbon.
(2) Rey whisky is made of rye and other grains, with a content of over 565,438+0%, amber in color and different in taste from bourbon.
(3) Corn whiskey is made of more than 80% corn and other grains and aged in old charcoal oak barrels.
(4) Bonded whisky is a pure whisky, usually bourbon or rye whisky, which is brewed under the supervision of the US government. The government does not guarantee its quality, but only requires that it be aged for at least four years, and the alcohol purity when bottled is 100? It must be brewed by wineries and bottled by the government.
2. Blended whisky is a mixture of more than one single whisky and 20% neutral grain alcohol. When bottled, the alcohol content is 40%, which is often used as the base wine of mixed drinks. There are three kinds of * * *:
(1) Kentucky whiskey is a mixture of pure whiskey and neutral grain alcohol produced in this state.
(2) Pure blended whisky is a mixture of two or more pure whiskies, but neutral grain alcohol is not added.
(3) American blended light whiskey is a new kind of American wine, which is made of no more than 20% pure whiskey and 80% light whiskey, and the alcohol purity is 100proof.
3. Light whisky is a new whisky approved by American government. When distilled, the purity of alcohol is as high as161-189 proof, with light taste and aging in old barrels. The dosage of 100Proof pure whisky added to low-alcohol whisky shall not exceed 20%.
In the United States, there is also a kind of wine called sour mash whiskey, which is distilled by adding old yeast to the raw materials to be fermented, and the ratio of old to new is 1: 2. This kind of fermentation is relatively stable, and Apollo side wine is commonly used. It was invented and used by Belia Craig in 1789.
Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Tennessee in the western United States contain calcium in their water, which is the most important condition for whiskey brewing, so these areas are the centers of whiskey brewing in the United States. The famous American whiskies are: Mark, Ten Tall, Four Roses, Jack Danny, Sigwam 7 Crown in West grimes, Grandfather, Old Crown, Old Foster Head, Old Turkey, Ivan Williams, Jim Bean and Wild Turkey.
The drinking method of American whisky is roughly the same as that of Scottish whisky, and sometimes it is often mixed with cola.
④ Canadian whisky
Canadian whisky is more famous abroad than at home, and its ingredients are restricted by national laws and regulations. The main brewing raw materials are corn and rye, and some other grain raw materials are added. But no grain exceeds 50%, and each winery has its own formula, and the proportion is kept secret. Canadian whisky needs to be distilled twice in the brewing process, then aged in oak barrels for more than 2 years, and then mixed with various spirits and bottled, with an alcohol content of 45 degrees when bottled. Generally, wines on the market are aged for more than 6 years. If it is less than 4 years old, it must be marked on the bottle cap. Canadian whisky is brownish yellow, rich in flavor, light and comfortable, full-bodied and famous for its elegant style.
According to experts' analysis, the reasons for the unique taste of Canadian whisky are as follows: (1) Canada's light cold climate affects the texture of grains; (2) Good water quality and unique fermentation process; (3) Liquor should be blended immediately after distillation. The famous products of Canadian whisky are: Canadian Club, V.O. of Segland, Me Guinness, Sinclair and Wiser. Canadian house.
Canadian whisky can be drunk before or after meals, directly or mixed with Coca-Cola or 7-up soda.
brandy
There is a local French proverb: boys drink red wine, men drink port wine, and if they want to be heroes, they drink brandy. People give brandy supreme status and call it hero's wine. The word brandy has a narrow sense and a broad sense. Broadly speaking, any wine made from fruit fermentation and distillation is called brandy, such as calvados, but now it is used to distilling wine and aging it in wooden barrels for a long time, so it is called brandy. Brandy usually means "the soul of wine".
(A) the birth of brandy
Brandy was discovered by accident. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0 ~ (th) century, the Charente River Pier in France became a commercial port for liquor export due to its convenient transportation. Because the whole case of wine occupied a lot of space on the ship at that time, the French came up with the method of double steaming to remove the water in the wine, improve the purity of the wine, reduce the occupied space and facilitate transportation. This is an early brandy. 170 1 year, France was involved in the Spanish war, and the sales of brandy were greatly reduced. The wine was stored in oak barrels. After the war, people found that brandy aged in oak barrels was more mellow.
(b) storage of brandy
The reason why brandy tastes mellow and fragrant after aging is that the oak barrel used has a subtle "exchange effect" on brandy, which magically turns the original colorless wine into amber in the oak barrel, adding the unique aroma of brandy. But brandy itself has to pay a price, because some brandy will evaporate slowly over time. It is said that in Cognac, France alone, about 20 million bottles of wine evaporate every year. No wonder some people laugh that these evaporated wines were stolen by angels. Because oak has a great influence on the quality of brandy, the winery is also very particular about the choice of wood and the manufacture of barrels. First of all, the cut oak must be air-dried for more than two years before it can be used as a wine barrel to prevent the moisture in the oak from oozing out and affect the mellow taste of brandy; Moreover, all barrels should be inlaid with oak, and there should not be a nail or a drop of glue, nor can they be cut with a saw to ensure that the aging process will not affect the color and taste of the wine. This requires the carpenter master to use wisdom and skillful skills, using the principle that natural objects expand when heated and contract when cooled, to bake the wooden strips with fire and suck them together to form a barrel. The size of this barrel is most suitable for a 350-liter barrel (worth about RMB 3,000). The wine in the barrel will change the quality of the wine because some oxygen enters the air. Oxygen enters the barrel from the barrel wall and reacts with brandy, causing complex chemical reactions and developing wine flavor in the oxidation process; In addition, the dissolved substances in oak barrels and their microorganisms also have a great influence on the aging and aroma of brandy. Some alcohol in the wine will also evaporate, which will reduce the strength of the wine. The average annual evaporation is about 1-2%, and the color of oak barrels will gradually penetrate into the wine, turning the originally colorless wine into crystalline amber, and the taste will be greatly improved.
The longer the aging time, the softer the style, the more delicate the aroma and the higher the price of brandy, but this does not mean that brandy can be aged indefinitely in wooden barrels. Wine itself has a process from immaturity to maturity and then aging. The best vintage of brandy is 20-40 years, generally not more than 50 years, and at most not more than 70 years. After a long time, the quality of the wine decreased, and all the water in the wine evaporated, and the taste of the wine was destroyed and became lignified. Generally, Chinese New Year wine can be stored in enamel cans, which can ensure the long-term quality of wine. The best brandy is a mixture of various brandies from different years and sources. Bartender should judge the quality and style of wine by tasting the wine stored in the barrel and decide the blending ratio. The bartender has his own recipe and will never tell anyone. Mixed brandy can be bottled in suitable containers for 6 months. Brandy, unlike wine, does not precipitate in bottles, but becomes a shaped product after bottling. As long as it is protected from light and stored at low temperature without leakage, it can be stored for a long time.
High quality brandy is related to raw materials and processing technology. Usually, white wine is better than red wine. The newly distilled and aged brandy is colorless and has an alcohol content of 40-43? Between, the aroma is low but not harmonious, the taste is spicy and not refreshing, and there is no mellow and sweet taste. It is necessary to store Chen Lai in large oak barrels to improve the quality. Generally, it must be stored for at least 2 years, otherwise the name of brandy must be marked with the word "immature". The vintage of brandy is generally 3 18 years, but many famous brands are as long as 25 years or even longer. In order to highlight the storage life and raise the price of wine, the trademark of wine bottle should also have eye-catching special marks with different meanings.
★3 years old
★★★★ 4 years old
★★★★★ 5 years old
10- 12 years old
V.S.O. 12-20 years old
20-30 years old vice president
Adults aged 30-50
The co-captain is 50 years old.
X. is 70 years old
E. special
O. Lao Chen
Page (abbreviation of page) is pale and clear, which means beige and caramel.
South superiority or soft compatibility
Verb (abbreviation for verb) is very, very.
Ultra-high grade
C. cognac
F. Very good, very exquisite
The meanings of these signs are not all very strict, not only the year of the wine they represent is not strictly determined, but also the same signs have different meanings in different regions and manufacturers.
Vodka, the first choice for strong men and strong women!
Of course, it is extremely harmful!
Vodka (vodka)
Legend has it that in 18 12, a Russian-French war was launched on the stage of Russian winter, which ended with the French army at the bottom of brandy bottle losing to the Russian army with endless vodka.
18 18, Pierre smirnoff Fils winery was built in Moscow, 19 17, after the October Revolution, it was still a family-owned enterprise. 1930, the recipe of vodka was brought to America and made in America. Vodka is the national wine of Russia and Poland, and it is a very popular strong drink in the cold countries of northern Europe. Vodka is another name for water in the former Soviet Union.
(A) the characteristics of vodka
Vodka is a pure high-alcohol beverage, which takes many kinds of grains (potatoes and corn) as raw materials and is repeatedly distilled, refined and filtered to remove toxins and other foreign substances contained in alcohol. Vodka is colorless, tasteless and has no obvious characteristics, but it is refreshing. Vodka is very strong and pungent, and it has no use except mixing it with soft drinks to make it dry and mixing it with spirits to make it stronger. However, because there are few impurities in the wine and the taste is pure, it can be mixed with other drinks at any concentration, so the alcohol content of the base wine commonly used to prepare cocktails is generally 40? A 50? amongst
(2) Vodka brewing method
The traditional brewing method of vodka is as follows: firstly, potatoes, corn, barley and rye are used as raw materials, and the alcohol content is as high as 96% through distillation, and then the alcohol content flows through a container filled with a large amount of charcoal, and the impurities in the wine are adsorbed (every 10 liter of distillate is continuously filtered with 1.5 kg of charcoal for at least 8 hours, and at least140 hours later. This kind of wine can be sold and drunk without aging, and a small amount of fragrant vodka can only be flavored after dilution. Vodka, like gin, is a grain-based strong drink with high alcohol content and does not need aging. But compared with gin, vodka is dry and non-irritating, while gin has a strong gin flavor.
(3) Russian vodka
Russian vodka was originally made of barley, and later it was gradually changed into potato and corn with starch. There is nothing special about making mash and distilling the original wine. Only when filtering, the original wine obtained by rectification is injected into the birch activated carbon filter tank. After a slow filtering procedure, the distilled liquid fully contacts with the activated carbon molecules and is purified, and all trace elements such as oil, acid, aldehyde and ester contained in the original wine are removed, thus obtaining very pure vodka. Russian vodka is transparent, and there is almost no other fragrance except wine. It has a strong smell, a strong nose and the same stimulation as fire. Its famous products are: Bolskaya, Soviet red card (Stolichnaya), Soviet green card (Mosrovskaya), lemon Naya; Stacca, Zhu Bo Rovka, Russian Kaya, Gorril Ka.
(4) Polish vodka
The brewing technology of Polish vodka is similar to that of Russia, the only difference is that Poles add some seasoning materials such as grass, flowers and plant fruits in the brewing process. Therefore, Polish vodka is richer and more attractive than Russian vodka, and its famous products are: blue Marie Laure Gigon and Viborova red card 38? , (Wyborowa), Viboro Varan brand 45? (Wyborowa), Zhu Bo Rocca (Zubrowka).
(5) Vodka from other countries and regions.
In addition to Russia and Poland, other famous countries and regions producing vodka include:
1. Cossack, Viadiva, Imperial Vodka, Vlado.
2. American lion vodka (Smirnoff), tea pot, the royal family of Felschmann.
3. Finland, Finland.
4. Karinskaya, Mrs Kaya.
5. Canadian Syl Howlett.
(6) Vodka drinking and service
The standard dosage is 42 ml per guest, which can be served as a table wine or an after-dinner wine in a liqueur cup or a classical cup.
When drinking pure, prepare a glass of cold water to drink at room temperature, and fast drinking (cheers) is its main drinking method. Many people like to drink it dry after being chilled, as if the ice cubes melt in their mouths and then turn into flame-like heat.
Vodka, as a base wine to make cocktails, is famous for its black Russia, screwdriver, bloody Mary and so on.