I liked reading very much when I was young. The family is poor and can't get books to read. They often borrow books from book collectors, copy them by hand, and return them on time after calculating the date. It's very cold in winter, the ink in the inkstone is frozen, my fingers can't bend straight, and I don't relax when copying books. After copying, he immediately ran to return the book, not daring to exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So many people are willing to lend me books that I can read all the books. As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages more, but I can't communicate with knowledgeable teachers and celebrities. Once I rushed hundreds of miles away, holding the scriptures and asking the elders with moral knowledge in the village. His predecessors were highly respected and his disciples crowded his room. His words and attitude have never been euphemistic. I stood beside him, asking questions, asking truth, bending down and listening respectfully; Sometimes, when he is reprimanded loudly, his expression is more respectful and his manners are more thoughtful, and he dare not say a rebuttal; He was happy and went to consult again. So although I was stupid, I finally learned a lot.

Go out for advice, carry a book box, drag shoes, and walk in the deep mountains and valleys. In the middle of winter, the cold wind blows hard and the snow is several feet deep. I don't know. The skin on my feet is cracked with cold. Back to the hostel, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter gave me a hot bath and wrapped me in a quilt, which took me a long time to warm up. Staying in a hotel, the innkeeper has two meals a day, and there is nothing fresh, fat and delicious to enjoy. Roommates are wearing gorgeous clothes, hats decorated with red hair bands and jewels, white jade rings hanging around their waists, treasure knives on the left and sachets on the right, which are bright and dazzling, just like immortals; I am in rags among them, but I am not jealous. Because there are enough happy things in my heart, I don't feel that the enjoyment of food and clothing is not as good as others. I just study hard. Although I am old now, I have achieved nothing, but fortunately, I am still among the gentlemen, bearing the honor of the son of heaven, following the emperor every day, waiting for inquiries, and praising my name inappropriately under the sun, not to mention anyone who can surpass me.

Now students are studying in imperial academy, and the court provides meals every day. Parents give them leather clothes in winter and kudzu clothes in summer, so don't worry about freezing and hunger. Sitting downstairs reading poetry books, there is no hard work; There are teachers like doctors, who ask for advice without asking themselves and get nothing; All the books you should have are concentrated here. You don't have to copy them by hand like me. You can borrow them from others before you can see them. If they are not proficient in their studies and have not developed moral character, it is not because of their low talent and qualifications, but because they are not as single-minded as I am. Can you say it's someone else's fault?

Dongyang Ma studied in imperial academy for two years, and his peers praised his virtue. When I went to the capital to see the emperor, Ma Sheng greeted me as a younger compatriot and wrote a long letter as a gift. He is fluent and approachable, arguing with him with gentle words and humble attitude. He himself said that he worked hard when he was a teenager, and he can be called a good learner! He was going home to meet his parents, so I specifically told him about my study difficulties. If I encourage fellow villagers to study hard, that is my ambition; You denigrate me and boast that I am lucky and proud in front of my fellow villagers. Are you someone who knows me?

The original text of "Send Dongyang Horse":

Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang

Song Lian? [Ming dynasty]

I liked studying when I was young. Because my family is poor, I can't get books to read. I often borrow money from the library, copy it myself, and send it back on the appointed day. When the weather is cold, the water in the salt pond freezes into ice and I can't stretch my fingers. I still don't relax reading. After copying, please go back to China, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So most people will lend me books so that I can read all kinds of books. Since it is crowned, it is beneficial to admire saints. He has also suffered from celebrities and tourists without owners. He has tasted hundreds of miles away and asked the pioneers in his hometown for advice. Senior honorary person, Yemeni students crowded his room, and his words and attitude were never slightly euphemistic. Around Lishi, he assisted the suspect and leaned over to ask questions; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; Please ask again as soon as it is happy. So I was stupid and finally learned a lot.

When he was a teacher, he dragged himself into the deep mountains and valleys. In winter, the wind is fierce, the snow is several feet deep, and the skin is chapped. After entering the room, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The servant gave me hot water and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Stay in a hotel and eat two meals a day, without fresh fat and delicious enjoyment. All the students are all embroidered, wearing hats decorated with treasures, white jade rings on their waists, swords on their left and smelly faces on their right. In the meantime, I have no desire for beauty. I don't know if my mouth and body are not as good as people. My efforts and efforts are probably like this. Although I am old and have no achievements, I am fortunate to be among the gentlemen. However, I have been blessed by the son of heaven. After I became a public official, I worked as a consultant every day, and the whole world misreported my last name. What else?

Nowadays, students are studying in imperial academy, and the county officials provide a little support every day. Parents have the legacy of Qiu Ge at the age of 20, and there is no danger of freezing and embarrassment; There is no need to escape from sitting downstairs and reciting poems; There are teachers, doctors are teachers, and those who don't ask, don't tell, ask but can't; All the books should be kept here. There is no need to record them through other people's hands and read them later. People who are not skilled in the industry and fail in virtue are not inferior in nature, so they are not dedicated to their own ears and others are embarrassed!

Dongyang Ma, who studied in imperial academy for two years, was praised by his peers for his virtue. Yu Ducheng, born in the same town, wrote a long book and was very eloquent. Debate with it and make peace with it. He said that he studied hard when he was young and was a good scholar. He was going home to visit his parents, and I told him about the difficulties in his studies. It is said that Yu Mian's fellow villagers are all scholars, and so is Yu. Those who look down on me and brag about my wealth and prosperity and are arrogant to my hometown know who gave it to me!

Appreciation of preface to seeing ma sheng off to dongyang;

In this preface, the author describes his early experience of seeking advice with an open mind and studying hard, vividly and concretely describes the difficulty of borrowing books and seeking teachers, and the pain of running around in cold and hunger, and compares it with the superior conditions of the students in the business school, which strongly shows that whether or not academic achievements depend mainly on subjective efforts, rather than the level of talent and the advantages and disadvantages of conditions, so as to encourage young people to cherish a good reading environment and concentrate on their studies. The full text is rigorous in structure, meticulous and thoughtful, contrastive in reasoning, detailed in narration and vivid and touching to read.

The full text is divided into three parts.

In the first paragraph, I wrote about my study as a teenager, aiming at highlighting his studious spirit of "diligence can make up for the shortcomings". Inside, there are four levels. The first layer is difficult to learn from borrowing books. Because the family is poor and there are no books, we have to borrow books to copy books. Although it was cold, the inkstone froze and their fingers froze, they didn't dare to slack off. The second layer is the difficulty of seeking a teacher and the necessity of learning with an open mind. Seek a teacher from a hundred miles, and be careful. Although I was scolded, I finally got something. On the third level, from the perspective of the hardships of living conditions, I am content with poverty and don't admire wealth. Because I have learned something, I only feel happy and don't feel bitter. I emphasize that as long as I am full of energy, the hardships of living conditions can be ignored. The fourth layer is the summary of this paragraph. Because I was not afraid of all kinds of difficulties, I studied hard and finally achieved something. Although the author modestly says that he has "no achievements", the fact that a generation of great scholars is self-evident is known to all. Finally, the rhetorical question of "the situation is too surplus" is a link between the past and the future, and its content is very rich. First of all, the author emphasizes in a rhetorical tone that if a person with a little higher talent can be as diligent as himself, he will certainly achieve more outstanding achievements. At the same time, the implication is that I am not a genius, so I can achieve my present achievements because of hard work and hard study. In other words, if people are not too talented, but they have accomplished nothing, they can only blame themselves for not working hard enough. From the following, we can know that Ma Sheng is a studious young man. As long as he persists, the future is limitless. Therefore, although this sentence is a few numbers, it has profound significance and great effect. It not only takes care of the above, but also connects with the following, closely follows the theme of the preface, sincerely and implicitly expresses Ma Sheng's exhortation, encouragement and expectation, and shows everyone's "graceful but muddy" demeanor.

The second paragraph, following the first paragraph, describes that the excellent learning conditions of contemporary Taiwan Province students are in sharp contrast with the difficulties of the author in his youth, and emphasizes the necessity of diligent study from the opposite side. The cloud of "I have something to offer every day" contrasts with the above-mentioned living conditions, the cloud of "having a teacher and a doctor as a teacher" contrasts with the above-mentioned difficulty in seeking a teacher, and the cloud of "all suitable books are gathered here" contrasts with the above-mentioned difficulty in borrowing books. Through the comparison, it can be clearly seen that the students of Mrs. University are much better than the author in terms of reading, seeking teachers and living, but they are not very good in career and morality. Finally, with an optional sentence and a rhetorical question, it is emphasized that the key is that these students are neither diligent nor diligent. This is the care of the fourth floor in the last paragraph.

The above two paragraphs emphasize the importance of diligent study from both positive and negative aspects. Although there is no explicit encouragement to Ma Sheng, the significance of encouragement is self-evident. But after all, the article is written for reading, so in the third paragraph, it is obviously written, pointing out that the purpose of writing the preface is "the Tao is difficult to learn" and "the scholars encourage the villagers to learn." Because the content of the exhortation has been written in the last two paragraphs, I will only say some words of praise and praise here, but it is not difficult for Ma Sheng to earnestly get the message.

Song Lian is generous, sincere and humble. This article, like this man, is euphemistic and friendly. In fact, according to his prestige and status, he can put on airs of his elders, argue head-on, speak loudly and teach this young man a lesson. However, he didn't do it. He never talks about what you young people should be like. He only talks about what "I" is like. He puts himself and the other person on an equal footing and talks with people with his own personal experience and personal experience. Not only from the point of view, but also from the image and emotion, it inspires and influences readers, making people feel that there is a lofty personality appeal in the depth of the article. In the process of reading, readers will unconsciously shorten their ideological distance from the author, agree with his point of view and are willing to follow his point of view. Writing an article to achieve this step is not only a question of article skills, but also requires profound ideological cultivation as the foundation.

Secondly, in reasoning, the author is not talking about learning out of thin air, but is good at letting thoughts and truths emerge naturally in the narrative of facts. In the narrative of facts, he is good at organically combining general narrative with typical detail description, so that the article is only concrete, concise and vivid, and also has strong persuasiveness and appeal. For example, when the author talks about the difficulty of reading, he usually describes the situation that he has to borrow books and copy books because of his poor family, saying that "the weather is freezing, the inkstone is hard, his fingers can't bend and stretch, and the Buddha is lazy." Through such a typical detail description, people have vivid and concrete feelings about the author's diligence in reading and the hardship of learning conditions. The reason lies in the matter, and the matter is quite touching. This is another internal reason why this article makes people happy to identify with and accept the author's point of view.

And the article is natural, but the internal structure is very tight and compact. The object of the original text is the main body of the article. But the article put aside the topic, starting from oneself, taking it easy, starting from oneself and others, and finally talking about the object of giving. Seemingly careless, but actually clever. In the deep structure of the article, there is a close internal relationship between the subject and the object, always taking the subject as the goal and taking care of the subject everywhere, but avoiding the shortcomings of the general preface, making the article euphemistic, implicit and meaningful. In writing, I successfully used the methods of contrast and contrast, so that there is contrast between the left and right, and there is care before and after. The article shows rigor in leisure, "both fish and fish are elegant and moderate." This is also very impressive.

In writing, the following three aspects are worth learning:

First, stick to the center and elaborate from different angles. The center of this article is the word "learning". The author remembers how much he liked learning when he was a child and how much he longed for Taoism when he was an adult. He said that students in imperial academy should concentrate on their studies, commend them for being good at learning, and send them away. From himself to others, from beginning to end, it all started with the word "learning". Writing about the hardships of one's past life and the superior conditions of imperial academy today still revolves around the word "learning", but from different angles. The author describes himself as diligent in learning and brave in overcoming difficulties, in order to show his point of view and clarify the importance of subjective efforts, so that Ma Sheng can understand from the author's experience that learning must be "diligent in learning and difficult to learn". The purpose of enumerating imperial academy's life, teachers and equipment is to show that superior objective conditions are conducive to the development of subjective initiative, and to make Ma Sheng realize that he should cherish the existing conditions, concentrate on his studies like the author, and succeed in his studies. In this way, the truth related to learning will be expounded from different angles through the narration of specific cases and actual situations, so that Ma Sheng and readers can be inspired by the author's beautiful narration and realize the truth of how to learn.

Second, the general narrative is combined with the detailed narrative. This paper focuses on narrative, which can be divided into general narrative and detailed narrative. Through a brief narrative, the author roughly describes the process and overall picture of his hard study from childhood to adulthood. Through detailed narration, the typical materials and specific environment are vividly and meticulously developed. The combination of the two makes the narrative look a bit comprehensive, which not only gives readers an overall understanding of the author's hard work, but also leaves a deep impression on the key "details". For example, detailing the "details" of "freezing cold, firm inkstone, fingers unable to bend and stretch, fingers lazy" reflects the author's long-term hardship of "taking notes by hand and paying back the money in a few days". Another example is "dragging the mud", walking in the deep mountain canyon, the wind is very strong in winter, it snows a few feet, and the skin is chapped and I don't know it. Give up, four stiff muscles can't move, ... but they will be harmonious for a long time, "which vividly reflects the environment and hardships on the road to learning from teachers." Another example is "Xianda ..... has never faded slightly. Around Li Lishi, he assisted the suspect and leaned over to listen; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; As soon as he is happy, please him again "is a detailed account, which truly shows his attitude of respecting teachers and his tenacious learning psychology when" inquiring about classics from his hometown ". In addition, just like writing clothes, it is similar to portrait description, except that you use the word "clothes and clothes" to summarize yourself, but you also use the technique of describing your psychological state at that time in detail. The two complement each other, which not only shows the author's poor family and frugal life, but also reflects his noble taste.

Third, the use of contrast is the most obvious feature of this writing. Mainly compare the advantages of students' learning conditions with the author's own past hardships; Compare my frugality as a teacher with the luxury of sharing a room with others. It has been explained separately in the comments, so I won't repeat it here.

Comment on words and phrases:

Dongyang: It is now Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province. At that time, it belonged to Jinhua House with Qianxi. Ma Sheng: Tai's student's surname is Ma, which is Ma Junze in the article. Foreword: Stylistic names include book foreword and gift foreword. This article is a preface to the gift.

Y: Me. Shi: I like reading.

To: I see.

Borrow: borrow.

Fu's laziness: that is, "Fu's laziness", he does not slack off and does not relax copying books. Christopher, no. It refers to copying books.

Go: Run.

Overdue: beyond the agreed time limit.

Yes, here we are. Crown raising: When an ancient man reached the age of 20, he held a crown raising ceremony to show his manhood.

The way of sage: refers to the way of Confucius and Mencius. Song Lian is a neo-Confucian, advocating benevolence, righteousness and morality, so he is highly respected.

Master: A knowledgeable teacher. Travel: making friends.

Taste: Zeng. Trend: Go.

Pioneer in hometown: a famous local elder with moral knowledge. This refers to ancient writers such as Liu Guan from Pujiang and Huang Cheng from Yiwu. Inquire about the scriptures: bring the scriptures for consultation.

Lower your tone slightly: speak your words gently and face them gently. Words, words and faces.

Help doubt: ask questions and ask the truth.

Scold (chi) du not: reprimand, reprimand.

As soon as possible: wait.

Pawn: Finally.

Qi è: The box. Drag (yè xǐ): slippers.

Poor winter: severe winter.

Jūn: Because of cold and dryness, the skin is cracked.

Stiff: Stiff.

The woman who married him. This refers to the maid. Tang nest irrigation: refers to drinking or soaking in hot water. Soup: Hot water. Officer: water and washing.

Quilt (qρn): Quilt.

Reverse tourism: hotels.

Eat again daily: two meals a day.

(pρ) Qi embroidery: wearing gorgeous satin clothes. Being is the same as "wearing". Qi, patterned silk.

Zhu Yingbao ornaments: Red tassels are dotted with beads and other ornaments.

White jade ring around the waist: a white jade ring is hung around the waist.

Smelly: sachet. Smell: smell, here refers to aroma.

Yèran: radiant.

Yùn: A robe made of coarse linen. My clothes: rags.

Mao is old: old. People in their eighties and nineties are called Yao. Song Lian is sixty-nine years old at this time.

About the author:

Song Lian (1310-1381) was named Jingxi, also known as Xuanzhenzi, Zhen Xuan Taoist and Zhen Xuan Dunlao. Han nationality, a native of Pujiang (now Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province), was a writer in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. He was praised by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and scholars called him Taishigong. Song Lian, Gao Qi and Liu Ji are also called "the great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty". Because his eldest grandson was involved in the Hu Dang case, he was demoted to Maozhou and died in Kuizhou on the way. His representative works include Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang and Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition in the Early Yuan Dynasty.

Creative background:

In the 11th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1378), Song Lian retired from his hometown Pujiang (Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province) to Yingtianfu (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province) in the second year, and his junior countryman Ma Jun came to visit. Song Lian wrote this preface to introduce his learning experience and encourage others to be diligent.

Express the theme:

Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang was written by Song Lian, a writer in Ming Dynasty. In this preface, the author describes his early experience of seeking advice with an open mind and studying hard, vividly and concretely describes the difficulty of borrowing books and seeking teachers, and the pain of running around in cold and hunger, and compares it with the superior conditions of the students in the business school, which strongly shows that whether or not academic achievements depend mainly on subjective efforts, rather than the level of talent and the advantages and disadvantages of conditions, so as to encourage young people to cherish a good reading environment and concentrate on their studies. The full text is rigorous in structure, meticulous and thoughtful, contrastive in reasoning, detailed in narration and vivid and touching to read.

Famous comments:

Wang Chonglv, Chairman of Liaoning Writers Association and Professor of Chinese Department of Liaoning University, wrote "China's Good Articles: Classical Chinese You Can't Miss": "This article encourages Thai and Thai students such as Ma Sheng to study hard and look forward to success by describing their urgency and difficulties when they are young. Sincere feelings, sincere words, thorough reasoning, quite touching. "

Historical evaluation:

Liu Ji once commented on Song Lian's "The First Five Natural Festivals" and sent it to the East. He fully described and expounded the importance of being diligent and eager to learn from different aspects, as well as the spirit and attitude that should be upheld. In the last paragraph, I briefly mentioned the meaning of the question: Because Ma Sheng is knowledgeable and Ma Sheng is young and studious, the article encourages Ma Sheng.

This unique article structure layout can be said to be "object" first and then "main". "Guest" focuses on narrative reasoning and pen and ink, so it comes naturally and can naturally transition to "master"-cherish ink as gold to clarify the meaning of the topic.

The full text is divided into three parts, which are compact and rigorous. The first two parts explain the main idea from the comparison, and the latter part closely follows the preface style to explain the writing intention. The article is reasonable, not empty talk and easy to accept. The first part is the author's account of his study period, and how to be the first among students who study modestly, regardless of the objective conditions. Together with Gao Qi and Liu Ji, he was called "the great poet in the third day of Ming Dynasty". Liu Ji praised him as "the first article today" and scholars from all directions called him "Tai Shigong". He grew up from a poor family, but he was smart and eager to learn. He was employed by Wu Lai, Liu Guan, Huang Cheng and other ancient writers at the end of Yuan Dynasty. He studied hard all his life. "From childhood to old age, he never went to school for a day and learned everything." At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shundi asked him to edit imperial academy. He resigned to write a book on the grounds of taking care of his parents.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, and Song Lian became a Confucian teacher in Jiangnan, giving lectures to the Prince. In the second year of Hongwu (1369), he was ordered to major in Yuan history. Tired officials went to the academician courtyard to start a business, knowing the patent. Hongwu ten years (1377), resigned and returned home. The preface to Houyang Ma Sheng can be described as a masterpiece in prose, which embodies the demeanor of the elders and the model of everyone, and its beauty is worth savoring.