First, the characteristics of vegetative branches
Annual branches with only leaf buds are called vegetative branches, also called developmental branches or growing branches.
Buds on vegetative branches are generally leaf buds. After the leaf buds germinate, they sprout and spread their leaves to form backbone branches, which play a role in expanding the crown, nourishing the tree and forming new fruiting branches.
The ability to grow vegetative branches varies with the age and potential of trees.
Young and mature trees with vigorous growth have strong ability to draw branches. Young trees have more vegetative branches, the front leaf buds grow and expand the crown, and the lower axillary buds pull the fruit branches.
After the tree is weak and enters the full fruit stage, the number of vegetative branches becomes less and less, and some lateral buds on the vegetative branches become flower buds, which makes the vegetative branches have both vegetative branches and sticky branches of fruiting branches.
Second, the characteristics of fruit branches
Branches with flower buds are called fruiting branches.
Results Branches were divided into long fruit branches (1.5 ~ 20cm), middle fruit branches (5 ~ 1.5cm), short fruit branches (about 5cm), flower cluster fruit branches (1 ~ 2 cm) and mixed fruit branches with a length greater than 20cm.
1, long fruit branch: the terminal buds and lateral buds in the upper part of the branch are leaf buds, and the rest are flower buds, which is called long fruit branch.
After the long fruit branches bear fruit, the middle and lower parts are exposed, and the front leaf buds produce 1~3 fruit branches with different lengths. Varieties with longer fruit branches form scattered fruit branches because the top ends extend year by year.
The first result is that there are many fruit branches on the tree, and the fruit setting rate of long fruit branches is low, generally around 40%, but the fruit is large and of good quality.
The proportion of long fruit branches is related to variety characteristics.
2. Medium-bearing branches: The terminal buds and several lateral buds of the branches are leaf buds, and the rest are flower buds, which are called medium-bearing branches.
The number of intermediate fruit branches is small, which is not the main type of fruit branches.
The fruiting ability of intermediate fruit branches varies with varieties.
3. Short fruit branches: Except that the terminal bud is a leaf bud, the branches with flower buds are called short fruit branches.
The flower buds on short fruit branches have good development quality, strong fruit-setting ability and good fruit quality.
Varieties with strong branching ability, such as red honey, trees with short fruit branches in full fruit period.
4. Flower clusters and fruit branches: The annual growth is generally only 65,438+0 ~ 65,438+0.5 cm. The bud in the center of the top is a leaf bud, with extremely short branches and axillary flower buds, which bloom like a bouquet.
The development quality of flower buds in fruit branches of flower clusters is good, the fruit setting rate can reach about 80%, the growth amount is very small, the fruiting parts move out slowly, the distribution density is high, the fruit quality is the best, the yield is high and stable, and the life span is long, and it can bear fruit continuously for 7-20 years.
Flower cluster branches are the main fruiting branches of sweet cherry, especially in the full fruit period, accounting for a considerable proportion of the tree, such as red light.
On the varieties with flower clusters and fruit branches, the terminal buds germinate and grow straight year by year, forming a uniaxial elongation branch group.
5. Mixed branches: the length is more than 20 cm, the terminal buds and lateral buds in the middle and upper parts of branches are leaf buds, and only 5~8 lateral buds at the base are flower buds.
Mixed branch is the earliest type of fruit branch with flower buds in the young tree stage. It can not only branch long leaves, but also expand the crown in the early fruit stage and full fruit stage to form new fruit branches.
The flower buds on mixed branches often have poor development quality, low fruit setting rate, poor fruit quality and late maturity.
6. foliage branches: short branches without flower buds. The internode leaves are short, dense and often rosette-shaped.
Leaf buds germinate in the middle and rear parts of branches, and stop growing when nutrient supply is insufficient, forming leaf clumps. The branch length is about 1c_m, and the branch with only one terminal bud is also called a single bud branch.
There is a high probability that the foliage branches will develop into flower-shaped fruit branches or short fruit branches. A large number of foliage branches will sprout on the biennial branches, especially on the back of slow-release branches, forming more foliage branches.
In the early stage of fruiting, the proportion of long fruit branches and middle fruit branches is large, while in the full fruit stage, short fruit branches and flower cluster fruit branches are the main ones. Fruiting branches and flower cluster fruit branches are the basis of yield formation.
Thirdly, the transformation characteristics between different branches of cherry tree.
Under certain conditions, different types of fruit branches, fruiting branches and vegetative branches of cherry trees can be transformed into each other.
1. Transformation from vegetative branches to fruiting branches
In the process of fruit tree's transition from initial fruit stage to full fruit stage, comprehensive management such as fertilization and pruning can promote the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
With the increase of fruiting amount, the annual growth of branches gradually decreased, most of the vegetative branches were transformed into fruiting branches, and the longer fruiting branches were transformed into shorter fruiting branches.
2. Mutual transformation between fruit branches
In the full fruit stage, when the nutritional conditions change, such as excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially when stimulated by some kind, the fruiting branches will be transformed into vegetative branches, and the flower cluster fruit branches and short fruit branches can produce medium and long branches.
When nutritional conditions are favorable for its growth, leafy branches can be transformed into flower-shaped fruiting branches; If the nutritional conditions are not improved, it is still leafy; If it is in the top advantage position, or when it is stimulated, it will also form nutrient branches.
3. The mutual transformation of branches is influenced by rootstock types and cherry varieties.
Cherry trees grafted with dwarf rootstocks have a strong ability to transform vegetative branches into fruiting branches; The transformation ability of cherry trees grafted with Qiao Hua rootstock is weak.
Generally, varieties with strong branches have strong transformation ability; Varieties with weak branching ability have fast transformation speed.
4. The management level has an important influence on the transition between branches.
High management level, good quality of fruit branches, stable yield and excellent fruit quality; Low management level, fast branch transformation, weak fruit trees and poor fruit quality.