The protection methods of traditional Chinese medicine resources are generally divided into in-situ protection, off-site protection and in-vitro protection. A. In-situ protection of Chinese medicine resources, in short, is to maintain Chinese medicine resources and their natural environment in situ. This method can make medicinal animals and plants recover and develop rapidly in the adapted environment, establish regional and R&D bases, and protect rare, endangered and seriously damaged traditional Chinese medicine resources in China. I. Establishing Traditional Chinese Medicine Protected Areas According to the nature and purpose of the protection of traditional Chinese medicine resources, traditional Chinese medicine protected areas can be divided into three types, namely, comprehensive research protected areas of traditional Chinese medicine resources, rare and endangered species protected areas of traditional Chinese medicine resources and production protected areas of traditional Chinese medicine resources. ① The comprehensive research and protection zone of traditional Chinese medicine resources is the absolute protection zone of traditional Chinese medicine resources and the comprehensive protection zone of scientific research and teaching. It is required to select areas that are not or less disturbed by human activities, have national protection significance and are rich in traditional Chinese medicine resources, and establish protected areas. Its purpose is to maintain the natural ecosystem and rich medicinal germplasm resources, and to carry out scientific research and monitoring. Protected areas depend on the ecosystem to be maintained and the needs of scientific research. Protected areas can be established independently or combined with nature reserves. Such protected areas are generally not allowed to carry out development or tourism activities. ② The protected area of rare and endangered species of traditional Chinese medicine resources is the absolute protected area of important medicinal species. Research institutions or facilities can be set up in protected areas. The object of protection is precious, rare and endangered Chinese medicine resources with national protection significance. The area can be established under the condition of primitive ecosystem or in developed areas. Besides natural protection, the protection means can also be combined with people's work and cultivation to expand wild populations and restore and develop traditional Chinese medicine resources. Such protected areas are also forbidden to carry out development and tourism activities freely. (3) The productive reserve of Chinese medicine resources can not only maintain the natural ecosystem to a certain extent, but also provide some Chinese medicine products, so as to achieve the purpose of rational development and utilization of Chinese medicine resources on the basis of protecting Chinese medicine resources, and implement the protection principles of reasonable control, limited hunting and development of resources. This kind of nature reserve can be divided into: rotational hunting area, artificial thick-tube free-range (planting) area and wild species area. I. The rotational hunting mining area is a regular hunting reserve designated according to the carrying capacity of medicinal animal and plant resources and the reasonable harvest season of Chinese herbal medicines. The content includes two aspects: first, according to the production capacity of Chinese herbal medicine resources, formulate reasonable resource protection base standards and development indicators. When the traditional Chinese medicine resources in this area reach a certain production capacity, they will be developed in limited quantities, otherwise, when the production capacity drops to a certain index, they will be protected. Generally, several such protected areas rotate to save resources and develop production; Second, according to the harvest season of Chinese medicinal materials, on the premise of ensuring the quality of medicinal materials, try to avoid the breeding season of medicinal plants and animals (including lactation period of animals), the maturity time of medicinal parts and other stages that are easy to hinder the development of Chinese medicinal materials resources, and delimit protected areas. The above-mentioned time that is not conducive to the development of resources and can not guarantee the quality of medicinal materials is divided into temporary hunting or mining season to protect Chinese medicine resources. ⅱ. Artificial coarse tube free-range cultivation (planting) area is a protected area for artificial maintenance and development of traditional Chinese medicine resources. Natural reserves can take measures such as artificial breeding, field stocking or planting, and thick pipe to develop wild Chinese medicine resources. When the resources reach a certain index, timely and appropriate hunting and mining can be carried out. ⅲ. The research base of wild species and livestock is a protected area with the nature of protection, research and development. On the basis of maintaining wild medicinal resources, we will actively carry out research and experiments on wild species and domestic animals, and gradually promote production successfully. B. Taking effective productive protection measures and handling the relationship between development and utilization will also play an important role in the practice of developing and utilizing traditional Chinese medicine resources. (1) In-situ tending. Essentially, it is to restore and develop the resources of the origin of medicinal materials. The main difference between it and the protected area is that there is no obvious protected area boundary, or the means of protection is directly applied to production practice. For example, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and forest protection drugs are widely used in various places; Sow or release medicinal animals in situ to restore resources in the forest; We should control the medicinal materials and hunting season in a certain place. This protection is characterized by: (1) not leaving the original suitable place; ② Combination of natural resource regeneration and artificial protection. For example, Xinjiang vigorously builds red willow forest and Haloxylon ammodendron forest in the producing area of cistanche deserticola, and develops the host resources of cistanche deserticola; Jiangxi released gallnut aphids in the growth area of Rhus chinensis; Heilongjiang carried out semi-wild and semi-domestic forest frogs in Shangzhi, Wuchang and other areas and released them into the mountains; Buying Fritillaria seeds in Tibet, sowing them in the origin and letting them grow naturally are all important means to promote the origin and increase resources. In Ningxia, the seeds of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch were roughly ground by rice mill, and the germination rate increased from 6% to about 90%. This method is simple and easy. If it can be popularized in the main producing areas of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch and the treated seeds can be popularized to suitable places, it will play a great role in the recovery and development of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch resources. In addition, the live musk deer in China can be used as incense and live hunting tools. Hunting technology has become more and more perfect. Promoting the combination and popularization of these two technologies and restricting or prohibiting the use of lethal hunting equipment will play a positive role in the production and protection of musk producing areas in China. ② Reasonable harvest. The characteristics of this productive protection mainly highlight the rationality of logging. It is manifested in harvest, method, harvest season and harvest. 1. harvesting method: in addition to obtaining medicinal parts, the original movement of medicinal materials, the regeneration ability of plants and the good circulation of resources should also be ensured. At present, some areas use harvesting methods such as digging while ploughing, digging big and leaving small, digging dense and leaving sparse, which is worth popularizing and popularizing. In the past, when purchasing picrorhiza picrorhiza, stems and seedlings were used as waste products. The stem seedlings of Picrorhiza picrorhiza and Dingri counties in Tibet were successfully propagated locally, which laid a foundation for the protection of Picrorhiza picrorhiza resources. When harvesting Acanthopanax senticosus in Jilin Province, the method of leaving seedlings and some roots in the soil was adopted to protect Acanthopanax senticosus resources, and achieved results. At present, the girdling technology of Cortex Phellodendri, Cortex Eucommiae, Cortex Magnolia Officinalis and Cortex Cinnamomi has been applied in some production areas, which has produced good protection effects. In addition, live musk deer, live bear bile, buried bezoar, and live mussel pearl cultivation have all played a positive role in developing production and protecting resources. Two. Harvest time: avoid the breeding period of medicinal plants and animals, and harvest in time when the effective components in medicinal parts accumulate to a certain extent. Reasonable collection of medicinal materials, in the production of medicinal materials, early or late collection may affect the quality of medicinal materials and other animals and plants, resulting in a decline in the quality and quantity of resources. Three. Harvest: Every medicinal biological resource is limited by its own regenerative ability. If it is overloaded and cannot be replenished and restored in time, it will lead to the decline or even extinction of resources. Reasonable recovery should be controlled within the scope of resource regeneration to ensure the frequent collection and continuous use of medicinal materials. B ex situ conservation, also known as ex situ conservation, refers to the removal of endangered species from their natural habitats and their placement in protected areas, zoos, botanical gardens, nurseries and plantations, and the transformation of wild species into domestic species. Through introduction and breeding, zoos and botanical gardens not only protect many rare and endangered species, but also expand their provenance. For example, South China Tropical Crops Research Institute introduced medicinal plants such as Bolei, Aquilaria sinensis and Dracaena hainanensis, and achieved remarkable results. In particular, the successful introduction of Dracaena in Hainan is of great significance to the development of dragon's blood production and the protection of resources. In addition, many medicinal botanical gardens or specialized medicinal plant nurseries have been established in some areas, such as Hangzhou Medicinal Botanical Garden, China Academy of Medical Sciences Medicinal Resources Development Institute Botanical Garden, Sichuan Nanchuan Medicinal Botanical Garden, Nanning Medicinal Botanical Garden, etc. And introduced many valuable medicinal plants, which laid a foundation for studying the introduction and protection of medicinal plants in different places. Zoos also play an important role in protecting medicinal animals in China. At present, the cultivation techniques of medicinal animals such as Siberian tiger, South China tiger, elk, sika deer, gibbon, clouded leopard, macaque, beaver, ring-necked pheasant, etc. have been continuously improved, and some species have broken through the breeding obstacles and moved towards variety breeding, initially achieving the purpose of protecting animals in different places and expanding populations. Developing large-scale planting and breeding is also an important way to protect Chinese medicine resources. For example, Chuanxiong, a famous Chinese herbal medicine, has been introduced and cultivated in Jiangxi, Hubei, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places, and has formed a large production capacity. Panax notoginseng is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, which is rich in wild resources in history. However, due to over-collection, wild germplasm soon disappeared. Without artificial cultivation, there will be no resources to provide. Similarly, ginseng, Eucommia ulmoides, Magnolia Officinalis, Morinda officinalis and other Chinese herbal medicines have few wild resources and are now widely used as cultivated products. After long-term cultivation and breeding of chrysanthemum, a variety of cultivated strains with different characteristics have been formed from a wild chrysanthemum, and wild commodities have withdrawn from the market. This shows that the introduction, cultivation, wild domestication and domestication of Chinese herbal medicines are not only important means to develop Chinese herbal medicine production, but also active and flexible means to protect Chinese herbal medicine resources in different places. At present, more than 20-40 varieties have been successfully introduced, planted and domesticated in various provinces, cities and districts across the country. Among them, there are more than 20 species of musk, gastrodia elata, Fritillaria and asparagus in Sichuan, and more than 30 species of Atractylodes macrocephala, Radix Aucklandiae, Radix Scrophulariae, Rhizoma Corydalis and Herba Pogostemonis have been successfully introduced to other provinces. There are 37 wild species in Yunnan, including Coptis chinensis, Cortex Phellodendri, Poria, Picrorhiza picrorhiza, Cortex Moutan and Vitex negundo, and more than 20 species have been successfully introduced and cultivated, including Radix Aconiti Lateralis, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Rehmanniae, Achyranthis Radix, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Scrophulariae and Radix Astragali. Southern medicines such as catechu, homalomena, terminalia chebula, aloe, sappan wood, Alpinia oxyphylla, cinnamon, benzoin, nux vomica, Amomum villosum, dragon's blood, betel nut, etc. The introduction in the southern coastal areas of China has played a role in easing the market. Hundreds of wild medicinal plants and animals have been introduced and domesticated, which has expanded the medicinal resources and correspondingly protected the wild resources. Third, in vitro protection in vitro protection is an advanced means of biological germplasm protection at present. In vitro protection is to use advanced technology to preserve and study material fragments carrying all genetic information, that is, to preserve some organs, tissues, cells or protoplasts of medicinal plants and animals, so as to preserve the germplasm genes of medicinal plants and animals for a long time and consolidate and develop Chinese medicine resources. At present, the main methods of in vitro protection are: establishing gene bank of traditional Chinese medicine resources and tissue culture. 1) The direct function of establishing the genetic bank of Chinese medicine resources is to collect and preserve the carriers of genetic materials of medicinal animals and plants and themselves, so as to avoid devastating damage or gene loss. The establishment of gene bank of traditional Chinese medicine resources is conducive to maintaining excellent medicinal species and cultivating excellent varieties suitable for various conditions, and providing rich genetic resources and research materials. China has a vast territory and diverse geographical environment, and has formed its own unique authentic medicinal materials. The excellent characteristics of these medicinal materials are mainly determined by their inherent genetic characteristics. Under the influence of people's cultivation, feeding and natural conditions, this excellent medicinal character controlled by genetic genes can gradually change or disappear. The long-term preservation of this excellent gene vector can provide a prerequisite for the research and preservation of excellent genetic germplasm. For example, the application of lodging resistance and disease resistance genes in medicinal plants is realized by using breeding technology or high technology (such as genetic engineering) on the basis of mastering a large number of excellent genes. The establishment of gene bank of traditional Chinese medicine germplasm can provide conditions for the industrial production of medicinal raw materials in the future, and it is also of great significance in carrying out international exchanges. At present, the preservation of medicinal plant germplasm has been widely carried out in China, and the gene bank of medicinal plant germplasm in Hangzhou has been basically established. In the research of animal medicine, semen preservation of China musk deer has been successful, which is artificial insemination. It laid a foundation for the development of excellent musk deer groups. 2) Tissue culture Tissue culture is a technical method of artificially culturing some organs, tissues, cells or protoplasts of animals and plants in vitro and inducing directional differentiation to obtain products. The application of tissue culture technology can not only accelerate population reproduction, but also realize the cultivation and artificial breeding of wild species as soon as possible. The application of tissue culture technology can eliminate virus infection in plants and cultivate virus-free plants. For example, virus-free plants were successfully cultivated in the shoot tips of yellow stems in Shandong Province. Many scientific research and production units in China have carried out research on tissue culture technology of plant medicine and achieved remarkable results. Angelica sinensis, Solanum nigrum, Rhizoma Bletillae, Flos Chrysanthemi, Radix Codonopsis, Rhizoma Corydalis, Fructus Crataegi, Stigma Croci Sativi, Fritillaria thunbergii, Radix Gentianae, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Fructus Lycii, Cortex Magnolia Officinalis, Fructus Momordicae, Radix Ginseng, Radix Notoginseng, Radix Panacis Quinquefolii, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Radix Platycodi, Radix Rehmanniae, Rauvolfiae Yunnanensis and Radix Scrophulariae. Tissue culture can also directly produce medicinal components or metabolic intermediates, extract medicinal physiologically active substances and carry out large-scale industrial production. At present, high content of ginsenoside can be obtained from ginseng tissue culture. Furcoumarin is obtained from Ruta culture; Extracting diosgenin from yam and Dioscorea opposita culture; Extraction of camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata stem culture. Tissue culture can also obtain new compounds from the culture or be applied to biotransformation. For example, in the tissue culture of Ruta, the synthesis and accumulation of rutin (a new compound that could not be detected by the original plants) were found.